“By the sword and the compass, more and more and more and more.”

“I and my companions suffer from a disease of the heart which can be cured only by gold.”

Spain was in search of the 3 G’s... God, Gold and Glory

In 1519 Cortes led an expedition to the Yucatan peninsula Needed a labor source to work the mines in Cuba Wanted to investigate the rumors of a wealthy empire

His conquistadors had superior military technology Crossbows, swords, guns and canons Montezuma, Aztec leader failed to stop the Spanish

Cortes recruited the enemies of the Aztec to band against the mighty empire

Montezuma was concerned that Cortes was a deity- Quetzalcoatl

1519 Cortes organizes an attack and makes it into the city of Tenochtitlan

Larger then any European city

Used canoes to traverse throughout

Large double pyramids

Priests with blood matted hair

Statues of their gods

Display of skulls

Places for human sacrifice

Spanish were amazed at the technology displayed by the Aztecs

Cortes and his men gained access to the city because Montezuma saw it was useless to fight against Spanish technology

After entering the city Cortes will decide to take Montezuma prisoner- Montezuma did not resist realizing this was futile. Cortes demanded and received large quantities of gold

The priests, angered at their loss of power, organized an attack against the Spanish in 1520. This will lead to... The death of Montezuma Terrible loss of life, 4,000 Aztecs and 450 Spanish Noche Trieste- The Sad Night Spanish try to sneak out of the city

In 1521 Cortes will return to attack Tenochtitlan but after the smallpox virus has already raged through the people

In 1521 Cortes captures Tenochtitlan and claims it and its wealth for Spain

Cortes orders a new city to be built over Tenochtitlan- It will be named Mexico and become the capital of the colony New Spain

Hidalgos were low ranking nobles. They will build the society of the America’s.

Encomienda System: Make the land profitable Pass a portion of the profit onto the governor Protect the Natives Convert the Natives to Christianity Many married the Natives and created a large population of

Mestizos

Council of the Indies Advisors to the King Watch over the colonies and manage local affairs Establish a court system, Audiencia Create Viceroyalties as leaders in America

Explored and named what is today Florida

Was actually looking for the Fountain of Youth- a myth told by the natives in the Caribbean

He was driven from Florida by the local natives

First European on what is present day USA

Spanish build St. Augustine as the French get closer

Built in 1565

First permanent European settlement in what was known as USA

While the Spanish and French are watching each other the English begin to colonize

Failure to find gold or wealth slowed settlement

1598 first settlers migrate north of the Rio Grande

Spanish built Presidios- forts to protect settlers and serve as trading posts- El Camino Real

Catholic Church became the primary force of settlement by building missions

Colonization slowly increases and eventually it reaches what is today California

New Mexico

The priests and friars took different approaches to converting the natives in their areas.

In California: Natives were forced to live in villages near the missions

In New Mexico: The priests initially adapted their efforts to fit into the

lifestyle of the Pueblo natives As the priests tried to change some of the Pueblo religious

practices the natives were beaten and whipped This will lead to the uprising led by Pope` in 1680 17,000 warriors destroyed most of the missions in New

Mexico killing hundreds of Spainards Took the Spanish 10 years to regain control of region Bartolome` de Las Casas: God will wreak His fury...

King Phillip vs. Queen Elizabeth

Catholic vs. Protestant

England needs bases in the Caribbean

King Phillip is very angry with Queen Elizabeth because of the Privateers and the stealing of Spanish gold!

King Phillip decides to do away with Queen Elizabeth and Protestantism once and for all. He commissioned the building of the mighty Spanish Armada

Protestant Wind and Privateers in 1588

Spain entered a downward spiral that they would never recover

Section 2

Established initially by English Merchants in search of new markets for their goods and a profit from the colony

Decide to establish a colony in America

To get people to move there they offer free land after seven years of work for the colony- Indentured Servants

1607 the first English will arrive in Virginia, named after the Virgin Queen, Elizabeth.

They name their colony Jamestown in honor of King James

Discovered the Outer banks of what is today North Carolina

Knighted by Queen Elizabeth I

1585 Settles Roanoke- settlers return home as life was too hard

1587 he attempts to do it again. He returns home and is caught up in the war with Spain

Returns in 1590 and colony is gone- Lost Colony

1606 King James I grants a charter to establish a colony in Virginia

December 1606, 3 ships set sail for the New World

Colonists land and name the James River

Name their settlement Jamestown

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They choose a poor location

Most settlers were towns people

Could not (would not) fish, hunt or farm

Upper class refused to do manual labor

Constant arguing and bickering

By the end of 1608 there were only 53 colonists still alive

If not for two men the colony would have collapsed and all would have died

Former Captain in the army

Began trading with the Native Americans

Made it so all had to work if they wished to eat

Established discipline that saved the remaining colonists

Openly traded with the settlers

Showed them how to farm and what crops to grow

Taught them to hunt the woods

Fed the settlers during the winter

Father of Pocahontas

Daughter of Powhatan

Lore has it that she saved Capt. John Smith’s life

Was often an envoy between the natives and the colonists of Jamestown

Will marry John Rolfe who is responsible for bringing a tobacco that Europe wanted to Jamestown

Colonists first start stealing from the natives

Natives attack the colonists

Capt. John Smith has left for England, he has a wound that needs better attention

No leadership leads to desperation in the colony

Winter of 1609-10 is known as the starving time

In the spring there are only 60 settlers left

Leave Jamestown to settle other towns along the James River

John Rolfe saves the colony with a blended form of tobacco

To get more settlers to move to Jamestown the Virginia Company introduced some major new reforms.

Right to elect their own assembly that would propose laws Elected Representatives were called Burgesses

The Assembly was called the House of Burgesses

The establishment of the Headright System 50 acres of free land for those that paid their passage to

America

50 more acres for every passage purchased for someone over 15 years of age

50 more acres for each passage purchased for servants

By 1622 there were more than 4,500 settlers in Virginia

First slaves came to the region in 1619

Increase in population scared the natives

They attack and kill over 350 settlers

King takes over as a Royal colony

Most were poor tenant farmers of England

Sell their labor for a chance at land

Colonists would pay their passage in exchange, usually 4-7 years

Owner must provide food, shelter and clothing

Impact of Headrights System

The first legislature anywhere in the English colonies in America was in Virginia. This was the House of Burgesses, and it first met on July 30, 1619, at a church in Jamestown.

Allowed for a “representative” form of government in the new colonies

We could get use to this!

Uneven distribution of wealth will lead to rebellion

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Sir William Berkeley and Nathaniel Bacon are cousins Berkeley controlled the legislative assembly He exempted himself and his friends from paying taxes Ruled that voting rights were for landowners only Established peaceful relations with the natives of the

region Indentured Servants that wanted to claim their land had to

move inland The native Americans were being encroached upon.

Planter Elite did not want the natives angered 1675 war erupted between Backcountry Farmers and the

Susqushannock Governor Berkeley would not sanction any further action

Nathaniel Bacon was a well to do planter that had just bought a large tract of land on the edge of the frontier

He will organize a militia and attack the Natives

As a result he becomes very popular

Gov. Berkeley wanted to calm the situation so he tried to get Bacon on his side by overturning previously established laws relinquishing him and his friends from paying taxes and allowing all free men to vote

This did not work, Bacon, after defeating the Natives will turn his militia on Jamestown

July 1676 Bacon returns to Jamestown and seizes power

Gov. Berkeley will flee the community and war breaks out between him and Bacon

In October of 1676 Bacon dies in the swamp from fever and the rebellion dies down

The Planter Elite will decide to reduce their dependence on Indentured servants and increase their slave holdings

With slavery there will be no need for land for the Indentured to gain

There will be no need to re-train workers

England gets into the Slave trade with the Royal African Company

The colony of Pennsylvania was allowing anyone to own land

Section 3

In 1527 he wants an annulment

Pope hesitates and this angers the King

He breaks with the church and forms the Church of England

Very similar to the Catholic practices

Development of the Anglican Church

A split takes place in England between those that wanted to maintain Catholic traditions and those that wanted to “purify” the church of catholic practices

Heavily influenced by John Calvin... The leadership of the church should be in the hands of the congregation

1603

No changes will be made to the Anglican Church

Many of the “puritans” are willing to leave England

First seek refuge in Netherlands

Eventually they will make their way to America

They were Separatists, they wanted a complete break from the Anglican Church

Viewed by the King as a challenge to his authority- he will therefore persecute them

One group fled to Holland and became known as Pilgrims

Unhappy in Holland in 1617 they decide to immigrate to America

1620 they join others from England and set sail for Virginia- they have a land charter

They will be blown off course- suppose to land in Virginia

Arrive in Plymouth- had previously been mapped by Capt. John Smith

Set to work on board writing the Mayflower Compact

Once off the boat they immediately got to work building their community

Plaque swept through leaving only 50 survivors

Native American Squanto helped them survive Where and how to set their corn

Where to fish

How to get other food from the land

Negotiated a peace treaty between Pilgrims and Wampanoag

One year later they have a three day celebration to honor the blessings that had been bestowed on them

The basis of our present Thanksgiving holiday

Under the leadership of John Winthrop the elders wanted to establish a representative form of government

No other religions other than Puritan

Passage of strict laws

Harsh punishments for offenders

Banned/Banishment of Heretics

In 1635 he is ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for preaching against the Puritan beliefs

He was a staunch separatist

He bought land south of MBC and founded Providence

N.E.

Banished from MBC for heresy

Settles what became Portsmouth

Later Newport and Warwick will join Portsmouth and Providence to form Rhode Island Religious Tolerance Government had no

authority in religious matters

Believed all men should be allowed to vote, not just church members

“the foundation of authority is in the consent of the governed.”

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – the first written constitution of the colonies

N.E.

New Hampshire

Captain John Mason

Fishing and Fur trade

Massachusetts will challenge the land grants and lose

Very profitable colony because of trade

Maine

Sir Fernando Gorges

His family will eventually sell their rights to the land back to Massachusetts and it will stay a part of their colony until 1820.

Two Massachusetts traders were killed by the Pequot

A war will break out between the Pequot and the settlers

Under the leadership of Capt. John Mason the Pequot are close to wiped out

Eventually the government will re-settle the Pequot survivors near Mystic River

Will become the bloodiest war in New England history to that point

Metacom, Chief of the Wampanoag

Metacom is preparing for a war he feels is inevitable

It all starts with a hanging...

Spring of 1675 Plymouth colonists capture, take to court and execute by hanging three Wampanoag warriors

The executions set off a retaliation by young Wampanoag warriors attacking isolated homesteads, looting and burning

Became a civil war among the Native Americans

Native American allies to the colonials teach them guerilla tactics

August of 1676, Metacom is killed. The war is over

1,000 English colonists and 3,000 Indians died

Most Native Americans leave New England as a result

Section 4

After breaking the bonds of colonialism from Spain the Dutch start making a lot of money

Their location in Europe is ideal!

They start shipping all across the globe and got involved in the slave trade

They hire explorers to make land claims for them Henry Hudson- North America

Also had land claims in South Africa, Asia and the Pacific

1614 they start the colony New Netherland Bought Manhattan Island for $24.00

Allowed for a VERY diverse culture

Focused economically on the fur trade

Had problems with the Natives

Hudson River was named in his honor

Dutch will seize New Sweden (Delaware) by force

Swedish brought over the log cabin

He will die at sea as his crew mutinied and left him and his son adrift

King Charles II wanted to unite the Southern and New England colonies

New Netherlands was in the way- it was a “wedge” between the New England and Southern colonies

1664 his brother the Duke of York sailed three war ships into the harbor and demanded its surrender

The colonists convince the governor to surrender to the English

The Duke of York will give land to George Carteret and Lord Berkley they will settle what became New Jersey

Both were advisors and friends to the King

Very good land because of access to the sea and New York as well

Land will be granted to William Penn

His father loaned the King money and as a repayment he asked for a land grant

He wanted to practice his religion- Quakers

The colony will become a “Holy Experiment”

Established good relations with the Natives

William Penn felt the Natives were treated unfairly throughout the colonies

Treaty between him and the Lenni Lanape created 70 years of peace

Capital, Philadelphia will be built on land ceded by the natives

City of Brotherly Love

M

The three lower counties will make up what became Delaware

Originally settled by the Swedish

Taken by the Dutch

Then claimed by England

Had been a well respected member of Parliament

Converted to Catholicism

Ends his political career

King Charles I grants him land northeast of Virginia

Established as a haven for persecuted Catholics

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North Carolina was slow to develop because of not having an easily accessible port

North Carolina was mostly inhabited by farmers moving down from Virginia

Tobacco and Deer skins were the primary money makers

Very accessible harbor in Charles Town, today (Charleston)

A variety of crops/goods will come from here Deer skin for leather Indigo Rice Native American Slaves

Henry Laurens (1742-

1792) Laurens was one of the wealthiest rice planters and slave dealers in colonial South Carolina

1720 Asked King George II to allow him to settle land that became Georgia primarily with debtors in prison

There would be no alcohol or slaves allowed

Many different groups came to Georgia

1740’s lifted restrictions