AP Europe Midterm Review 1347-1851 Monday January 28, 2013 Rm 218 10:00-12:00.

AP Europe

Midterm Review

1347-1851

Monday

January 28, 2013

Rm 218

10:00-12:00

Directions• Look at the following paintings, political

cartoons, quotes, etc.• Write which time period they reflect

– High Medieval, Italian Renaissance, Northern Renaissance, Reformation, Counterreformation, War of Religion, Exploration, Commercial Revolution, Absolutism (Western or Eastern), Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Revolution (English, French 1789, 1830, 1848), Concert of Europe (Metternich Age), Industrial Revolution, Revolutions of 1848, etc.

• Write which characteristic or issue of that time period they reflect.

MichelangeloMichelangeloBuonarotti’s Buonarotti’s DavidDavid

• Renaissance

• Reflects Renaissance ideals

• Man as the paragon of animals, glorifies man

• Confident

• Religious theme but emphasis is on human form

POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

• Contrasting views of Sans Culottes

• French Revolution

• Top painting likely neoclassic style (masculine, stoic, patriotic)

• Bottom- British political cartoon following September Massacre


• Liberty Leading the People

• Revolution of 1830

• Reflects the union of the Bourgeoisie and Proletariat during 1830 Revolution which ousted Charles X and installed Louis Philippe.


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/73/Liberty_Leading_the_People.jpg

• Florence during the Renaissance

• Reflects the wealth and power of the city considered to be the Athens of Italy

• Produced Brunelleschi, Leonardo, Micheangelo, and others


OF THE CHIEF CONDITIONS AND QUALITYES IN A WAYTYNG GENTYLWOMANTO be well born and of a good house. To flee affectation or curiositie. To have a good grace in all her doinges. To have the vertues of the minde, as wisdome, justice, noblenesse of courage, temperance, strength of the mide, continency, sobermoode, etc. to be good and discreete. To have the understandinge beinge maried, how to ordre her husbandes substance, her house and children, and to play the good huswyef. To have a sweetenesse in language and a good uttrance to entertein all kinde of men with communication woorth the hearing, honest, applyed to time and place and to the degree and dispostion of the person which is her principall profession.

• Castiglione’s The Book of the Courtier (1528)

• Renaissance• Reflects the new

emphasis on etiquette for nobles. Also reflects new status of women to that of a trophy wife.

POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliab

ility?

Whose Region,

his religion

• Provision of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555

• Signed by Charles V

• Legalized Lutheranism and Catholicism in Holy Roman Empire

• Whatever your ruler’s religion was, so were you

• Did not recognize Calvinism as legal religion

• Peterloo Massacre• Manchester, 1819

– Mass demonstration of 80 thousand at St. Peter’s Fields in which Reformers demanded

• Repeal of Corn Laws

• universal male suffrage

• annual elections of HOC

• 11 killed, 400 wounded

• Illustrated repressive conservative gov.


• Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini 1647-1652

• Ecstasy of St. Teresa

• Counter-Reformation

• Reflects Council of Trent’s encouragement of Baroque art to awe people back to Catholicism


• Coronation of Charlemagne by Pope (800 AD)

• Medieval• Reflects both

beginning of the Holy Roman Empire as well as medieval power of the Church over secular rulers. Europe’s gradual modernity saw this power gradually erode.

• Coronation of Charles X of France (1824)

• Metternich Age• Reflects reactionary

nature of his reign as well as the conservative nature of that period

• Ex. Carlsbad Decree, Corn Laws, July Ordinances


The Defender of the Faith

• Title awarded Henry VIII of England for his defense of Catholicism against Luther

• The Reformation

• Henry was devoted Catholic

• Without male heir he divorced Catherine of Aragon for Anne Boleyn

• Act of Supremacy “legally” placed monarch in charge of church in England

• Albrecht Durer self portrait

• Northern Renaissance

• Reflects emphasis on individualism and virtu of Renaissance

• Michelangelo’s The Creation of Adam (Early 1500s)

• Renaissance• Reflects classical

influence on Renaissance humanism as well as new view that man was the paragon of animals, innately beautiful and good. Has a religious theme yet the emphasis is on man, not God.


• Frederick William IV Sweeping the Liberals Out

• Revolution of 1848• Reflects the failure of

the liberal Frankfurt Assembly to unify Germany

• Buzz Words: Grossdeutche v Kleindeutche, Declaration of the Rights of the German People, Constitution of 1850


And next these come those that commonly call themselves the

religious and monks, most false in both titles, when both a great part of them are farthest from religion, and no men swarm thicker in all places than themselves... … so illiterate

that they can't so much as read. … And yet, like pleasant fellows, with

all this vileness, ignorance, rudeness, and impudence, they

represent to us, …

• Desiderius Erasmus: The Praise of Folly, 1509

• Northern Renaissance

• Reflects the importance of religion on the Northern Renaissance as well as the influence of the Reformation


• Luther Before the Diet of Worms (1521)

• Reformation• Reflects Luther’s

defense of his break with the Catholic Church over the sale of indulgences & his dismissal of Papal supremacy. Lutheran theology of the faith alone, the priesthood of all believers & importance of the individual are 1st voiced here


• Cottonopolis • The Industrial

Revolution• Shows the mills

(factories) of Manchester, England

• Buzzwords: Urbanization, Classic Liberalism, Bourgeoisie, Luddites, Reform Bill of 1832, Rotten Boroughs


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Cottonopolis1.jpg

“National Song” On your feet, Magyar, the

homeland calls!The time is here, now or

never!Shall we be slaves or free?

This is the question, choose your answer!

By the God of the Hungarians

We vow,We vow, that we will be

slavesNo longer!

• The National Song• Revolutions of 1848• Reflects the

romanticism, republicanism, liberalism, and nationalism that sparked the Revolutions of 1848 (the Springtime of the Peoples)

POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/

reliability?

• Jacques Louis David’s Coronation of Napoleon

• 1st Empire Period• Reflects the end of

Consulate period and the completion of Crane Brinton’s cycle of Revolutionary sickness

• Neoclassic Style– Conjures up Roman

imagery • Influence of

Enlightenment (meritocracy, end of divine right, civil equality via Napoleonic Code)POV? For or Against?

Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

• Sandro Botticelli’s La Primavera (1482)

• Italian Renaissance

• Reflects the classical influence with Greco-Roman gods instead of Christian Saints, angels, etc.


• The Third Estate Awakens, 1789

• French Revolution• Reflects the anger

of Third Estate members of the unfair and antiquated Estates system & its inherently unjust tax and privileged structure. Note the fear of the 1st and 2nd Estates.


• Women’s version with the same theme.


reliability?

• Pieter Brueghel the Elder’s Peasant Wedding (c. 1568).

• Pre-Industrial Europe (Open Field System)

• Reflects the diet and culture of common people in Europe with simple furniture and a diet consisting largely of rye bread, ale, cabbage

• Buzz Words– Nuclear family,

high infant mortality rate, “spare the rod…”, married late, community controls over morality


• Rembrandt - The Masters of the Clothmakers' Guild (1661)

• Dutch Golden Age• Reflects the

Calvinism and wealth of the Dutch merchants after breaking from the Spanish Hapsburgs (Philip II) in 1581 and formerly being recognized in 1648

• Buzz Words: Gold Florin, Bank of Amsterdam, stadhouder


First Rule. The first: All judgment laid aside, we ought to have our mind ready and prompt to obey, in all, the true Spouse of Christ our Lord, which is our holy Mother the Church Hierarchical.

Second Rule. The second: To praise confession to a Priest, and the reception of the most Holy Sacrament of the Altar …

Fourth Rule. The fourth: To praise much Religious Orders, virginity and continence, and not so much marriage as any of these.

Thirteenth Rule. To be right in everything, we ought always to hold that the white which I see, is black, if the Hierarchical Church so decides it, …

• St. Ignatius Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises

• Counterreformation

• Reflects the extreme obedience of the Jesuits to the Pope and the rejection of Protestant doctrines by the Council of Trent.

POV? For or Against?

Tone/Bias/ Motive/

reliability?

• Caspar David Friedrich (1774 – 1840)

• Wanderer over a Sea of Fog

• Romanticism• 1815-1848 • Reflects romantic

movements stress on nature, individual, spontaneity, emotion over reason, Sturm and Drang (Storm and Stress)


reliability?

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Caspar_David_Friedrich_032.jpg

• St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, 1572

• Wars of Religion

• Reflects Catherine d’Medici’s attempt to eliminate Huguenots from France. Led to War of 3 Henrys.


• Map of Italy during the Renaissance

• Created a balance of power among the city states

POV? For or Against?

Tone/Bias/Motive/ reliability?

• Portrait of The Sun King (circa 1700)

• Absolutism• Reflects the essence of an

absolute monarch in which the king rules as the sovereign (monopoly on law, army, economy, etc.) by divine right.

• Buzz Words: Fronde, Colbert, Five Farms, Marionette, War of Span. Succ., Intendants


• Map of the Continental System (1806-1812)

• Napoleonic Europe

• Reflects Napoleon’s attempt to bankrupt England by blocking her trade on the Continent


• Copernicus’ Heliocentric model of the solar system from On the Revolutions of Heavenly Orbs (1543)

• Scientific Revolution

• Reflects the 1st crack in Ptolemaic paradigmPOV? For or

Against? Tone/Bias/

Motive/ reliability?

• The Mask of Pius IX

• Revolutions of 1848

• Reflects the perceived duplicity of Pope Pius IX

• He seemed to sympathize with liberal nationalistic aspirations but turned reactionary

• Syllabus of ErrorsPOV? For or Against?


Life in the state of nature was “solitary, nasty, brutish,

and short”

• Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan (1651)

• Age of Reason/Absolutism/English Revolution

• Reflects Hobbes argument for the need for an absolute monarch. May also be seen as the 1st secular argument for an Enlightened Despot and a reactionary treatise to the English Revolution


• The Crystal Palace (1851)

• Exposition in London showing various machines of the Industrial Revolution

• Showcased England as the premier Industrial Power


For they are not all created with a similar

destiny; but eternal life is fore-ordained for some, and eternal damnation for others. Every man,

therefore, being created for one or the other of

these ends, we say, he is predestinated either to

life or to death.

• John Calvin speaking about predestination

• Reformation• Believed that the fate

(destiny) of everyone was determined before they were born

• Only the “elect” few were chosen by God for salvation

• Wealth, prosperity were signs of being elect

• Map of Revolutions of 1848

• Springtime of the Peoples

• Shows widespread areas affected by Revolution

• Buzz Words– February

Revolution, March Days, March Laws, Frankfurt Assembly


Rafael’s School of Athens (1509?)Reflects the Renaissance love of the ancients

(Greeks and Romans).

POV? For or

Against? Tone/Bias/

Motive/ reliability?

• The Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789

• French Revolution• Reflects the onset

of the moderate state of the Revolution and the destruction of the Ancien Regime. Also reflects the violence that will overwhelm France after 1793


• Vermeer, The Geographer, c. 1668-1669

• Dutch Golden Age

• Reflects the wealth and boldness of the Dutch during the seventeenth century.

POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/

Motive/reliability?

Seventh, we will not hereafter allow ourselves to be farther

oppressed by our lords, but will let them demand only what is just and proper according to the word of the agreement between the lord and the

peasant. The lord should no longer try to force more

services or other dues from the peasant without payment, but

permit the peasant to enjoy his holding in peace and quiet.

• Twelve Articles of the Swabian Rebellion

• Reformation

• Inspired by Luther’s theology, German peasants demanded freedom from Feudal dues

• Luther turned against them and rebellion crushed

• Map of Europe during Black Death

• The Renaissance• Reflects the gradual

movement of the Plague from South to North from 1347-1351

• Also shows peasant revolts

• Resulted in lower population but higher wages and decline of serfdom in West, rise of serfdom in East


• Jan Van Eyck, Madonna del cancelliere Rolin, 1439

• Reflects the Northern Renaissance emphasis on religion over secularism as well as innovative techniques using oil-based paint. POV? For or Against?


• Etching of Peter the Great cutting beard off noble

• Eastern Absolutism (1683-1725)

• Reflects Peter’s cultural revolution in an attempt to westernize backward Russia in order to make it a strong state.

• Buzz Words: Old Believers, St. Petersburg, Great Northern War,


reliability?

• Organization that wanted corn laws of 1819 repealed

• Tariff made it impossible to buy cheaper imported grain

• Major financial burden on England’s urban workers

• Robert Peel repealed Corn laws in 1846

• Embraced Free Trade• Birth of Mass Politics

in GBPOV? For or Against?


• Cottage Industry illustration

• Commercial Revolution

• Reflects the growth of the putting-out (Domestic System) system within the Atlantic Economy. Also illustrates the family operating as an economic unit. Weaver (Male), Spinner (female), children deseeding)


Men are born, and always continue, free and equal in respect of their rights. Civil distinctions, therefore, can be founded only on public

utility. The nation is essentially the sources of

all sovereignty; nor can any individual, or any body of

men, be entitled to any authority which is not

expressly derived form it

• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, (1789)

• French Revolution• Reflects the

moderate yet universal goals of the moderate stage. Also reflects Enlightenment influence


reliability?

Map of Europe after 1713 but before 1740-After War of Spanish Succession, Before War of Austrian Succession

France took Franche Comte,

Alsace and Lorraine

GB also gets Newfoundland, Nova

Scotia, and Hudson Bay area

Spain loses territory, influence and the

Habsburgs

1111

1111

GB got Gibraltar and

Minorca, trading rights

in Spanish America

GB and Scotland

unify

But Silesia still under

Hapsburg control

HRE still exists (so it can’t be

after 1806)

“I do not agree with a word you are saying, but I will defend to the death your right

to say it.”

• Voltaire

• Enlightenment

• Reflects the Enlightenment’s emphasis on liberty (in speech, thought, religion).


• Goya’s The Third of May• Napoleonic Era• Reflects brutality of guerilla warfare during the Peninsular

War meant to enforce the Continental System

• 1533 account of the execution of a witch charged with burning the town of Schiltach in 1531.

• Wars of Religion• Reflects the hysteria

and uncertainty in Europe from 1450-1700 in which many people (mostly women) were burned for practicing witchcraft. Note that it faded with the onset of the Age of Reason/Absolutism.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Schiltach_Flugblatt.JPG

• Execution of Louis XVI, 1793

• French Revolution• Reflects the onset of

the radical stage of the revolution with Robespierre, the Mountain, and the Committee of Public Safety trying to remake France into a Republic of Virtue.


reliability?

The Six Points– Chartist Movement (1838)– The Industrial Revolution– Reflects the onset of Isms

in Great Britain– Six Points

• universal male suffrage for all men aged 21 and over.

• A secret ballot. • No property

qualification for elected members of Parliament (

• Payment of MPs (• Equal constituencies

i.e. the same number of voters in each constituency.

• Annual Parliaments so that MPs could be held to account by their constituents.

Map showing industrial growth on continent. Did not really begin until after 1815. Continental government

typically aided industry (RR, canals, banks)

• Massacre at Chios (1824) by Eugène Delacroix

• Age of Metternich• Shows the

influence of Nationalism & Romanticism

• Greek war (1821-1830) of Independence was early cause of nationalists, liberals, romantics


• Johann Gutenberg’s Printing Press (1450s)

• Renaissance and Reformation

• Allowed for the quick and cheap dissemination of information

• Helped spread the ideas of Reformation (95 Theses)

• Priesthood of All Believers (Individualism),

• Decembrist Revolt, St. Petersburg Russia

• Age of Metternich, Concert of Europe

• Crushed Russia’s early liberal movement

• Led to autocracy of Nicholas I

• The Congress of Vienna (1815)– post Napoleon– Dominated by

Metternich– Holy Alliance of

Russia, Austria, and Prussia

– Met as Concert of Europe periodically & intervened if legitimate monarchies were threatened

– became symbol of repressive conservativism until 1848

"I would rather lose

the Low Countries than reign

over them if they ceased

to be Catholic."

• Philip II speaking about wars of religion in the Low Countries

• Wars of Religion• Spain and Philip were sword

of Counter Reformation and tried to stop spread of Calvinism in Low Countries via the Council of Blood

• United Provinces of North won their independence (1581)

• Lower Provinces (Belgium) rejoined with Spanish Empire

DBQ• The DBQ deals with the growth of Manchester

during the Industrial Revolution, the issues raised and the reaction.

• Hint: Be able to define & discuss the Industrial Revolution & the issues it raised– Impact of Industrialism, Reactions to it

• Double Hint:– Know your Isms well

• Romanticism• Liberalism• Socialism• Marxism

Remember POV!!!– Doc 1

• I have visited many factories, both in Manchester and the surrounding districts, during a period of several months and I never saw a single instance of corporal punishment inflicted on a child. The children seemed to be always cheerful and alert, taking pleasure in using their muscles. The work of these lively elves seemed to resemble a sport. Conscious of their skill, they were delighted to show it off to any stranger. At the end of the day's work they showed no sign of being exhausted----– Andrew Ure, The Philosophy of Manufactures (1835)

• What is his POV (Ism)? Define it.

– Doc 2• As the Liberty lads over the sea

Brought their freedom, and cheaply with blood, So we, boys, we

Will die fighting, or live free, And down with all kings by King Ludd!

– Lord Byron, Song of the Luddites (1816)– What is his POV (Ism)? Define it.

• What is his POV (Ism)?

• What does this engraving show

AP Europe Midterm Review 1347-1851 Monday January 28, 2013 Rm 218 10:00-12:00.

Documents

Transcript of AP Europe Midterm Review 1347-1851 Monday January 28, 2013 Rm 218 10:00-12:00.