AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia at Explore Biology for Northeast Kings Biology

Carbohydrates

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

AP Biology

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O

carbo - hydr - ate

CH2O

(CH2O)x C6H12O6

Function: energy energy storage raw materials structural materials

Monomer: sugars

ex: sugars & starches

AP Biology

Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons

6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (fructose, ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

Glucose

CH2

OH

HO

O H

HHO

H

Fructose

CH2OH

Glyceraldehyde

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

O

C

C

C6 5 3

AP Biology

What functional groups?

carbonyl

ketone

aldehyde

carbonyl

AP Biology

Sugar structure5C & 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions

Carbons are numberedCarbons are numbered

Where do you find

aqueous solutions?In cells!

AP Biology

Numbered carbons

C

CC

C

CC

1'

2'3'

4'

5'

6'

O

energy stored in C-C bondsenergy stored in C-C bonds

AP Biology

Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides

simple 1 monomer sugars glucose

Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose

Polysaccharides large polymers starch

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

Glucose

AP Biology

Building sugars Dehydration synthesis

|glucose

|glucose

glycosidic linkage

monosaccharides disaccharide

|maltose

AP Biology

Building sugars Dehydration synthesis

|

fructose

|

glucose

glycosidic linkage

monosaccharides disaccharide

|

sucrose

structural isomers

AP Biology

Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars

costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy

Function: energy storage

starch (plants) glycogen (animals)

structure = building materials cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi)

AP Biology

Branched vs. linear polysaccharides

What does branching do?

AP Biology

Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function

isomers of glucose how does structure influence function…

AP Biology

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starcheasy todigest

starcheasy todigest

cellulosehard todigest

cellulosehard todigest

enzyme

enzyme

AP Biology

Cellulose Most abundant organic compound

on Earth

BIG DEAL!I can’t eatthis stuff!

AP Biology

Cowcan digest cellulose well; no need to eat supplemental sugars

Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must supplement with sugar source, like fruit

Cowcan digest cellulose well; no need to eat supplemental sugars

Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must supplement with sugar source, like fruit

AP Biology

Glycemic index Which food will get into your

blood more quickly? apple rice cakes corn flakes bagel peanut M&M

AP Biology

Glycemic index Ranking of carbohydrates based on their

immediate effect on blood glucose (blood sugar) levels

Carbohydrate foods that breakdown quickly during digestion have the highest glycemic index. Their blood sugar response is fast & high.

AP Biology

Glycemic index Which food will get into your

blood more quickly? apple 36 rice cakes 82 corn flakes 84 bagel 72 peanut M&M33

AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia at Explore Biology for Northeast Kings Biology

Let’s build some

Carbohydrates!

AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia at Explore Biology for Northeast Kings Biology

Any Questions??