Animal Organization and Homeostasis
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Transcript of Animal Organization and Homeostasis
Chapter 33
Animal Organization and Homeostasis
33.1 Types of TissuesA tissue is composed of specialized cells of the same type that perform a common function four main types:
epithelial tissue: covers and lines connective tissue: binds and supports muscular tissue: contracts (moves) nervous tissue: receives and transmits nerve
impulses remember that cells form tissues, tissues
form organs, and organs form organ systems
33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue
covers and lines parts (sheets of cells) tightly packed form a continuous layer
attached to basement membrane classified on the basis of:
number of layers of cells simple = one layer stratified = multiple layers pseudostratified = one layer with
appearance of multiple layers shape of cells
cuboidal, columnar, squamous (flat)
33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont.
simple epithelia squamous
single layer of flat cells lines parts (ex: blood vessels, lungs) exchanges materials
Nucleus
BasementMembrane
Lumen
Nucleus
33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont.
simple epithelia, cont. cuboidal
cube shaped cells found in glands, lines kidney tubules produce secretions lumen: tube in center where secretions
are released
BasementMembrane
Nucleus
33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont.
simple epithelia, cont. columnar
single layer of tall cells lines digestive system absorbs food microvilli: folds in the plasma membrane
to increase surface area
33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont.
simple epithelia, cont. pseudostratified
found in breathing passages (trachea) has cilia to move mucus to throat (mucus
traps foreign particles)
Cilia
Nucleus
BasementMembrane
33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont.
stratified epithelia squamous
many layers of flat cells outer layer of skin, lining of nose, mouth,
esophagus, anal canal, vagina protects
BasementMembrane
Nucleus
BasementMembrane
33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont.
stratified epithelia, cont. columnar
many layers of stretchy cells (transition from one shape to another)
found in urinary bladder stretches
33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue
most abundant and widely distributed tissue in animals
diverse, but three common features: specialized cells (sparse) ground substance: noncellular substance
that separates cells protein fibers
collagen: flexible and strong reticular fibers: thin, branched collagen
fibers elastic fibers: contain elastin; weaker but
more elastic than collagen (ground + protein = extracellular matrix)?
Cell
Fiber
Matrix
33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont.
fibrous connective tissue loose fibrous connective tissue (areolar)
cells far apart; contains fibroblasts supports epithelium and internal organs allows lungs, arteries, bladder to expand protective covering over muscles, blood
vessels, nerves
Fat Storage Space
Nucleus
33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont.
fibrous connective tissue, cont. adipose tissue
energy reservoir (fat) insulates provides cushioning number of adipose cells is fixed
33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont.
fibrous connective tissue, cont. dense fibrous connective tissue
contains densely packed collagen fibers contains fibroblasts found in tendons (muscles to bones) found in ligaments (bones to bones)
Cell nucleiFibers
33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont.
supportive connective tissue cartilage
cells in small chambers called lacunae solid yet flexible support indirect blood supply slow healing
Matrix
Chondrocyte
33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont.
supportive connective tissue, cont. cartilage, cont.
hyaline cartilage: most common type; has very fine collagen fibers; nose, ends of long bones and ribs, rings in trachea
elastic cartilage: more elastic fibers; outer ear
fibrocartilage: strong collagen fibers; pads between vertebrae, knees joint
33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont.
bone most rigid connective tissue hard matrix of inorganic salts (esp. calcium
salts) deposited around protein fibers (esp. collagen fibers)
has blood vessels
MatrixBlood vessel
33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont.
bone, cont. two types:
compact bone makes up the shaft of a long bone
spongy bone is found at the end of a long bone; has irregularly shaped spaces; lighter than compact bone, but still strong
33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont.
fluid connective tissues blood: “formed elements” and plasma
plasma: liquid matrix red blood cells (RBC): more common;
carry oxygen; contain hemoglobin white blood cells (WBC): fight disease;
usually larger than RBCs platelets: clot blood; fragments of giant
cells found only in bone marrow lymph
located in lymphatic vessels helps fight infections, transport excess
fluids and solutes
RBC
WBC
Plasma Platelet
Striation
Nucleus
33.1 Types of Tissues muscular tissue
composed of cells called muscle fibers, which contain actin and myosin filaments
skeletal muscle (voluntary muscle) has many nuclei (due to large size) attached by tendons to bone voluntary: under conscious control striated (striped) in appearance
33.1 Types of Tissues muscular tissue, cont.
smooth (visceral) muscle no striations involuntary found in digestive system, blood vessels,
breathing passages, urinary bladder, uterus
Nucleus
33.1 Types of Tissues muscular tissue, cont.
cardiac muscle striated involuntary: not under conscious control found in the heart (pumps blood) single, centrally placed nucleus
Nucleus
Striation
33.1 Types of Tissues nervous tissue
Animal Bioenergetics energy Input (eat) digestion (hydrolysis) absorption catabolism
heat ATP
ATP used for cellular work, biosynthesis (anabolism)
Metabolic Ratetotal amount of energy used (kcal)/timefactors that influence: age, sex, size temperature: body and environment food—quality and quantity activities available oxygen hormone levels time of day
Endotherms generate body heat metabolically birds and mammals require more kcal/day than ectotherms most homeothermic (constant body temp.) Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): endotherm’s
metabolic rate measure under resting, fasting and stress-free conditions
Ectotherms acquire most of their body heat from
environment body temperature and metabolic rate
changes with environmental temperature can only determine metabolic rate at a
specific temperature (called Standard metabolic rate)
uses less energy, can’t be active in cool conditions
Surface Area/Volume as size increases, surface area: volume
ratio decreases therefore, metabolic rate decreases with
size because heat loss decreases (hummingbirds and shrews)
large/complex animals have to have adaptations to increase surface area for absorption of oxygen/food
Functions of the BodyEnergy and Metabolism digestive system: provides raw materials respiratory system: exchanges gases circulatory system: carries materials to cellsHomeostasis urinary system: blood homeostasis thermoregulation: temperature
homeostasis immune system: kills things that might
prevent homeostasis
Functions of the BodyIntegration and Control endocrine system: long term with
chemicals nervous System: short term with electricity reponses and senses brain: integrates everythingContinuity of life reproductive systems development