Anecdotario_Historico

8/3/2019 Anecdotario_Historico

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M~dg Ed{yhgn} J{ynbd

DG NOIJYD[HJ

{

CH_YJ[HOJ

OD]J[@D ESOSO\HHH



Nihyd= M~dg Ed{yhgn} J{ynbd

Nihoh<g gj |ngd`

Vj{ydid= L{dbengyjs in` Ydvh} in Kdxn~ ojg

nsongds in `d l~gidoh<g in Rnsyehgsyn{

vj{ Ni~d{ij H n` Ojglnsj{ #4'6<9(

Inv<shyj @nbd`= M%><% 4883

Hev{hen= Vdy{hohj D`eh{<g

o* Nso~n`ds, <' Od}j{`d

Nihoh<g Ihbhyd`= ?6 in Ngn{j in ;64;



_n n{gvn}j nsyn `hk{j n` ihd 9 in >nvyhnek{n x snyn{{ghgj n` 4 4 in Joy~k{n in 4'882'



D `d enej{hd in eh chmj Ed~{hohj

t~n l~n ~g cjek{n dieh{dk`n'



Nevn}d{n ihohngij t~n ojgjon{ `d Chsyj{hd, gjns sdkn{ jgnoijyds x odsjs o~{hjsjs, x sl nssdkn{ cnocjs x s~onsjs t~n cdxd ynghij

y{dgsongingohd' Ojgjon{ `d Chsyj{hd ns sdkn{ vj{

nmnev`j, t~n n` Hevn{hj [jedgj l~n vjshk`n, ngy{njy{ds ojs ds, vj{t~n `ds @nbhjgns sdkldg ojg|ngon{ d`js v~nk`js t~n ijehgdkdg, in `ds |ngydmds in s~

o~`y~{d sjk{n `d in n``js, x sdkldg jk`hbd{`js insv~ns,d t~n ~yh`h}dsng `ds v{doyhods x ojsy~ek{ns in ihocdo~`y~{d' Ojgjon{ `d Chsyj{hd gj ns sdkn{ vj{ nmnev`j,t~n @~hs SH\ sn vdsdkd ensns ngyn{js shg `d|d{sn, xyjij 4 6 eds t~n cdold n{d l{jyd{sn, d`b~gd t~n jy{d

|n}, `ds edgjs ojg d`ojcj`'Nsyn `hk{j |d d y{dyd{ in ojsds ojej `d

~`yhedengyn n v~nsyd, x gj |d d v{nyngin{ gdideds'

Ihocj nsyj, ojgyj{n t~n l~n eh vdi{n, cjek{nin b{dg hj{ejohjg c~edglsyhod, t~hng ojeng}j,o~dgij xj n{d ghgj, d ojgyd{en ojs ds in Chsyj{hd

vd{d t~n xj `ds s~vhnsn x nsy~|hn{d ngyn{dij in n`hds'N{d l{no~ngyn t~n o~dgij sn v{nsngydkd jojshjg, 4;4`d dv{j|nocdkd vd{d ojgyd{ o~d`t~hn{ jgnoijydchsyj{hod'

[no~n{ij t~n ~gd |n}, ng n` ojocn, |h|hng ijin` odevj, n` ngod{bdij sn t~nmj in t~n cdkldojev{dij vnsodij n` ild dgyn{hj{ x t~n nsyn nsydkd

Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj

j




ng vnshejs ojgihohjgns' Eh vdi{n n v`hoj t~n vj{

{j}jg in e~ocjs ilds in y{dgsvj{yn insin `d ojsyd d`

hgyn{hj{, yjijs `js v{ji~oyjs in` ed{ HHnbdkdg shnev{n

d g~nsy{j v~nk`j ng e~x ed` nsydij' X dgdihj t~nshnev{n, ng vnj{ 6 enmj{ edgn{d, sn cdkld `~ocdij

ojgy{d nsyj, hgo`~sj ng `js {nejyjs ilds in `d Nidi

Enihd, o~dgij `js enihjs in y{dgsvj{yn n{dg eds

`ngyjs t~n dcj{d' Vd{d vd`hd{ n` ed` nsydij in

d`hengyjs in ydgyd od`hidi, sn Hn nocdkdg yjid o`dsn

in ojgsn{|dgyns x dihydengyjs, vn{j l~n n` Vdvd

@~gd, d` t~n yjijs ojgjonejs ojej n` dgyhvdvd

Knghyj SHHH, t~hng y~|j `d ln`h} hind in {johd{ n`vnsodij t~n sn ojehd, ojg n` }~ej in` `hejg t~n 4;4

ehsej n v{held'

Yjijs sdknejs t~n i~{dgyn n` Ohsed in

Joohingyn d lhgd`ns in` shb`j SH\ x v{hgohvhjs in` shb`j

S | , Knghyj SHHH l~n n`nbhij vjgyllhon ng D|hbgjg,

o~dgij cdkld d s~ |n} jy{js ijs Vdvds eds ng `d

O{hsyhdgidi' NH[nx in D{dbjg Hn ihj s~ dvjxj, vn{j `d

edxj{ld in `js ejgd{ods n~{jvnjs Hn {nyh{d{jg s~jknihngohd' Knghyj SHHH gj t~hsj {ng~gohd{ d` Vdvdij,

x o~dgij |hj t~n gj vjild snb~h{ ng D|hbgjg, sn |hgj dD{dbjg, s~ yhn{{d x sn nsyjk`nohj ng Vnglsoj`d

#Odsyn``jg(, ng ~g odsyh``j t~n cdx sjk{n ~g

v{jejgyj{hj {jojsj t~n sn dingy{d ng n` ed{'

Xj cdon yhnevj nsy~|n d``l, x en hev{nshjgj

ojgjon{ `d Lhb~{d in nsyn cjek{n, edgynghngij vj{ngohed in yj ijs, s~ in{nocj d sn{ Vdvd, cdsyd t~n

e~{hj ng 2'9;?, ojg 89 j{hjs' In s~ yn{t~nidi, |hngn

`d ojsy~ek{n in inoh{ t~n +~g cjek{n nsy< ng s~sy{non+, o~dgij gj id s~ k{d}j d yj{on{ vj{ ghgb~gd

{j}jg, ng n`~shjg d` cjek{n t~n ihj nmnev`j in ~gd

ynsyd{~in} t~n cd vdsdij d `d Chsyj{hd x t~n HHn|d n`

g~en{j y{non ng s~ ingjehgjohjg vjgyhlhohd'



Ojgyhg~dgij 4 6 ojsy~ek{n in eh vdi{n, cn

ojgydij e~ocds |nons d ehs chmjs x insv~ns

d ehs ghnyjs, odsjs x ojsds in Chsyj{hd ojg `dst~n n` js 4 6vdsdkdg khng x sn cdohd 4 6ojg|n{soohjgs~edengyn ihsy{jhid' X ~g ihn eh ghnyj Gdocj, en

ihmj t~n e~ocds in `ds ojsds t~n xj ojgydkd gj n{d

ljoh` t~n sn v~ihn{dg `nn{ ng ghgb~gd vd{yn, vj{ 4 6t~n xj inkn{ld inmd{`ds nso{hyds x {nsn{hoijs, vd{d

t~n s~ ojgjohehngyj, in d`b~gd lj{ed, gj sn

vn{ihn{j' Ojej hgshsyhn{d e~ocj ng t~n xj

nso{hkhn{d x v~k`hod{d `ds jgnoijyjs x cnocjschsyj{hojs t~n `ns ojgydsn, Hn v{jenyh t~n y{dyd{ld in

ojev`don{`n' Xng nsj nsyjx'

O~dgij cn nso{hyj jy{js `hk{js, g~god yjen

gjyds, gh ojgs~`ys nso{hyjs, gh {n|hsn `hk{js 6 vdvn`ns

vd{d cdon{ eh y{dkdmj' En sn{|hd sj`j x

n o`~sh|dengyn in eh enej{hd' Nsyd xns nsyjx

cdohngij 4 6 ehsej' Vn{j nsyd |n}, cn ynghij t~n h{

{nynghngij dt~n``js odsjs in t~n en doj{idkd n

h{`js dgjydgij ng ~g vjvn`, 6 4 jkmnyj in

ojglnoohjgd{ ~g hgihon in dt~n``js s~onsjs 6

jgnoijyjs t~n inkn{ldg lhb~{d{ ng nsyds vothgos' D

y{j|ns in ~g vd{ in ensns cn vjihij {nojvh`d{ d`bj

eds in ohng odsjs t~n en{n}odg 4 6vngd sn{ ijijs

d ojgjon{' _jg ojjs, d`b~gjs ojgjohijs x jy{js gj

ydgyj t~n v~ning t~n dk~{{jg d d`b~gjs x d jy{js Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj

%%%%JZ²' '%%%%%




ngy{nyngbd, vn{j insin `~nbj gj sjg odsjs t~n sn

ngo~ngy{ng {nln{hijs ojg ldoh`hidi ng `js `hk{js in

Chsyj{hd t~n oj{{hngynengyn `nnejs'

N{gvn}o{j ojgydgij n` j{hbng in` Od{gd|d`' Xj

ynghd ijon j{hjs, o~dgij ~g ihn in lnk{n{j in 4 '8?9 |h

vdsd{ vj{ 46 od``n d ~gds edsod{ds, |nsyhids ojg

n y{d gjs {jvds x jo~`ydgij s~s od{ds ojg od{nyds' Xj

v{nt~gyn vj{ t~n sn |nsyldg jsh `ds bngyns x eh vdi{n

en ojgy< 46shb~hngyn' Ng yhnevjs in` Hevn{hj, cjk`j

ng [jed ~gd ngj{en ojgyh idi in nso`d|js' N{dg n`

{ns~`ydij in gj id{ e~n{yn d `js v{hshjgn{js ng `ds

ih|n{sds b~n{{ds, t~n |hoyj{hjsds ng s~ edxj{ld,

cjkhjg cnocj in [jed 46i~n{hj in` E~gij Dgyhb~j'

DH v{hgohvhj yjijs hkdg |nsyhijs in k`dgoj, vd{d t~n sn

s~vhnsn s~ ojgihoh<g in nso`d|js, vn{j cjk`j ydgyjs x

n{dg ydg g~en{jsjs, t~n sn yneh< t~n n``js

sdkhngijsn e~ocjs, sn s~k`n|d{dg ojgy{d s~s i~n{hjs

j ojgy{d n` Nsydij, #ojej jo~{{h< ojg 46s~k`n|doh<g

in Nsvd{ydoj, t~n ojsy< e~ochshej y{dkdmj {ni~oh{, x

t~n sn sd`i< ojg 46o{~ohlh h<g in eds in odyj{on eh`

nso`d|js(' Vj{ nsyd {d}<g sn doj{i< t~n g~god

|hsyhnsng `js nso`d|js {jvds in` ehsej oj`j{'

Ns o~{hjsd sdkn{ yj{gkhng t~n ng dt~n`

ngyjgons, yjijs `js cjek{ns H`n|dkdg n` vn`j

{noj{ydij, #_dg Vdk`j ng ~gd in s~s od{yds cdk`d in

nsyj(, x `js ~ghojs t~n H`n|dkdg n` vn`j `d{bj cdsyd `js

cjek{ns, n{dg dt~n``js e~ocdocjs in 4< < 43 j{hjst~n sn{|hdg in dedgyns d s~ sngj{'

@js nso`d|js sn t~nmdkdg e~ocj in t~n gj

vji hdg n vjgn{ d `js dejs s~s v{jk`neds, gh cdon{`ns

sdkn{ dt~n``js t~n n{d ojg|nghngyn ojgyd{ x {nln{h{'

@ds t~nmds ng nsyn sngyhij n{dg e~x g~en{jsds x n`

_ngdij nsydk`noh< js`, t~n i~{dgyn y{ns ihjs in` j{hj, x

s<46 i~{dgyn nsjs y{ns i`js, `js nso`d|js yngi{ldg



in{nocj d ihsl{d}d{sn ojej enmj{ t~hshn{dg xdevd{dijs ng s~ ihsl{d}, ij{hns d s~s dejs `ds

t~nmds t~n insnd{dg' X `js dejs i~{dgyn nsjs y{ns

ihns gj vjihjg insngedsod{d{`js, gh hg|nsyhbd{

gdid sjk{n gji hn, t~n devd{dij ng s~ ihsl{d},

c~khnsn ihocj d s~ i~n{hj ojsds t~n gj Hn b~sydsng'

Nsyj l~gohjgj 6 4 v{hgohvhj' Vn{j ojg n` yhnevj

sn ihj `~bd{ d g~en{jsjs n onsjs, insj{ingns xshy~dohjgns in vn`hb{j, 6 4 dodkd{ |hsyhngijsn in

edsod{ds, ydgyj `js nso`d|js ojej 4 6 `hkn{yjs xinejs cjek{ns `hk{ns'

Vj{ 46o~d` 4 6 Hb`nshd in [jed nsyjk`nohj, t~n

n` {ghn{oj`ns shb~hngyn d `js y{ns ihns in Od{gd|d` sn

chohn{d vnghyngohd in `js vnodijs ojenyhijs ng nsjs

i`js, d 4 6 |n} t~n sn nsyjk`nohj 4 6 `hy~{bhd in 4 6~gohjg ojg 4 6 ongh}j, vd{d {noj{id{ 6 4 cjek{n s~

v{jvhd ehsn{hd'

N HOd{gd|d` ojgyhg~j y{ds 4 6 ojhij in``evn{j

[jedgj ojg enmj{ 6 vnj{ jonvyjohjg ng 4 6 |hid in`js v~nk`js' Vn{j yd` |n} l~n{d ng \ngnohd cdohd

ojehng}js in Eh`nghj, ijgin s~ hev`jgyoohjg

y~|hn{d eds nsv`ngij{ x eds l~n{}d' @js |ngnohdgjs

chohn{jg in 4 6 edsod{d x in` ihsl{d}, odsh ~g ejij

cdkhy~d in s~s ojsy~ek{ns x in s~s ejijs in |nsyh{'

N{d oj{{hngyn t~n `js |ngnohdgjs nevn}d{dg d H`n|d{

4 6 od{yd ng `js v{hen{js ihns in Ngn{j, vjsdid 4 6Gd|hidi x t~n gj sn 4 6 t~hyd{dg cdsyd e~ocj

insv~ns in 4 6 _nedgd _dgyd' X ns n` Od{gd|d` in

\ngnohd, vjshk`nengyn, n` eds nek`nejyhoj x{nv{nsngydyh|j in nsyd lhnsyd, gj sj`j ng N~{jvd, shgj

ng yjij n` E~gij x ng yjijs `js yhnevjs'




NH Od{gd|d` shnev{n l~n ng Lnk{n{j, ens ng t~n

`js {jedgjs on`nk{dkdg yj{gkhng `d lhnsyd

`Hdedid lnk{~d{hd, in och n` gjek{n in` ensj

Ng nsyds lhnsyds sn ojgenej{dkd n` {dvyj in `ds_dkhgds, d vjoj in `d l~gidoh<g in [jed, enihj in`

t~n sn |d`hn{jg `js v{jvhjs {jedgjs, vd{d cdon{sn in

e~mn{ns, v~ns dgidkdg e~x nsodsjs in n`hds ngy{n s~

vjk`doh<g' Ed{}j sn H`dedkd js` ng cjgj{ d` ihjs

Ed{yn t~n n{d n` i`js in `d b~n{{d' Edxj ink{d s~

gjek{n d sn{ n` ens ng t~n sn cjg{dkd d `js edxj {ns

x d `js ihl~gyjs, ng `js onengyn{hjs' M~ghj ink{d s~

gjek{n d `d ihjsd M~gj, nsvjsd in M~vhyn{ vdi{n in`js ihjsns' M~`hj ink{d s~ gjek{n d M~`hj Onsd{ t~n

cdk{d gdohij ng nsyn ensj Dbjsyj, vj{ `d ehsed

{d}<g, d` nevn{dij{ D~b~syj' _nvyhnek{n, Joy~k{n,

Gj|hnek{n x Ihohnek{n, n{dg vd{d `js {jedgjs `js

ensns snvyhej, joyd|j, gj|ngj x inoh{gj

{nsvnoyh|dengyn' Ngn{j ink{d s~ gjek{n d` ihjs Mdgj,

n` ihjs in `ds ijs od{ds, ~gd od{d n{d `d in `d vd} x jy{d

oj{d `d in `d b~n{{d x s~ ynev`j ng [jed nsydkddkhn{yj shnev{n t~n c~khn{d b~n{{d ng j`t~g `~bd{ in`

Hevn{hj x sn on{{dkd o~dgij ng yjij n``evn{hj cdk{d

vd}'

NH dgd vd{d `js {jedgjs nevn}dkd ng Ed{}j,

t~n n{d n` v{hen{ ens in` j{hj' Vn{j o~dgij [jed

t~hsj ng|hd{ s~s `nbhjgns d Nsvdgd ojg Nsohvh<g n`

Dl{hodgj, vd{d ojekdyh{ d `js v~nk`js hkn{hojs t~n sn

{nshsyhjg d `d ijehgdoh<g {jedgd, n` _ngdij gj vjihj

ng|hd{`ns, v~ns cdk{d ~gd `nx {n`hbhjsd t~n hevnihj

t~n sn ng|hdsng `ds `nbhjgns d b~n{{n{d{, cdsyd t~n n`

dgd dodkdsn, x d~g ld`ydkdg vd{d nsj d`bj eds in

ijs ensns' Dt~n``j sn d{{nb`< ojg ~gd `nx nsvnohd` in`

_ngdij t~n din`dgydkd n` ojehng}j in` jlhj 6 4 `JinNgn{j, ojg 4 6 o~d` x insin ngyjgons, g~nsy{j

M~dg Ed{yhgn} J{ynbd od`ngid{hj nevhn}d shnev{n n` dgd n` ihj `Jin Ngn{j'

%%%%n,''''''''%%%5%%%



Vjoj insv~ns M~`hj Onsd{ sdkhngij t~n ng n`

od`ngid{hj cjkhj hgn doyhy~ins t~n gj 4 6 cdidg

v`ngdengyn v{joyhoj, ``ded d ~g nbhvohj ex

ngyngihij ng nsyds o~nsyhjgns H`dedij _nsjy{hs,t~n l~n t~hng ojglnoohjgj in edgn{d inlhghyh|d n`

od`ngid{hj vj{ n` t~n gjs {nthejs, t~n sn ``ded jsh

+Od`ngid{hj M~`hdgj+,

Ng n` shb`j S\H, n` Vdvd B{nbj{hj SHHH, 4 6{nlj{{gj d~engydgij`n 6 4 ens in Lnk{n{j ~g ihn

eds ojid o~dy{j j{hjs, {j}jg vj{ 4 6o~d` sn Hn ``ded

yj{gkhng +od`ngid{hj b{nbj{hdgj+, Gh n` od`ngid{hj

j{jkn, gh n` Q~ihj gh n` ochgj ojhgohing ojg n`

g~nsy{j, t~n d~g o~dgij sn cd hgyngydij, gj cdon

e~ocjs j{hjs, {nlj{ed{`j g~n|d engyn vd{d t~n

yjijs `js ensns in` dgd nevn}dsng ng `~gns, shb~n

shngij y{nengidengyn v{joyhoj'

N H Ih{noyj{hj ng 4 6 [n|j`~ohjg L{dgonsd d

lhgd`ns in` shb`j S\HHH, hgy{ji~mj in ~gd edgn{d

don{ydid n` shsyned {gny{hoj inohed` ng yjij n`yn{{hyj{hj l{dgons' Yjids `ds vnsj x enihids n{dg

e~`yhv`ns x ih|hsj{ns in` g~en{j ihn}' Dt~n``j

l~gohjgj x l~gohjgd yjid|hd, x sn n yngihj jinejsvj{ yjijs `js vjhsns in 4 6 Yhn{{d '' N H Ih{noyj{hj

yj{gkhng Hn ch}j ~gd {nlj{ed 6 4 od`ngid{hj' Vn{j

nsyd gj l~gohjgj, x cjx sj`j t~nid in dt~n``j, n`

{no~n{ij in `js kn`` js gjek{ns t~n v~shn{jg d `js

ensns' N{dg nsyjs= V`~|hjsj, \ngyjsj, Gh|jsj,L`j{nd`, Bn{ehgd`, V{dihd`, Yn{ehij{, L{~oyhij{1

Engshij{, \ngihehd{hjs, K{~ed{hj x L{hid{hj' @js

gjek{ns x eji~`ns y{dihohjgd`ns, v~ihn{jg eds

t~n `js gjek{ns x eji~`ns l{dgonsns'

Cdsyd n` shb`j \H in g~nsy{d N{d, gjs {nbhdejs

vj{ n` dgd in 4 6L~gijohjg in [jed, t~n n{d n` dgd

2>?, dgyns in O{hsyj' Vn{j ng n` shb`j dgyn{hj{engyn Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj

%%%%




ohydij, ~g ejgmn `Hdedij Ihjghshj n` Dgbjsyj,

hgy{ji~mj `d ojsy~ek{n in ojgyd{ `js j{hjs, gj insin `d

L~gidoh<g in [jed, shgj insin n` gdohehngyj in

Mns~o{hsyj, x js`, gj ojg e~ocd v{nohshjg, nsydejs cjx

ng n` j{hj in 4'882 in` gdohehngyj in Mns~s'

Dgyns n{d oj{{hngyn t~n sn H`dedsn vj``js d `d

bngyn mj|ng' Cjx gj ns ydg oj{{hngyn, vn{j

yjij|hj cdx t~hng `ns ``ded jsh' NH j{hbng in

nsyn ingjehgdoh<g nsyj ng ~g kdh`n t~n d v{hgohvhjs

in` shb`j SHS ihn{jg `js i~t~ns in Js~gd ng s~

vd`dohj in Edi{hi' Nsyn vd`dohj nsydkd ng 4 6 t~n cjx

sn ingjehgd D`denid in Js~gd, ~g n yngsj vd{t~nin `d odvhyd` in Nsvdgd ijgin dgyns nsy~|hn{jg `js

md{ihgns in` ohydij vd`dohj i~od`' Nsjsmd{ihgns sjg cjx

in` v~nk`j, d` hb~d` t~n `js md{ihgns in` [nyh{j t~n

dgyns n{dg `js md{ihgns in` vd`dohj in` K~ng [nyh{j,

ijgin {nshildg g~nsy{js [nxns' NH Ojgin I~t~n in

J`h|d{ns ng n` shb`j S\HH, {nbd`< nsyjs md{ihgns d`

v~nk`j in Edi{hi, o~dgij `js {nxns sn e~id{jg in`

K~ng [nyh{j d` [nd` D`od}d{, t~n nsydkd ngyjgonsijgin cjx sn `n|dgyd n` Vd`dohj in J{hngyn'

V~ns khng, ng nsyn kdh`n in `js Js~gd, `d

i~t~nsd ihsv~sj t~n vd{d t~n `d bngyn mj|ng gj

ej`nsydsn d `d in eds nidi, kdh`d{dg `js m<|ngns ng ~g

sd`<g eds vnt~n{hj, t~n n` sd`<g v{hgohvd` x t~n

nsydkd d` `dij in nsyn ~`yhej, ojg n` t~n sn

oje~ghodkd ojg ~gd v~n{yd t~n inm< on{{did'

O~dgij n` kdh`n hkd xd e~x d|dg}dij, n` {~hij in 4 6m<|ngns ng s~ sd`< n{d l~n{yn x `d d`bd{dkld e~x

b{dgin' X `d i~t~nsd in Js~gd ojengy< ngyjgons,

t~n dt~n``j n{d ojej ~g bd``hgn{j o~dgij d`b~hng

ngy{dkd ng n` ehsej, x `js vj`` js nsydkdg d`yn{dijs x

{n|~n`yjs' Insin ngyjgons sn nevn}< d `Hded{ vj``js

d `js m<|ngns in d`{ninij{ in` |nhgyn j{hjs'



@d I~t~nsd in Js~gd in nsyn {n`dyj, ns `d

t~n dvd{non ng n` o~di{j t~n vhgyj Bjxd vj{

dt~n``js j{hjs' Ng nsyn o~di{j dvd{nong ~gjs gh{hjs

sngydijs d `js vhns in s~s vdi{ns' _ngydij ng n`

s~n`j nsyj n` eds vnt~n{hj in `js chmjs in `js i~t~ns

in Js~gd, ojg ~g ojocnohyj dydij d ~gd o~n{id'

Nsyn ns Ed{hdgj' Ng vhn, d s~ `dij, nsyj s~ cn{edgj

edxj{, Vni{j' Vni{j Yn``n} Bh{jg, n{d n` cn{nin{j

in` yhy~`j, vn{j Vni{j e~{hj e~x mj|ng x n` yhy~`j

vdsj d s~ cn{edgj Ed{hdgj, t~n vj{ vjoj sh inmd,

ojg s~ insenihid edgn{d in bdsyd{, ng yjyd`

t~hnk{d d` i~odij in Js~gd'

@d [nhgd Hsdkn` HH ng|hj d Ed{hdgj ojej

nekdmdij{ d [~shd, x nsydgij ng [~shd, ~gj in `js

v{hgohvns in `d ldeh`hd hevn{hd`, t~n n{d s~ dehbj, 4 6hg|hyj d ongd{ x 4 6 ins`~ek{j ojg `d dk~gidgohd, n`

`~mj x `d od`hidi in `js edgmd{ns t~n Hn jl{nid' Ijg

Ed{hdgj ihns insv~ns, Hn in|j`|hj `d hg|hyoohjg, ojg

~gd ongd ng `d nekdmdid' Ojgshsyhj `j ongd sj`j, ng

~gjs c~n|js ojohgdijs d` l~nbj in `d ochengnd in

`d cjkhyjohjg ijgin ongdkdg' Vn{j gj sn ~sd `ngd

vd{d ojohgd{ dt~n``js c~n|js, yjid |n} t~n n` l~nbj

sn edgy~|j, d{{jmdgij d` ehsejkh``nyns in eh`

{~k`ns, ydgyjs ojej l~n{dg v{nohsjs'

Ng jy{d jojshjg |hj t~n ng ~g kdh`n ng n`

Vd`dohj Hevn{hd`, `d }d{hgd `n|dkd sjk{n s~ cjek{ns

~gd vhn` in ~gd nsvnohn e~x {d{d x e~x ihlloh` in`jb{d{' Ihds insv~ns, sn v{nsngyj n` ng Vd`dohj, x `js

`dodxjs in s~ ojocn in odkd``js, `Hn|dkdg yjijs

vhn`ns hb~d`ns d `ds t~n `~ohn{d `d ]d{hgd ihjs jy{js'`'`ntj jy{d |n} ng n` y{ng in Vd{hs ijgin edgynghd

odsd` X ng `d nsyjohjg gj nsydkd s~ ojocn in

odkd``js nsvn{dgij, vj{t~n gj cjk`j d|hsdij s~

H`nbdid' Insin ngyjgons ihsv~sj t~n ng `ds

nsydohjgns in ln{{jod{{h` in Vd{hs, [jed x Edi{hi,Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj



ijgin sj`hj yngn{ ojsj, c~khnsn shnev{n ~g ojocn in

odkd``js vdbdij d s~s n vngsns, vj{ sh d`b~gd |n} sn

v{nsngydkd ng o~d`t~hn{d in ihocds oh~idins'

Yjids nsyds ojsds gj vd{nong ohn{yds, vn{j 46

sjg x nsy{hg ojev{jkdids' @ds y{ns odsds i~od`ns eds

l~n{yns in Nsvdgd, n{dg 46in D`kd, 46in Enihgdon`h x

46 in Js~gd x ng dt~n` ngyjgons 46 in Js~gd n{d 46

eds l~n{yn in yjids' O~dgij ijg Ed{hdgj nsydkd in

nekdmdij{ ng [~shd, n` diehghsy{dij{ in yjij s~

vdy{hejghj ng Nsvdgd t~n n{d n` nso{hyj{ ijg

L{dgohsoj Ed{yhgn} in 46 [jsd #[jshyd 46 Vdsyn`n{d

ojej Hn H`dedkdg s~s ngnehtjs(, Hn nso{hkh<sn{hdengyn oi|h{yhngij`n t~n sh gj ejin{dkd s~s

bdsyjs, n` gj sn cdid {nsvjgsdk`n in 46{~hgd t~n sn

|nhj |ngh{' Vn{j I' Ed{hdgj gj {noyhlho<' E~{h< ng

4 '33;, o~dgij j~g Hn t~nidkd d`bj in s~ vdy{hejghj'

Xj nsy~|n ~gd |n} ng Js~gd x s~kh d 46

Oj`nbhdyd, t~n nsyj ng ~gd v`dghohn n`n|did, d `js vhns

in 46o~d` sn n yhngin n` k`dgoj ojsn{hj in` v~nk`j' @d

Oj`nbhdyd n{d 46y~ekd in `js Js~gd' Yjijs `js t~n

l~n{jg in 46 ldeh`hd nsy{hg ngyn{{dijs ng ~gd o{hvyd

t~n cdx inkdmj in 46gd|n edxj{ in 46hb`nshd' Ng nsd

o{hvyd, sn v~nin ngy{d{ x ojev{jkd{ ojej yjijs `js

Js~gd nsy{hg ngyn{{dijs ng ghocjs e~x sngoh``js,

ijgin s<46lhb~{d n` gjek{n x 46lnocd in` yhy~`d{' Ijg

Ed{hdgj Yn``n} Bh{jg, nsyj ngyn{{dij d{{hkd, ng 46

hb`nshd, d ~g `dij in 46gd|n v{hgohvd` ng ~g ed~sj`nj

ojg |d{hds nsydy~ds, in gj e~x k~ng b~syj' _<46ojg 46

e~n{yn, Ijg Ed{hdgj inm< in bdsyd{'

I ~{dgyn odsh yjid 46 Nidi Enihd, n` cjek{n

H`n|dkd {jvd `d{bj cdsyd `js vhns' Cdkhd

t~nidij nsyd ojsy~ek{n l~n{ynengyn

M~dg Ed{yhgn} J{ynbd d{{dhbdid, insin `js yhnevjs in [jed ng t~n `js

%%%w,Z •'%%ZZZZ15%%%



dgohdgjs x 4 6bngyn in enihd nidi, `Hn|dkdg 4 6{jvdcdsyd `js yjkh``js' I~{dgyn shb`js 4 6 {jvd edso~`hgd

l~n jsh' Vn{j d vd{yh{ in` shb`j SH\ n` cjek{n

nevn}d{ld d ~sd{ {jvd oj{yd x gj sn vjgi{hj xj gdid

t~n Hn H`nbdsn cdsyd `js vhns, ojej gj l~n{d 4 6odvj'Ln`hvn H\ in L{dgohd l~n n` v{hen{ sjkn{dgj n~{jvnj

t~n ~sd enihds `d{bjs x ~g oj`}jg oj{yn, t~n

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|d{hjs kjyjgns 6 4 oj`}jg x t~n sn insdk{jocdkd

vd{d j{hgd{' Nsydejs cdk`dgij in 4 6 k{db~nydojej d`bj s~{bhij ng n` shb`j S`\'

Insin ngyjgons cdsyd lhgd`ns in` shb`j S\HHH,`ds enihds cdsyd eds d{{hkd in 4 6 {jih``d, js` ojej

n` oj`}jg oj{yn, l~n{jg 4 6 lj{ed ~s~d` in 4 6hgi~engyd{hd edso~`hgd' Vn{j ng n` shb`j S\HH, sn

v~shn{jg in ejij ng Hyd`hd `ds {nv{nsngydohjgns in

4 6 t~n sn ``ded 4 6 Ojenihd in` D{yn Hyd`hdgj, t~n

nsvdohd`engyn ng Gdvj`ns, ijgin s~{bhn{d nsyn

yhvj in yndy{j, chohn{jg l~{j{' Ng 4 6Ojenihd in` D{yn

Hyd`hdgj cdk{d vn{sjgdmns H`ngjs in lhg~{d xin`hodin}d ojej 4 6 n{dg Vhn{{jy x 4 6 sjlhsyhodid

Oj`jekhgd' X cdk{d d s~ |n}, jy{js vn{sjgdmns eds

in do~n{ij ojg 4 6 {~in}d vjv~`d{ ojej

Vdgyd`njgn, t~n dvd{nid shnev{n ng nsongd ojg

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cdsyd `js yjkh``js' Nsd v{ngid yjej s~ gjek{n in`

t~n 4 6 `Hn|dkd ng nsongd, t~n n{d Vdgyd`njgn, x

insin ngyjgons ojeng} j d ~sd{sn e~xylehidengyn' V{hen{j 4 6 H`n|dkd, bngn{d` engyn, n`

v~nk`j ``dgj' Insv~ns sn ~sd ng 4 6 Ed{hgd ojg

e~ocd oonvyoohjg' Vn{j 4 6 k~{t~nshj x 4 6 gjk`n}dsn {nshsyhn{jg d ~sd{`d vj{ ojgshin{d{`d

vjshk`nengyn hgdino~did' L~n d lhgd`ns in` shb`j

S\HHH ojg 4 6 [n|j ~ohjg L{dgonsd, ydg vjyngohdij{d

in 4 6 hb~d`idi, o~dgij nevn}j d bngn{d`h}d{sn n` Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj



~sj in `js vdgyd`jgns `d{bjs, t~n yhngn gj vjoj in

hb~d`hyd{hjs'

Yj{gkhng in` shb`j S\HH ns 4 6 oj{kdyd ojej

v{ngid edso~`hgd' Ojeng}< d ~sd{sn vj{ v{hen{d |n},

vj{ `js sjìdijs in ~g [nbhehngyj in` Nmn{ohyj in @~hsSH\ in b~d{ghoh<g ng Cj`dgid' X in nsynyhnevj vd{non

sn{ t~n sjg yj{gkhng, `js kjyjgns t~n sn vjgng 6 4 lhgdìn `ds edgbjs in `ds ocdt~nyds, o~xj j{hbng nsyj ng

t~n jsh sn t~hsj n|hyd{, t~n `js sjìdijs sn `hevhdsng `ds

gd{hons ojg n` kj{in in 4 6edgbj in s~s odsdods'

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edxj{ns sn {nhjg in n`, x `js ocht~h``js Hn `Hnbd{jg d

d{{jmd{ d`b~gjs vhni{ds' N{d ng 4'288' Ynghd 4 6 ojvd

d`ylshed' Insv~ns 4 6ojvd sn 4 6{nkdm< e~ocj eds in 4 6ehydi' X i~{dgyn yjij n` shb`j SHS #x d~g cjx( s~ ~sj l~n

bngn{d` x s~ n`nbdgohd hgihso~yhid'

Xj ng g~nsy{j shb`j 4 6 {jvd edso~`hgd gj cd

s~l{hij e~ocjs odekhjs' _n cd hij cdohngij ojid |n}eds hglj{ed` x eds `hk{n' Vn{j odsh shnev{n, ng 4 6nsngohd`, cd edgynghij s~ `hgnd' In yjijs ejijs

shnev{n cd cdkhij, {nb`ds x t~hng ihn{d `ds {nb`ds' NH

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dk{jocdijs, engjs n` ~`yhej t~n sn inmdinsdk{jocdij'

@d e~mn{ shnev{n |hsyh< in ejij ihln{ngyn 6 4cjek{n' _hnev{n c~kj {jvd in cjek{n x {jvd in

e~mn{' X sh ~gd e~mn{, sn vjghj d`b~gd |n} vjgyj `jgns,

ojej ng ohn{yd jodsh<g chohnsn Bn{jbn _dgi ng

Ed``j{od ng 4'3?3, dt~n``j gj sn yj`n{dkd x sn o{hyhodkd

M~dg Ed{yhgn} J{ynbd vj{ yjij n` e~gij' Vn{j vj{ `js j{hjs |nhgyn in g~nsy{j

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shb`j, `Hnb< d Vd{hs ~gd ochoj in v{j|hgohds, H`dedid

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hgy{ji~mj ng `ds ejids x ng `js ~sjs lnenghgjs, gj

vjods hggj|dohjgns'

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vhih< d s~ jojevj{hjgyn t~n Hn inmdsn s~ bdkd{ihgd

vd{d b~d{non{sn in 4 6`H~|hd' X o~dgij sn 4 6v~sj, v~ijojev{jkd{ t~n gj Hn hkd ed` ~gd v{ngid t~n n{d

ngyjgons yjyd` engyn edso~`hgd' Insin nsyd oh{o~g%

sydgohd, sn v{jej|h< n` ~sj in v{ngids edso~`hgds vj{

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nehgngynengyn edso~`hgj' O{ndoh<g s~xd sjg 4 6ld`idv`hsdid x n` y{dmn in ocdt~nyd lnenghgj'

N``d l~n oinejs, 4 6 v{hen{d t~n nsydk`noh< 4 6ojsy~ek{n in t~n `ds e~mn{ns yjedsng n` sj` ng 4 6v`dxd x sn k{jgond{dg, vd{d `~oh{ ~gd yn} ej{ngd x

jso~{d ng yjijs `js yhnevjs in 4 6 Chsyj{hd' N``d l~n

t~hng `dg}< 4 6 hind in t~n sh 4 6 khs~yn{ld sn y{dkdmdkd

ojg k~ng b~syj x ohn{yj vn{lnoohjghsej, vjihd e~x

khng s~v`h{ d 46 k~ngd mjxn{hd, j~g o~dgij gj v~ihn{d

ojevnyh{ g~god ojg 4 6 kn``n}d x od`hidi in 4 6 ehsed'Insin Ojo< Ocdgn`, e~ocds mjxds gj sjg o~yngyhojs,

vn{j ns ihlloh` sdkn{`j x sjg shg i~id d`b~gd in b{dg

kn` n}d ng s~ ojglnooh<g'

L~n dehbj in b{dgins vn{sjgdmns in s~ yhnevj'Ynghd ojg n` ehsej Rhsyjg Oc~{oc h`, ~gd b{dg dehsydi'

Vn{j ng 4 6HH B~n{{d E~gihd`, l~n dedgyn in ~g eh`hyd{

d`nedg, x dodkdid 4 6B~n{{d, nsyj Hn od~s< gj vjojs

v{jk`neds' Gj vj{ nsj inm< in snb~h{ y{dkdmdgij ng n`

e~gij in 4 6 ejij x dcj{d yj{gkhng ng n` e~gij in 4 6vn{l~en{hd' D Ed{h`xg Ejg{jn, Hn v{nb~gyd{jg ~gd |n}

sjk{n t~n {jvd H`n|dkd o~dgij sn enyhj ng 4 6 ojed xDgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj




ojgynsyj ihohngij t~n n``d 6 4 dojsyd{sn gj `Hn|dkd

ngohed jy{d ojsj t~n ~gds o~dgyds bjyds in Ocdgn`

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edgn{d n` |j`~eng in s~s|ngyds' Ojo< Ocdgn` e~{h<

ng 4'824, ojg jocngyd x g~n|n j{hjs' DH lhgd`{ngnbdkd e~ocj in 4 6 {jvd in dcj{d vj{

n onsh|dengyn `hbn{d in yn`d, ojej n{d vj{ nmnev`j 4 6ehghld`id t~n n``d inynsydkd' Xj dieh{j d nsyd e~mn{

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ojginoj{doh<g in Hgb`dyn{{d, ns ~gd `hbd

t~n sn oj`jod ng 4 6vhn{gd h}t~hn{id in` ojginoj{dij

vj{ inkdmj in 4 6 {jih``d' NH ojsj ns e~x ojgjohij x

vjshk`nengyn e~ocd bngyn yngbd gjyhohd in nsyn

cnocj' NH {nx Ni~d{ij HHH in Hgb`dyn{{d, ng 4'?93dgidkd iny{js in 4 6 ojginsd in _d`hsk~{x x e~x

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vd{d n` t~n vhngsn ed`+'

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ojgenej{d{`j j{ingj t~n sn ojgsy{~xnsn d`hh ~g

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ojglj{{gj, gh oonvyj n` insdh{n' Ch}j d s~ ojgsnmn{j x

dehbj, n` ojgin Ej{yhen{, dedgyn s~xj'

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v~k`hod' Bjkn{gd{jg ojej {nbngyns in` {nx Ni~d{ij

HHH t~n ynghd ngyjgons e~x vjojs j{hjs' Ni~d{ij HHH

o~dgij l~n edxj{ ng ~ghjg in jy{js gjk`ns x dehbjs

s~xjs, t~n jihdkdg d Ej{yhen{, dsd`yd{jg in gjocn n`

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dedgyn' X n` ehsej Ni~d{ij ejyd ojg ~g cdocd d

Ej{yhen{ x ng|hj ihns insv~ns d s~ edi{n d ~g

ojg|ngyj'

Ni~d{ij HHH l~n vdi{n in` V{hgohvn Gnb{j t~n

e~{hj mj|ng shg `Hnbd{ d {nhgd{ x t~n jx~ij ojg y{jvdsx ihgn{j d g~nsy{j {nx in Odsyh``d Vni{j H, ojgy{d s~

cn{edgj ijg Ng{ht~n in Y{dsyded{d o~dgij `js ijs

cn{edgjs sn ng}d{}d{jg ng ~gd |hj`ngyhshed b~n{{d

oh|h ' Ijg Vni{j {ntj`j 6 4V{hgohvn Gnb{j ~g cn{ejsj

{~kh t~n sn yhngn vj{ n` eds b{dgin in` e~gij x t~n

cjx nsyj hgo{~sydij ng n` ony{j t~n ~sdg `js {nxns

hgb`nsns n` ihn in s~ oj{jgjohjg' NH V{hgohvn Gnb{j

nsyj ngyn{{dij ng 4 6 Odyni{d` in Odgyn{k~{x ng@jgi{ns x 4 6 nsydy~d xdongyn in s~ y~ekd, nsyj

{no~khn{yd ojg ~gd d{edi~{d in oj`j{ gnb{j, ojej

`ds d{edi~{ds t~n n` shnev{n ~sd{d x d `ds t~n inkn n`

gjek{n ojg t~n cd vdsdij d 4 6Chsyj{hd'

---

C ne js jhij e~ocds |nons inoh{, t~n _dgyd

[hyd ns dkjbdid in 4 6hevjshk`n' X n``j yhngn

s~ n v`hooohjg' _dgyd [hyd ng|h~ij y{ds |d{hjs

j{hjs in edy{hejghj, x gj t~hsj odsd{sn jy{d |n}

vj{t~n 4 6 t~n n``d {nd` engyn insndkd n{d 4 6 |hid

ojg|ngy~d`' Insin n` v{hgohvhj, 4 6 t~n d n``d Hn

b~sydkd n{d vn{yngnon{ d `ds ejgmds db~syhgds t~n



ynghdg ojg|ngyj ng s~ v~nk`j' O~dgij t~nij |h~id,

gj v~ij in ejengyd ngy{d{ ng n` ojg|ngyj x

v{jlnsj{1 v~ns 4 6 hevnihdg `ds e~ocds jk`hbdohjgns

t~n ynghd ojg `js chmjs t~n c~khn{d in s~

edy{hejghj' Y~|j t~n nsvn{d{ d t~n s~s chmjs l~n{dg

edxj{ns vd{d ngy{d{ng [n`hbhjg'

Vn{j s~ insnj in sn{ {n`hbhjsd n{dg ydg b{dgin,

t~n sn hkd d 4 6 hb`nshd in` ojg|ngyj in `ds db~syhgds

vd{d snb~h{ ojg n`hds, d~gt~n l~n{d insin `js kdgojs

in 4 6 hb`nshd, `js {n}js in `ds ejgmds' @ds db~syhgds

in` ojg|ngyj gdid Hn inidg, vn{j o~dgij 4 6 |nhjg

do~ih{ d `js {n}js in 4 6 oje~ghidi, d cj{ds ng t~nxj 4 6 hb`nshd nsydkd on{{did x ojg `ds v~n{yds

dy{dgodids, sn n y{o{hjkjg x vngsdkdg ng oojejn{d vjshk`n 4 6v{nsngohd in 4 6|h~id d`hh, sh gj sn vjihd

ngy{d{ in ghgb~gd edgn{d: Dt~n``j n{d hevjshk`n, x

shg nekd{bj 4 6 l~y~{d sdgyd 4 6 cdid vjshk`n, ojg s~

n|hingynx n y{dj{ihgd{hd sdgyhidi' X 4 6cdid vjshk`n

vj{ 4 6l~n{}d in s~ ln x in s~ dej{ d Ihjs' Ng 4 6Nidi

Enihd n{d oj{{hngyhshej id{ n v`hodohjgnssjk{ngdy~{d`ns d `ds ojsds, shg vd{d{sn e~ocj d

cdon{ 4 6eds ehghed hg|nsyhtoohjg {dohjgd`'

@jt ~n dt~n``ds db~syhgds gj sdkhdg, ns t~n

ng 4 6 hb`nshd cjkhj ~gd vdsdih}j sno{nyn, t~n

oje~ghodkd n` ojg|ngyj ojg 4 6 od``n, x _dgyd [hyd

ojgjid n` vdsdih}j' Ojeng}j ngyjgons d cdk`d{sn

in t~n [hyd in Ojshj ynghd vjin{ns sjk{n 4 6hevjshk`n' X ojg nsd `nxngid, _dgyd [hyd jojkjngy{dgij ng [n`hbhjg x yjedgij `js cjkhyjs' E~{hj

ng 4'9>>, y{ds ~gd |hid in b{dg sdgyhidi, x o~dgij

l~n odgjgh}did e~ocj insv~ns, vd{d n` v~nk`j n{d

4 6 dkjbdid in 4 6 hevjshk`n, x d t~hng cjk`j t~n

hg|jod{ ng `js odsjs, t~n vj{ ihlloh`ns x {d{js vjihjg

ojgshin{d{sn ojej odsjs hevjshk`ns'Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj



@ds oj{{hids in yd{js inkng s~ gjek{n, d t~n ng

s~s ojehng}js, j`hj vj{ `js {nejyjs ihjs in`

shb`j SHHH x SHw ojgshsyldg ng t~n `js yj{js

oj{{hn{dg vj{ `ds od``ns in `js v~nk`js in Odsyh``d

ehngy{ds in`dgyn in `js ehsejs oj{{hdg `js ej}js x `js

cjek{n m<|ngns in` `~bd{, k~{`dgij `js yj{js t~n

|nghdg iny{js, , x y{dydgij in t~n nsyjs gj `js

ngbdgocd{dg' Oj{{hdg yjijs, yj{js x yj{n{js' Yjij n{d

hb~d` d `js yj{js t~n sn oj{{hdg ng 46 Hs`d in O{nyd,

shb`js dgyns in O{hsyj, {nenej{dgij 4 6 `nxngid in

Ynsnj, t~n k~{`< 6 4Ehgjyd~{j x `hkn{< d 4 6 oh~idi in

Dyngds, in vdbd{ n` y{hk~yj in 4 6 ngy{nbd in m<|ngns

ijgon``ds' @d ihln{ngohd in ~gds x jy{ds od{{n{ds,

v~nin t~n nsy~|hn{d sj`dengyn, ng t~n ng O{nyd, `js

ej}js oj{{hdg insg~ijs'

E~ocds |nons 6 4 oj{{n{ yj{js ng ~g v~nk`j,

dv{j|nocdkdg vd{d id{ e~n{yn d dt~n``js t~n

c~khnsng shij ojgingdijs dgyn{hj{engyn, vj{ o~d`%t~hn{ in`hyj ojenyhij' Yd` ns n` ojsj in ijg Bd{id

@dssj in \nbd, t~n sn ngl{ngy< d s~ {nx Ijg Vni{j in

Odsyh``d xnsyn, Hn ojging< d ej{h{ vhsjyndij x oj{gnd%

ij vj{ `js yj{js in ~gd oj{{hid' Ng nsyds oj{{hids,

o~dgij `js yj{js H`nbdkdg d 4 6 v`d}d in` v~nk`j, n{d

oj{{hngyn t~n `js gjk`ns x sngj{ns in` `~bd{, `dgond{dg

x ihn{dg e~n{yn d `js yj{js, ejgydijs d odkd``j, xDgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj



vd{d n``j sn sn{|ldg in |d{hjs in s~s o{hyn{hjs, t~n d

vhn, `ns dx~idkdg shy~dgij 6 4yj{j ojg s~ odvjyn ng n`

`~bd{ in 4 6v`d}d t~n l~nsn eds ojg|nghngyn' @dgond{

yj{js, n{d ~g nmn{ohohj t~n sn v{joyhoj e~ocj vj{ 4 6gjk`n}d ng `js shb`js S\H x S\HH, v~ns idkd v{nsyhbhj d

`js t~n 4 6 cdidg x `ns idkd vj{ inejs, k~ngd lded

in |d`n{jsjs' Yngbj gjyhohd, in t~n n` Nevn{dij{

Od{`js \ `jgonj yj{js d`b~gd |n}' X g~nsy{j vdhsdgj n`

Vdvd D`nmdgi{j \H, j{tjgh}j ~gd oj{{hid ng 4 6t~n cjx

ns 4 6v`d}d in _dg Vni{j, ng [jed' T~hng `jgonj `js

yj{js ng dt~n``d jojshjg, l~n s~ chmj Onsd{ Kj{bhd'

N H v~nk`j dedkd e~oclshej nsyd lhnsyd x `js{nxns in 4 6Ojsj in D~sy{hd yj{gkhng' In edgn{d t~n

o~dgij d lhgd`ns in` shb`j S\H, n` Vdvd _dg Vhj w t~hsj

v{jchkh{ `ds oj{{hids, n` {nx Ln`hvn HHsn jv~sj d 4 6ihsvjshohjg vdvd` x 4 6 ehsed gj y~|j nlnoyj ng

Nsvdgd' Gj vdsj js`, d v{hgohvhjs in` shb`j S\HHH,

o~dgij n{gvn}j d {nhgd{ ng Nsvdgd 4 6 Ojsj in

Kj{kjg, d vd{yh{ in 4'264, ojg n` {nx Ln`hvn \ ' Nsyn,

ni~odij ng \n{sd``ns x ng n` b~syj l{dgons,dkjehgdkd in `ds oj{{hids, in edgn{d t~n gj Hn

db{didkd t~n `js gjk`ns yjed{dg vd{yn n

hgyn{|hghn{dg ng n`hds, d~gt~n sdkhngij n` dej{ t~n n`

v~nk`j `ns v{jlnsdkd, gj `Hnbdsn d v{jchkh{`ds' Nsyj

ihj `~bd{, d t~n 6 4 gj sn{ xj `js gjk`ns d odkd``j, `js

t~n `dgondkdg `js yj{js, `js v{jydbjghsyds in `ds

oj{{hids vdsj {jg d sn{ `js vnjgns, t~n dgyn{hj{engyn

d vhn x ojg s~s odvjyns, dx~id{jg d s~s sngj{ns d`dgond{' X 4 6 oj{{hid vdsj in sn{ ~g nsvnoyoo~`j,

ijgin n` odkd``n{j x n` yj{j n{dg `js nmns in 4 6lhnsyd, d

sn{ ~g nsvnoyjo~`j ijgin n` nmn in 4 6lhnsyd n{d n` yj{j

x n` ej}j d vhn ojg s~ odvjyn x s~ e~`nyd'

D y{j|ns in yjij n` shb`j S\HHH 4 6 oj{{hid yjej

~gd l~n{yn vjv~`d{hidi' Ns o~dgij nevn}d{jg d

Z M Z~ Z T Zg ZE Z T '' ' ' , '{yZ hg ,' ' ' 'n Z} ZJ Z {yZ n1=Z 8TZ ojgsy{~h{sn `ds v{hen{ds v`d}ds in yj{js ojg vhni{d x

w



`di{h``j' @d v`d}d in +@ds \ngyds+ in Edi{hi sn

ojgsy{~x< ng 4'2>9' @d v`d}d in +@j Ednsy{dg}d+

in _n|h``d sn ojgsy{~x< ng 4'2<; x 4 6kn` hshed v`d}d

in [jgid ojg s~s dh{jsds oj`~egds in vhni{d, sn

ch}j ng 4'23>' L~n yj{gkhng o~dgij nevn}d{jg d

s~{bh{ yj{n{js ojg s~s oj{{nsvjgihngyns o~di{h``ds

in vnjgns x vhodij{ns, ojej Vni{j [jen{j t~n l~n

shg i~id n` v{hen{ b{jg yj{n{j in d vhn x t~n edy< ng

s~ |hid eds in snhs eh` yj{js, 6 Mjdt~hg [ji{hb~n}

+Ojsyh``d{ns+ t~n hg|ngy< 4 6 |n{<ghod x nevn}< vj{

v{hen{d |n} d ejyj{ yj{js 6 4 |j`jvhn, 6 Vnvn Ch``j d

t~hng {ny{dy< Bjxd x t~n y~|j ng s~ |hid ;> ojbhids

e~{hngij in ~gd oj{g did ng Edi{hi ng 4'364 '

Ng yjij n` shb`j SHS x SS `js yj{js cdg ynghij

~g d~bn dsjek{jsj' Yj{n{js ojej n` b{dgdihgj

+L{jso~n`j+ 6 n` oj{ijkns +@dbd{yhmj+, chohn{jg `ds

in`hohds in g~nsy{ds khsdk~n`ds x s~s `dgons x ejijs

in ejyj{, l~n{jg yned in g~en{jsds

ojg|n{sdohjgns x yn{y~`hds in ngyjgons, 6 4 hb~d` t~n

+Nsvd{yn{j+ 6 +Ed}dgyhgh+, 6 n` on`nk{n +B{dgn{j+t~n e~{h< in ~gd oj{gdid ng ~g jmj, ng 4'8;;'

C~kj ~g yhnevj d`{ninij{ in `js j{hjs |nhgyn, ng

t~n `ds oj{{hids in Mjsn`hyj x Knèjgyn hgyn{nsdkdg

eds, sh odkn, t~n 4 6 t~n s~onihn{d vj{ ngyjgons ng

g~nsy{j B~n{{d in Dl{hod'

Knèjgyn hgy{ji~mj ng 4 6 lhnsyd d`bj t~n 4 6odekh< b{dginengyn' Dgyns in Knèjgyn, sn

yj{ndkd in lj{ed, t~n yj{j x yj{n{j gj ynghdg g~god

n` engj{ ojgydoyj, gj n{dg g~god ~gd ~ghidi, shgj

~gd i~d`hidi' NH yj{n{j cdid s~ ldngd {nyh{dij in`

yj{j' Knèjgyn l~n n` v{hen{j t~n ch}j in` yj{j x in`

yj{n{j ~gd ~ghidi, 6 4yj{nd{ odsh shnev{n +vnbdij+6 4 yj{j' @js cjek{n in` 83, ojej Kd{jmd, \d``n

`goahg, ^gde~gj, J{ynbd, D}j{hg x ydgyjs eds,

l~n{jg b{dgins inlngsj{ns in `ds oj{{hids x sn DZgZnoZiZjZyT ' ' , ' { ' ,h jZc

j




cj{{d{jg ojg `d dehsydi in yj{n{js'

\d``n `go`jg ihmj ~gd |n} d Kn`ejgyn= +Cdnsydij i' s~k`hen, gj Hn cd ld`ydij d i' eds t~n

ej{h{ ng `d v`d}d+ x Kn`ejgyn ojgynsyj=+G j

snv{njo~vn i' ijg [dejg, t~nyjij sn jgij{j+'

Ng nsyjs yhnevjs #x dgyns yj{gkhng(, `js odkd``js

in `js vhodij{ns gj `Hn|dkdg vnyjs, x `js hgynsyhgjs in

`js odkd``js n{d e~x oj{{hngyn t~n sn |hnsng

insvn{ihbdijs vj{ `d d{ngd in `d v`d}d' Xj {no~n{ij

cdkn{ |hsyj nsyj, ng `d v`d}d in yj{js in Od}j{`d,

o~dgij xj yngi{hj ~gjs shnyn ~ jocj j{hjs' D~g en

do~n{ij vj{ `d hev{nshjg t~n en od~sd' Vn{j n`

Bngn{d` V{hej in [h|n{d, o~dgij l~n{ Mnln in`

Bjkhn{gj, jk`htj d t~n `js odkd``js `Hn|dsng vnyj'

J{ynbd x Bdssny, ojengydgij nsyd enihid, ihmj

ngyjgons, t~n `js yj{js cjkhjg vn{ihij b{dg vd{yn in

s~ hingyhidi x in s~ l~n{}d' @d |n{idi ns t~n l~n 4 6enmj{ t~n v~ij cdon{sn'

Cjx cdx hglhghidi in vn{sjgds t~n gj b~sydgin `ds oj{{hids in yj{js, vj{ {d}jgns e~x ih|n{sds'

Vn{j sjg e~ocjs yj{gkhng, `js t~n xng ng n`hds, d`bj

eothoj x in b{dg kn``n}d' Xj in mj|ng v{nsngohd

e~oclsheds oj{{hids' ^gd in `ds t~n |h l~n ng dbjsyj

in 4'892, ng @hgd{ns, ijgin Edgj`nyn vn{ihj Hj |hid'

Dt~n``j l~n hev{nshjgdgyn, e~x vjods |nons cn |hsyj

d`bj t~n l~n{d snenmdgyn' Vn{j d`b~gjs j{hjs

insv~ns in nsyj inmn in h{ d `js yj{js' Yhngng shg i~id~gd b{dg kn``n}d, vn{j dcj{d `ds xnj xd, ojej ~g

dks~{ij x ~g ojgy{dsngyhij'

---



E~ocds |nons cn cdk`dij in `d Ojsj I~od`

in D`kd, vn{j vjoj sdknejs in s~s

j{lbngns x in s~ chsyj{ho, t~n sjg d`bj

o~{hjsj in ojgjon{, vd{d t~hngns b~syng in yneds

ojej nsyn' D~gt~n snd k{n|nengyn |dejs dt~h d{nln{h{ d`bj in nsj' NH v{hen{ I~t~n in D`kd, l~n

ijg Bd{id D`|d{n} in Yj`nij d t~hng n` {nx Ng{ht~n

H\ in Odsyh``d, ihj nsyn yhy~`j ng 4'9<>, ng vdbj in

s~s sn{|hohjs' NHsnb~gij I~t~n in D`kd, l~n s~ chmj

ijg Ldi{ht~n t~n hgyn{|hgj ojg `js [nxns Ojyj`hoj

ng `d ojgt~hsyd in B{dgdid' X l~n t~hng yjej

Vdev`jgd ng 4'>4;, in ejij t~n ng nsd lnocd

vdsj n` [nhgj in Gd|d{{d, ng b~n{{d ojg Ln{gdgijn` Ojyj`hoj, d lj{ed{ vd{yn in `d Oj{jgd in D{dbjg x

vj{ ojgshb~hngyn, in `d ~ghidi gdohjgd` t~n j{hjs

dgyns sn hghohd{d ojg Ln{gdgij n Hsdkn`, ojej

db{~vdij{ns in {nhg js ihsvn{sjs'

Ijg Ldi{ht~n vn{ihj ng Bn`|ns, ng `~ocd

ojgy{d `js dl{hodgjs, n` ~ghoj chmj t~n ynghd, x d`

ej{h{ vdsj n` I~odij d s~ ghnyj Ln{gdgij D`|d{n}

in Yj`nij, HHH I~t~n in D`kd' Nsyn l~n dt~n`, d

t~hng n` {nx Ln`hvn HH ch}j bjkn{gdij{ in L`dgins' X

d`hh edgy~|j ojg `js {nkn`ins l`dengojs ~gd

vj`hyhoj ydg i~{d, t~n yjid|hd cjx, d `js gh{hjs kn`bds

o~dgij sjg y{d|hnsjs 6 gj t~hn{ng ij{eh{sn, s~s

edi{ns `ns ihong +t~n |hngn n` I~t~n in D`kd x sn

`js ojen+, hb~d` t~n o~dgij xj n{d ghgj, en inidg

d eh` t~n sh gj en ij{e`j, |nghd n` +Yhj Ed{dgbj+d vj{eh'

D{hns eds yd{in n` {nx Ln`hvn 4 6 ng|hj d t~n

ngy{dsn ojg s~s y{jvds ng Vj{y~bd` vd{d yjed{

vjsnshjg in dt~n` [nhgj, o~dgij Vj{y~bd` vn{ihj d

s~ mj|ng {nx ijg _nkdsyhdg ng `~ocd ojg `js ej{js

ng D`od}d`t~h|h{'

NH _n yj I~t~n in D`kd, xd ng n` shb`j S\HH, DZgZnoZiZjZyT ' ' , ' { ' ,h jZc

w



l~n t~hng sn ch}j vd{d s~ {nshingohd n` Vd`dohj in `ds

I~ngds in _n|h``d' X n` inoh{gj I~t~n in D`kd, d

lhgd`ns in` ehsej shb`j, e~{h< shg chmjs |d{jgns x n`

yhy~`j vds< vj{ v{hen{d |n} d ~gd e~mn{, Ijgd Ed{hd

Yn{nsd D`|d{n} in Yj`nij, t~n sn ods< ojg ijg Mjsn in

_h`|d x sn vn{ih< jsh n` dvn``hij Yj`nij, ng nsyd odsd

i~od`' Ijgd Ed{hd Yn{nsd y~|j ijs chmjs, Vni{j in

_h`|d x Ed{hd Yn{nsd in _h`|d #odsdid ng Hgb`dyn{{d

ojg Mdojkj Lhy}Mdens, i~t~n in Kn{rhoa('

Vni{j in _h`|d, SHH i~t~n in D`kd, l~n ~g

k{h``dgyn nekdmdij{ in Od{`js HHH ng Vd{hs, ijgin

edgy~|j dehsydi ojg \j`ydh{n x sn nso{hkh< ojg[j~snd~' Xd dt~l ng Nsvdgd sn ch}j n` Vd`dohj in

K~ngd|hsyd, t~n ns n` vd`dohj t~n cdx ng Edi{hi, ng

`d v`d}d in Ohkn`ns, nst~hgd in D`od`d, x t~n cd shij

i~{dgyn `d{bj yhnevj Ehghsyn{hj in` Nmn{ohyj' Ijg

Vni{j in _h`|d e~{h< insv~ns t~n s~ ~ghoj chmj |d{<g,

vj{ 46 t~n d s~ e~n{yn, vds< n` i~odij d sh ghnyd

Odxnydgj in _h`|d t~n cdon n` g~en{j SHHH in `js

I~t~ns in D`kd' @d odsd{jg ojg s<46 49 j{hjs ojg n`Ed{t~ns in \h``dedbgd x n` edy{hejghj l~n ~g

insdsy{n' Odxnydgd, t~n n{d in ~g oj{joyn{ e~x

dkhn{yj x `hkn{d`, gj vn{ih< jodsh<g in ih|n{yh{sn, y{dyd{

46ehsej d {hojs t~n d vjk{ns, gj vn{in{sn `js kdh`ns x

|n{kngds vjv~`d{ns, dshsyh{ d oj{{hids in yj{js x yngn{

dehsydi ojg yj{n{js' [jevn{ ng lhg, dt~n`

ihsydgohdehngyj t~n ngyjgons cjkhj ngy{n `ds o`dsns

n`n|dids x `ds t~n gj yngldg nsd odynbj{hd' NH{ns~`ydij l~n` t~n n` v~nk`j `d t~n{ho x `d dij{dkd x

t~n ng `d Oj{yn in Od{`js Hw gj bj}dkd in e~ocds

shevdyhds'

Ngy{n s~s k~ngjs dehbjs, nsydkd Bjxd, d t~hng

hg|hy< d vdsd{ ojg n``d ~gd ynevj{did ng n` Ojyj in

Ij{hogj, t~n n{d ngyjgons v{jvhnidi in `js D`kd' Vj{

Z M Z~ Z T Z gZ E Z T ' ' ' ' , '{yZ hg ,' ' ' 'n Z }Z J Z {yZ n 1=Z 8TZ n` odehgj sn {jevh< ~gd {~nid in` od{{~dmn x sn

h$(



o~ngyd t~n Bjxd sn v{nsyj d dx~id{ d t~n

d{{nb`dsng `d {~nid, x ojej nsydkd H`j|hngij ojthj

~g {nsl{hdij e~x l~n{yn, in ijgin Hn |hgj `d sj{in{d'

_n cjk`j e~ocj in t~n Bjxd l~nsn dedgyn in

Odxnydgd in _h`|d' Vn{j vd{non sn{ t~n nsj ns

ojev`nydengyn hgohn{yj'

Odxnydgd e~{hj ng 4'36; ojg o~d{ngyd j{hjs,

ng n` vd`dohj in K~ngd|hsyd ng Edi{hi' Dt~n``d

gjocn hg|hyj d ongd{ d s~ odsd d` D{}jkhsvj in

Yj`nij ijg @~hs Ed{hd in Kj{kjg, t~n n{d sjk{hgj

in` {nx Od{`js H\1 d `d ojginsd in Ochgocjg, ijgd

Ed{hd Yn{nsd, t~n n{d `d e~mn{ in Edg~n` Bjijx1 d`yj{n{j Mjdt~hg [ji{hb~n} +Ojsyh``d{ns+1d` vhgyj{

L{dgohsoj in Bjxd, x d s~ oded{n{d Odyd`hgd in

Kd{dmds' Y{ds `d ongd sn shgyhj e~x ed` x e~{hj,

dt~n``d ehsed gjocn' _n o~gihj t~n cjkhj shij

ng|ngngjij, x Od{`js H\ ngojengij d Bjijx ~gd

hg|nsyhtjohjg, t~n v{jgyj sn jkjgijgj, shg do`d{d{

gdid' E~ocjs j{hjs eds yd{in ng 4'89>, sn

insngyn{{j n` odid|n{ ng `d hb`nshd i~od` in @jnocns,t~n ns ijgin `js D`kd s~n`ng sn{ ngyn{{dijs, x vj{

`ds hg|nsyhbdohjgns cnocds, sdknejs xd, t~n gj

c~kj ng|ngngdehngyj d`b~gj'

Odxnydgd inmd n` i~odij d s~ v{hej n` i~t~n

in Kn{rha, ghnyj t~n n{d in ijgd Ed{hd Yn{nsd in

_h`|d, cn{edgd in ijg Vni{j in _h`|d, dk~n`j in

Odxnydgd' Nsyn g~n|j yhy~`d{ in` i~odij in D`kd, sn

H`dedkd Od{`js Lhy}%Mdens _y~d{y x l~n t~hng sn ch}j

n` vd`dohj in @h{hd ng Edi{hi, ~g cn{ejsj nihlhohj in

nsyh`j gnjoahshoj, ojgsy{~hij vj{ \ngy~{d [ji{hb~n},

n` enmj{ d{t~hynoyj nsvj{hj` in` shb`j S\HHH' _~ chmj

Mdojkj, inoh{gj t~hgyj I~t~n in D`kd, sn ojj ojg

ijgd L{dgohsod in B~}edg x Vj{yjod{{n{j, t~n n{d

`d cn{edgd edxj{ in `d nevn{dy{h} N~bnghd, nsvjsd

in Gdvj`njg HHHin L{dgohd' @d nevn{dy{h} N~bnghd, Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj

%%%%




o~dgij vn{ihj n` y{jgj x vn{ihj d s~ chmj b~n{{ndgij

ojg n` nmn{ohyj hgt ns, ojgy{d `js }~`~ns in Dl{hod, sn

|hgj d Nsvdgd, d |h|h{ ojg s~s sjk{hgjs `js D`kd, ng

Edi{h, ijg in e~{hj ng 4'8;6 ojg 89 j{hjs'

N H inoh{gj snvyhej I~t~n in D`kd, H`dedij

yj{gkhng Mdojkj Lhy}%Mdens, vdi{n in `d doy~d`

I~t~nsd Odxnydgd, l~n nekdmdij{ in` Bngn{d`

L{dgoj ng Hgb`dyn{{d, ng `js ihlloh`ns j{hjs in `d HH

B~n{{d E~gihd`' Dgyns, ng 4'8?< ojej |hn{d t~n `ds

ojsds vd{d `d gjk`n}d, gj hkdg khng ng Nsvdgd,

y{js`jij in Edi{hi d @jgi{ns, yjijs `js o~di{js in

|d`j{ t~n ynghd ng n` vd`dohj in @h{hd, x oon{yj, v~ns gjsj`j n` sd`|j `d |hid, shgj t~n n|hyj t~n ihocjs o~di{js

l~nsng insy{~hijs, vj{t~n n` vd`dohj in @h{hd l~n

hgongihdij vjoj insv~ns vj{ `ds y~{kds' Dodkdid `d

B~n{{d Oh|h` nsvdgj`d, sn {nojgsy{~xj n` Vd`dohj x

|j`|hn{jg d Nsvdgd yjijs `js o~di{js ng|hdijs d

@jgi{ns ng 4'8?<' _n n v~shn{jg ngyjgons ng `js

kdmjs in` E~snj in` V{dij, #dgyns in hgsyd`d{`js in

g~n|j ng `'h{`j(, x d`hh `js |h xj ng Ihohnek{n in 4'89;'@d oj`noohjg n{d ins`~ek{dgyn' D`hh |h n` {ny{dyj in

Odxnydgd _h`|d vhgydij vj{ Bjxd, 6 n` o~di{j ng t~n

n` vhgyj{ Rhgyn{cd`yn{, vhgyj d `d nevn{dy{h} N~bnghd

ng `js md{ihgns in Ljgyngnk`d~ ojg `ds ideds in s~

oj{yn'

Cjx Odxnydgd Lhy}%Mdens _y~d{i x Ld`oj, S\HHH

I~t~nsd in D`kd, odsdid ojg n` o~{d Mns~s Db~h{{n x

J{yh} in ]d{dyn, gj cdon jy{d ojsj, t~n 4 6t~n `js D`kd

cdg cnocj shnev{n, sn{ in s~ yhnevj'

---



C dx e~ocds l{dsns x ihocjs t~n sn ~sdg vj{

n` v~nk`j insin yhnevj hgenej{hd` x t~n

sn ihong x {nvhyng shg t~n snvdejs s~

j{hbng, vn{j t~n jkninong hgi~idk`nengyn d d`bjt~n jo~{{h<' X 4 6l{dsn t~ni<, vn{j 4 6t~n s~onih< sn

vn{ih< x j`|hij' Nsyjs ihocjs vjv~`j {ns sjg

g~en{jshshejs x xj ot~` xjx d {nln{h{ d`b~gjs in

n``js n v`hodgij d s~ |n} n` s~onsj t~n ihj `~bd{ d

`jsehsejs'

Ng ~gd gd{{doh<g in N{gnsyj Cnehgbrdx ns

ijgin ojgji 4 6 t~n dcj{d xjx d ojgyd{' Ng yhnevj

in `ds O{~}dijs, d`hd vj{ `js shb`js SH x SHH, n{dg

e~ocjs `js odkd``n{js o{hsyhdgjs t~n sn hkdg ojg

y{jvds d Yhn{{d _dgyd, vd{d y{dyd{ in ojgsnb~h{ vd{d

4 6 O{hsyhdgidi, n` _nv~`o{j in O{hsyj' Yjijs |nghjg

in d`hh, ins`~ek{dijs vj{ n` nsv`ngij{, ng dt~n``js

i`js, in` v~nk`j j{jkn' @js j{jkns yng hdg s~s

nsydgohds {no~khn{yds in oj{yhgds x snids, x n` s~n`j

o~khn{yj in v{nohjsds d`ljek{ds' _n vn{l~edkdg x

sn kj{hjkjg ojg l{no~ngohd' Ojehdg `ds eds

|j{hjijs edgmd{ns x ~yh`h}dkdg |jmh``os x |jshmjs

v{hej{jsdengyn ldk{hodids' X s~s sn{|hij{ns, t~n

n{dg e~ocjs, |nsyhjg hgi~engyd{hds e~`yhoj`j{ns x

ojsyjsds'

Yjij nsyj ojgy{dsydkd ojg 4 6t~n n` js cjkhjg

inmdij ot~` ng N~{jvd, ng s~s odsyh``j in Nsojohd 6Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj



ng s~s odsyh``js in Dt~hydghd 6 in` [chg, ijgin `ds

nsydgohds n{dg insdvdohk`ns x e~x l{hns, gj cjk`j

oj{yhgds gh d`ljek{ds, gh sn `d|dkdg gh sn kjgd kdg

g~god, x yjijs o~dgij ojehdg in{{dedkdg hglhghidi

in |nons n` |hgj sjk{n 46ensd 6 n` s~n`j, x nocdkdg `js

c~nsjs in 46 od{gn, d `js vn{{js t~n cjk`j ng 46

nsydgohd, t~n shnev{n n{dg e~ocjs, x ojb hdg 46od{gn

ojg `ds edgjs, v~ns s<46~sdkdg `js o~och``js o~dgij

cjk`j t~n vd{yh{hd' E~ocjs in n``js sn t~nidkdg d

ij{eh{ ng n` ehsej shyhj ijgin cjkhjg ojehij,

shnev{n e~x on{od in 46b{dg ochengnd, ijgin j{ihj

n` l~nbj in ihj x in gjocn' Dinejs `ds ojehids

shnev{n n{dg e~`yhy~ihgd{hds, v~ns sn enihd 46

odynbj{hd in` sngj{, vj{ n` g~en{j in ojengsd`ns t~n

sngyd{d ihd{hdengyn d s~ ensd' NH Ojgin in \d`jhs

#t~n n{d vdi{n in` t~n, insv~ns in n yhgb~hijs `js

Odvnyjs, l~n{d n` v{hen{j in 46ihgdsyhd in `js \d`jhs,

Ln`hvn \H in L{dgohd( sn t~nmdkd ded{bdengyn in t~n

gj ynghd kdsydgyn ihgn{j vd{d sngyd{ d s~ ensd yjijs

`js i`js, `ds snsngyd vn{sjgds t~n lj{edkdg s~ ojsj,

ngy{n vd{hngyns x dehbjs'

Ns o~{hjsd t~n ngyjgons l~nsng `js j{jkns `js

{nlhgdijs ng s~s ejijs in |h|h{, x `js n~{jvnjs, `js

{~ijs x b{jsn{js' @d |n{idi ns t~n vj{ n` shb`j SH x SHHH

ojg `ds O{~}dijs, sn v~shn{jg in ejij e~ocds

edgn{ds x ejijs ej{hsojs x t~n e~ocjs odkd``n{js

hkdg d `ds O{~}dijs, gj xj vj{ vd{yhohvd{ ng 46

ojgt~hsyds in 46 y~ekd in O{hsyj, shgj vj{ bj}d{ xojgjon{ yj{gkhng, 46|hid x `ds {nlhgdids ojsy~ek{ns

in J{hngyn'

X nsyjs odkd``n{js, o~dgij 64 l{ngyn in s~s

{~ijs d{t~n{js ngy{dkdg ng ojekdyn ojg `js j{jkns,`n|dgydkdg jsyngyjsdengyn n` k{d}j in{nocj vd{d

cdon{ ojg s~ ejgj 46sn{hj` in 46o{~} sjk{n s~ {jsy{j x

M~dg Ed{yhgn} J{ynbd sjk{n s~ vnocj' _n sdgyhb~dkdg in lj{ed e~x

%%%%n,Z"'%%ZZZZ15%%%



sj`negn dgyns in ngy{d{ ng ojekdyn' X ng n`

ejengyd in ojeng}d{ 4 6 kdyd``d, n{d o~dgij eds

odkd``n{js oj`jg shg |hid' Dt~n``j n y{j{hj d `js

edgijs o{hsyhdgjs x y{dyd{jg in k~sod{ 4 6 od~sd in

ydgyj ej{ydgidi, shnev{n, 6 4v{hgohvhj in ojekdyn'

Gj yd{id{jg e~ocj yhnevj ng id{sn o~ngyd, t~n

n``j sn inkhj d t~n o~dgij `js odkd``n{js `n|dgydkdg

n` k{d}j vd{d sdgyhb~d{sn, inmdkdg vj{ ~g ejengyd

6 4 inso~khn{yj 4 6n h`d in{nocd in s~ o~n{vj, t~n n{d

4 6 ~ghoj t~n gj |nghd o~khn{yj vj{ `ds vnsdids

d{edi~{ds t~n sn vjghdg, ydg vnsdids, t~n sn

gnonshydkd ~gd t{~j vd{d ejgyd{ 6 4 odkd``n{j ng n`

odkd``j' X nsn ejengyd 4 6dv{j|nocdkdg `ds y{jvds

j{jkns, vd{d ih{hbh{ s~ l`nocds 6 4d h`d in{nocd in `js

odkd``n{js o{hsyhdgjs, ijgij`ns e~n{yn' O~dgij nsyj

sn s~vj inmd{jg in sdgyhb~d{sn' Vn{j nsj gj

b~sydkd' Yjij ``ntj d ojgjohehngyj in` Vdvd in

[jed' X ngyjgons in` Vdvd, ihsv~sj t~n sn vjihd

s~syhy~h{ 4 6 ojsy~ek{n in sdgyhb~d{sn, vj{ 4 6ejid`hidi in yjod{ vj{ y{ns |nons, ojg 4 6 v~gyd in

`js inijs in 4 6ejgj, 4 6edin{d in 4 6sh``d in ejgyd{

sjk{n 4 6 t~n odkd`bdkdg, shngij nsyj, vj{ inohshjg

in` Vdvdij, n doydengyn hb~d` d sdgyhb~d{sn'

Insin ngyjgons, +Yjod{ edin{d+ ns 4 6 t~n sn cdon,

o~dgij sn ynen t~n o~d`t~hn{ ojsj gjs v~nid cdon{

ijgj, 6 o~dgij sn |hs`~ek{d j`t~g vn`hb{j, t~n gj

don{ydejs d ojgo{nyd{'

---

@js v{jonsjs in 4 6 `gt~hshohjg nsvdgj`d, n{dg

ihlloh`ns x ojg gj e~ocds bd{dgyhds vd{d `js

v{jonsdijs, t~n dodkdkdg ojg s~ej l{no~ng%

ohd, ojgingdijs d ej{h{ ng 4 6 cjb~n{d, khng vj{Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj



cn{nmhd x jlngsds d 4 6 Ln, 6 khng vj{ k{~mn{hd x y{dyjs

ojg n` inejghj' ^gd |n} t~n sn lhmdkd 4 6lnocd vd{d ~g

d~yj in ln, sn v{nvd{dkd 4 6 v`d}d edxj{ in 4 6oh~idiijgin n` ehsej sn hkd d on`nk{d{' _n ojgsy{~hd ~g b{dg

nsy{dij vd{d `ds d~yj{hidins {n`hbhjsds x ng n` ongy{j

in 4 6 v`d}d, sn oj`jodkd ~gd nsvnohn in vjihj, ijgin

sn dvh`dkd 4 6 `ngd vd{d v{ngin{ n` l~nbj, t~n cjk`j in

dodkd{ ojg 4 6|hid in `js v{jonsdijs'

C~kj d~yjs in ln t~nl~n{jg e~xldejsjs vj{ n`

d`yj g~en{j in ojgingdijs ng `js ehsejs, 6 khng

vj{t~n `js dshsyngyns d v{nsngohd{`js, l~n{jg vn{sjgds

in odynbj{hd x d`bj {dgbj' Ng \d``dij`hi sn on`nk{< ~gd~yj in ln ng 4'>>8, 6 4 t~n dshsyh< n` {nx Ln`hvn HHng

vn{sjgd, x sn t~ned{jg |d{hds inongds in cn{nmns,

inmjgijsn shg H`n|d{ d`d cjb~n{d, vd{yn in` yjyd` in `js

v{jonsdijs, vd{d t~n l~n{dg t~nedijs ihjs insv~ns,

o~dgij c~khn{dg |nghij in L`dgins, |d{hjs ehnek{js

in 4 6ldeh`hd {nd` t~nynghdg hgyn{ns ng |n{ 4 6t~ned in

cn{nmns' Nsn hgyn{ns vj{ |n ~g nsvnoyoo~`j ydg

inv{hengyn, 4 6 ynghd yj{gkhng yjij n` v~nk`j, t~n dld`yd in jy{ds ih|n{shjgns, ngojgy{dkd ng `js d~yjs in

ln`` ~gd k~ngd jodsh<g in ihsy{dn{sn' X js`, ng nsn

v{jonsj in 4'>>8 ng \d``dij`hi, sn dkd{{jy< in bngyn

4 6 v`d}d Edxj{, sn vdbd{jg e~x d`bjs v{nohjs vj{

jo~vd{ ~g v~nsyj ng `js kd`ojgns 6 ng `ds |ngydgds in

4 6 engohjgdid v`d}d, x cdsyd ng `js ynmdijs in `ds

odsds sn ngod{ded{jg hglhghidi in vn{sjgds

hgyn{nsdids x o~{hjsds vj{|n{ ej{h{ d `js cn{nmns' Ngy{n`js t~n ng dt~n``d jodsh<g e~{hn{jg, nsydkd n`

odg<ghbj Od}d``d, cjek{n ngyjgons ldejsj vj{ s~

od{hidi x vj{ s~ o~`y~{d, t~n in gdid Hn|d hn{jg'

D `js ojgingdijs d 4 6 cjb~n{d sn `ns vjghj ~gd

hgi~engyd{hd nsvnohd`' @ns oj`jodkdg ~g odvh{jyn

sjk{n 4 6 odkn}d, d ejij in vnghyngyns, x dgyns in

Z M ~Z T Zg ZE Z T '' , '{y ',hg Zn Z} ZJ Z {yZ n' '5 8Z T Zoj`jod{`ns n` ehsej, ojbhdg ~g sdoj, 6 4 t~n Hn cdid

w



~g {jyj ng n` ljgij, 46knginidg sj`negnengyn, x

sn 46 oj`jodkdg sjk{n `js cjek{ns 64 ojgingdij,

{gnyhngijsn`j vj{ 46odkn}d' @d oj`jodoh<g in` sdoj

n{d sn{hj` in t~n oj`jg sjk{n n` {nj yjids `ds

hbgjehghds' N{d n` sdoj kngi hyj t~n ynsyhejghdkd 46

insod`hlhodoh<g in` {nj' Vjgn{`n d d`b~hng n` sdoj

kngihyj n{d on{yhlhod{`n s~ {~hgd'

@d l{dsn +sdoj kngihyj+ l~n inbngn{dgij ojg

s~ ~sj x ojg n` vdsj in` yhnevj' X o~dgij xj hgo`~sj

vds< d H`ded{sn vj{ inbngn{doh<g in 46 l{dsn,

+sdeknghyj+, o~dgij gdid ynghd t~n |n{ ng nsyj n`

b{dg sdgyj in Ejgyn Odshgj _dg Knghyj, l~gidij{in `js kngnihoyhgjs, x d~yj{ in 46 [nbhd in `js

ehsejs, ~g `hk{hyj in dvngds y{nhgyd vothgos, t~n

l~n n` ejin`n x 46 kdsn in yjids `ds j{ingns

{n`hbhjsds in 46Nidi Enihd'

---

C don xj e~ocjs j{hjs, ng ~gd m~gyd bngn{d`

in 46 Ojl{dihd in` O{hsyj in Ojgs~n`j ng

Od}j{`d, l~n o~dgij jh vj{ v{hen{d |n} 46

l{dsn +4 6 e~mn{ in` Onsd{ gj s<46inkn sn{ cjg{did,

shgj vd{non{`j+' T~hng ch}j 46 ohyd l~n @j{ng}j

Vj`dhgj J{ynbd t~n n{d ngyjgons edxj{ijej in 46

Ojl{dihd #4'894%9?('

Insin ngyjgons shnev{n sngyh o~{hjshidi vj{sdkn{ n` j{hbng in nsyd l{dsn' DH v{hgohvhj xj y{dydkd

in k~sod{ {nsv~nsyd d eh o~{hjshidi ng 46t~n `nhj 6

H`nbdkd d `nn{ sjk{n n` Nevn{dij{ Od{`js \ v~ns

vngsdkd t~n vjshk`nengyn sn{hj n` d~yj{ in 46

ohydid l{dsn' Vn{j vj{ jch hkd xj e~x insodehgdij'

Gj cj{j eds in ~g j{hj, v~in ojgjon{ n` j{hbng in

nsyd l{dsn, v~ns nso{hkh 64 ojgs~`yj{hj in 46 {n|hsyd Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj




Chsyj{hd x \hid vd{d t~n en 4 6 n v`hod{dg x insv~ns

in |d{hjs ensns en ojgynsyd{jg ng 4 6 [n|hsyd,

ihohngij t~n 4 6 l{dsn n{d in On{|dgyns, t~n ng +NH

T~hmjyn+ 4 6ohydkd'

Gj en inidg ng t~n odvhy~`j in N HT~hmjyn

|nghj 4 6 ohyd, x 46 |n{idi ns t~n xj, d~g diehyhngij

t~n On{|dgyns {nlh{hn{d 4 6 engohjgdid l{dsn ng s~

jk{d, gj en t~nin ojg|ngohij ng ejij d`b~gj in

t~n On{|dgyns l~n{d n` d~yj{' Vn{j eh v{nb~gyd d

Chsyj{hd x \hid, ihj `~bd{ d t~n jy{j `noyj{1 ojgjonij{

in` j{hbng in 4 6 l{dsn, nso{hkhn{d d 4 6 [n|hsyd

n v`hodgij 46t~n n` sdkhd sjk{n n` ojsj'

N H d~yj{ in 4 6 l{dsn, l~n M~`hj Onsd{' X ns

V`~yd{oj ng s~s +\hids vd{d`n`ds+ t~hng 4 6o~ngyd' _n

on`nk{dkdg ng [jed yjijs `js j{hjs ~gds lhnsyds ng

cjgj{ d 4 6 ihjsd Kjgd Ind t~n n{d ~gd ihjsd engj{'

Nsd lhnsyd sn on`nk{dkd ng 4 6 ojsj in` V{nyj{ xj`j

ehsed gj vjihjg dshsyh{ eds t~n `ds e~mn{ns xj`j

ehsed gj vjihjg dshsyh{ eds t~n `ds e~mn{ns' @js

cjek{ns yng`jg s~ dshsyngohd {hb~{jsdengyn

v{jchkhid' O`jihj nsydkd ngdej{dij in Vjevnxd,

t~n n{d e~mn{ in M~`hj Onsd{ x sdkhngij O`jihj t~n

Vjevnxd nsydkd ng 4 6lhnsyd, sn ihsl{j}j in e~mn{x jsh

ihsl{d}dij ngy{n ng 4 6 lhnsyd vd{d oj{ynmd{`d' Dt~n``j

sn inso~k{hj ojg b{dg nsojgij`j x M~`hj Onsd{

{nv~ihj d s~ e~mn{' Vjoj insv~ns `js m~nons c~khn{jg

t~n sngyngohd{ sjk{n n` ojsj, x ng n` m~hohj, sn |hj t~n

ngy{n O`jihj x Vjevnxj gj cdk{d cdkhij

dksj`~ydengyn gdid' X o~dgij ng dt~n``d jojshjg

v{nb~gyd{jg d M~`hj Onsd{ t~n vj{ t~n cdk{d

{nv~ihdij d s~ e~mn{, sh nsyd gj cdk{d inmdij in sn{`n

lhn`, l~n o~dgij ihmj t~n +46 e~mn{ in Onsd{, gj sj`j

cd in sn{ cjg{did, shgj vd{non{ j+'

Cjx eds in |nhgyn shb`js insv~ns, 4 6 l{dsn sn



dv`hod d yjijs dt~n``js odsjs, ng t~n ydg hevj{ydgyn

ns vd{non{, ojej v~nid sn{`j, sn{' X 4 6 {nln{ngohd

shnev{n nsojg|nghngyn'

---

x gj k~soj n` ojgjohehngyj in jgnoijyjs 6

ojsds o~{hjsds in 4 6 Chsyj{hd' N``j d eh m~hohj

gj ns nsy~ihd{ Chsyj{ho, gh cdon{ `dkj{ in

hg|nsyhtoohjg' Vn{j o~dgij ng ehs `noy~{ds

ngo~ngy{j d`bj t~n yhngn o~{hjshidi 6 t~n ns kjghyj,

4 6{nyngbj ng 4 6enej{hd x ihlloh`engyn sn en j`|hid'Xj, o~dgij en n{gvn{hokj ng cdon{ o~d`t~hn{ ojsj,

shnev{n, y{ds dlh{ed{ t~n gj inmd{ld in cdon{`d,

jgjihj ojej vd{d id{`n eds l~n{}d d eh inohshjg + x4 6 cd{n, d~t~n sd`bd n` sj` vd{ Dgynt~n{d+' ^sdkd

e~ocj nsd l{dsn x v~nin t~n 4 6 ojsy~ek{n in

~sd{`d, en |hghnsn yj{gkhng, in t~n ng eh ojsj 4 6jhjojg l{no~ngohd' G~god vngsn t~n v~ihn{d d`b~gd

|n} ojgjon{ n` j{hbng in ~gd l{dsn ojej nsyd' N{de~x ihlloh`' Nsydkd xj ojej Nihvj, y{dydgij in

inso~k{h{ n` sngyhij in ~g engsdmn, i~{dgyn j{hjs

ngyn{js' Cdsyd t~n ~g ihn en ngyn{n'

Ng n` shb`j SHw n` {nx ijg Vni{j H in Odsyh``d,

nsydkd ng b~n{{d ojgy{d s~ cn{edgj ijg Ng{ht~n in

Y{dsyded{d' Nsydkdg ng yhn{{ds in 4 6 v{j|hgohd in

Ed`dbd x `ds y{jvds in ~gj x jy{j cn{edgj, sn

nsojgihdg ojej vjihjg vd{d t~n g~god n` ~gj,

s~vhnsn ijgin sn ngojgy{dkd n` jy{j' T~n{ldg

dydod{ vj{ sj{v{nsd'

Dodevdkdg `ds y{jvds in ijg Vni{j ng ~g

`~bd{, shy~dij 6 4 Nsyn in Dgynt~n{d' #Dgynt~n{d

nsydkd yjid|hd ng vjin{ in `js j{jkns(' Dt~n` ihd`

`js odvhydgns in `ds y{jvds in ijg Vni{j gj cdkhdgDgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj

t~n{hij dydod{ 6 4 ngnehbj, vj{t~n, vd{d o~dgij %%%%%'','w '''%%%%




v~ihn{dg dydod{, n` sj` `ns ij{hd ng `js jmjs, x gj

c~khn{dg vjihij bdgd{ 46 kdyd``d' #Ojej `ns vdsj d

`js vn{sds ojg D`nmdgi{j, ng 46 kdyd``d in B{dghoj('

Ijg Vni{j ng s~ yhngid {jindij in s~s odvhydgns, sn

ngojgy{dkd l~{hjsj, x gj nsydkd ihsv~nsyj d inmd{ indydod{ 6 4 ihn shb~hngyn, vj{t~n t~n{ho dodkd{ ojg

dt~n``d vnsdih``d in vn{snb~h{ d s~ cn{edgj, dcj{d

t~n 46ynghd on{od' X ngyjgons l~n o~dgij ijg Vni{j

ihmj= +Dydod{nejs edgdgd, ijgin snd x ojej snd, x

t~n sd`bd n` sj` vj{ Dgynt~n{d+' Ng ijgin nsydkdg,

gj vjihd sd`h{ n` sj` vj{ Dgynt~n{d, vj{t~n Dgynt~n{d

nsydkd d Vjghngyn in` odevdengyj in` {nx'

@d l{dsn vj{ ojgshb~hngyn {nl~n{}d n` insnj in

cdon{ d`bj, hgo`~sj ojgy{d 46 t~n yhngn ~g o~{sj

gdy~{d`' Vn{j nsyd l{dsn ojg n` vdsj in` yhnevj cd

s~l{hij ~gd hevj{ydgyn y{jgslj{{gjohjg ng kjod in 4 6bngyn, v~ns sjg e~ocjs `js t~n ihong +t~n sd`bd n`

sj` vj{ ijgin t~hn{d+, ng `~bd{ in inoh{ vj{

Dgynt~n{d'

---

@d `nxngid in` [nx D{y~{j ns ~gd `nxngid on`yd,

ijgin sn en}o`dg cnocjs t~n gj sjg ohn{yj ojg

jy{js t~n 4 6 sjg' Ns ~gd `nxngid t~n gdon ng n`

shb`j \H x ns |n{idi ng 46 ehsed, t~n n` {nx D{y~{j

n hsyhj x t~n c~kj ~gd kdyd``d ng n` dgd >?> t~n l~n

46 kdyd``d in Knnijg, t~n vn{ihj n` {nx D{y~{j' Vn{jyjij 4 6 inejs t~n sn o~ngyd ng nsyd chsyj{ho, #t~n sn

n`jkj{j, sn {nlj{{gj x sn |j`|hj d {nn`dkj{d{ |d{hds

|nons i~{dgyn 46 Nidi Enihd( ns hg|ngohjg x v~{d

ldgydshd'

D{y~{j, in mj|ng l~n v{jo`dedij [nx, o~dgij

v~ij sdod{ 46nsvdid Nsod`hk~{ in 46`jsd in vhni{d ng

46 t~n nsydkd o`d|did' C~kj e~ocjs dsvh{dgyns d



sdod{ 4 6 nsvdid in ijgin nsydkd, vn{j ghgb~gj

`jt{j s~ nevn{hj x D{y~{j l~n v{jo`dedij [nx, 6 4`n|dgyd{ vj{ d`yj s~s b~n{{n{js, 4 6 vhni{d in

Nsod`hk~{, ojg D{y~{j v~nsyj ng vhn sjk{n n``d'

D{y~{j ojsj ojg 4 6 {nhgd Bhgnk{d, t~n n{d e~mn{ inb{dg kn``n}d, x l~gij ~gd j{ing in odkd``n{ld ojg

ijon in s~s dehbjs, t~n sn ``j{gjg 4 6 J{ing in `js

Odkd` n{js in 4 6Ydk`d [nijgij, vj{ t~n sn {n~ghjg

yjijs ojg n` [nxng yj{gj d ~gd ensd j|d`'

^g ihn t~n nsydkdg {n~ghijs, y~|hn{jg yjijs

~gd logyjsyhoj |hshjg' Dvj{nohj dgyn n``js n` _dgyj

B{hd` ng n` dh{n' N H _dgyj B{hd` n{d n` oj`h} ijgin

Mns~s knkhj n` |hgj ng 4 6gjocn in s~ ~`yhed ongd ng

Mn{~sj`ng' Yjijs `js odkd``n{js in 4 6Ydk`d [nijgij

t~nid{jg ldsohgdijs vj{ nsyd dsjek{jsd |hshjg'

Insin ngyjgons, sn chohn{jg n` lh{en v{jvjshyj in gj

yngn{ insodgsj gh sjshnbj, cdsyd t~n gj

ojgshb~hn{dg vd{d n``js n` _dgyj B{hd`' X insin

ngyjgons, yjijs |h|hn{jg y{ds s~ k~st~nij'

@dgon`jy, t~n n{d n` eds ldejsj in `jsodkd``n{js in 4 6 Ydk`d [nijgij, sn ngj{gj{j

vn{ihidengyn in 4 6 {nhgd Bhgnk{d, nsvjsd in

D{y~{j, 6 4 t~n jojkj vj{ y{dhohjgd{' K~soj ojg yjij

s~ nsl~n{}j n` _dgyj B{hd`, t~n vj{ odsyhbj in s~

di~`yn{hj, gj v~ij ngojgy{d{' Vn{onkd` t~n n{d jy{j

in `js odkd` n{js, k~soj in hb~d` edgn{d n` B{hd`' Ng

s~ k~st~nij, ehngy{ds insodgsdkd m~gyj d ~g

d{{jxj, |hj vdsd{ d ~g dgohdgj t~n H`n|dkd ng s~sejgjs 4 6 `dg}d in @jgbhgjs, ojg 4 6 t~n ch{hn{jg n`

ojsydij in` _ngj{, n` ihn in 4 6o{~ohlh hjg' N Hdgohdgj

t~n `Hn|dkd 4 6 `dg}d, sn {nl~bhj ng ~g odsyh``j

on{odgj x Vn{onkd` gj v~ij snb~h{`n, v~ns `ds

v~n{yds in` odsyh``j sn on{{d {jg vd{d n`, vj{ od~sd in

s~s v{jvhjs vnodijs'

@js dej{ns in @dgon`jy x Bhgnk{d dodkd{jg DZgZnoZ iZ jZyT ' ' , ' { ' , h j Z cZhZs

O I




ed`, ojej dodkd{jg yjijs `js odkd``n{j in 4 6Ydk`d[nijgij, ng b~n{{d ~gjs ojgy{d jy{js, vj{ od~sd in

s~ dekhoh<g x s~ sjkn{khd' L~n ~gd b~n{{d in

n yn{ehghj, ng 4 6t~n yjijs e~{hn{jg' X vjoj insv~ns,

n` {nx D{y~{j e~{h< yj{gkhng ng 4 6oh~idi in Oden`jy'

#Oden`jy vd{non sn{ t~n sn hingyhlhod cjx ihd` ojg

kdsydgyn l~gidengyj, ojg n` v~nk`j x n` odsyh``j hgt ns

in B`dsyjgk~{x(' D{y~{j 6 4 ej{h{, j{ing< t~n s~

nsvdid l~nsn d{{jmdid 6 4 ed{, in ijgin s~{bh<

insv~ns sjk{n `ds db~ds, vd{d dodkd{ d`bj eds yd{in

c~gihngijsn in g~n|j' Gdid t~ni< xj in` nsv`ngij{

in `js odkd``n{j in 4 6Ydk`d [nijgij, d n onvoh<g in`

mj|ng _hbl{hij, yj{gkhng `Hdedid Vd{shld`, t~n n{d chmj

in @dgon`jy x Bhgn{k{d x t~n sn{hj t~hng ngojgy{< n`

_dgyj B{hd`'

_hbl{hij nsydkd ijydij in vjin{ns

sjk{ngdy~{d`ns' Ngyngihd vn{lnoyd engyn n` `ngb~dmn

in `js vjmj{js o~dgij nsyjs odgyj kdg sjk{n n` ynmdij,

j sjk{n `ds {deds in `js d{kj`ns' N``j Hn sh{|h< gj vjoj,

vd{d ngojgy{d{ n` B{hd`' N HB{hd` nsydkd cnocj ojg ~gdv{nohjsd bned, t~n dij{gdkd 4 6 ihdined o~dgij

@~}kn`, y{ds s~ {nkn`ihj ojgy{d n` O{ndij{, odx< ng `js

dkhsejs in``glhn{gj, vn{ihngij yjijs s~s vjin{ns' N H

B{hd` ynghd d s~ |n} vjin{ns ejthojs, v~ns t~hng knkhj

|hgj ng n` ehsej, sn cdid hgej{yd` x gj H`nbdkd d

ej{h{ g~god'

@d hind in gj ej{h{ g~god 6 in {ns~ohyd{ y{ds `ds

e~n{yn, n{d ~g hind t~n dvdshjgdkd d yjids `ds

ehyj`jbhds in `ds o~`y~{ds dgyn{hj{ns in Mns~s' Ng 4 6ehyj`jbhd b{hnbj, Enind gj |doh`d ng ejyj{ d s~

cn{edgj Vh`nds vd{d ojgsnb~h{ dx~id in `js ihjsns,

o~dgij sn ngyn{d in t~n sh oj{yd n` odid|n{ in s~

cn{edgj ng y{j}js x 4 6 d{{jmd insv~ns 6 4 l~nbj, s~

cn{edgj Vh`nds {ns~ohyj{j'



@d `nxngid in` {nx D{y~{j ns ~gd `nxngid on`yd,

t~n ng s~ v{hgohvhj gj ynghd e~ocds ojggjydohjgns

{n`hbhjsds' Ng n` shb`j SHHH, n` nso{hyj{ l{ogons Oc{nyhng

in Y{jxns nso{hkh< |d{hds jk{ds sjk{n n` yned, vd{d

t~n sh{|hn{dg in kdsn d `ds odgohjgns x edi{hbd`ns

t~n odgyj kdg `js y{j|dij{ns ng s~s {noj{{hijs vj{

`js odsyh` js in 4 6gjk`n}d enihn|d`' _n odgydkdg ojg

s~ej l{no~ngohd `js dej{ns in @dgon`jy x Bhgnk{d

ed{odijs vj{ n` di~`yn{hj' @d hb`nshd in [jed vngs<

sn{hj gnonsd{hj ijyd{ in ej{d`hidi x sngyhij

{n`hbhjsj, 4 6 |hnmj `nxngid on`yd in` {nx D{y~{j' X

ngod{b< d |d{hjs ejgmns ohsyn{ohngsns l{dgonsns, t~n

ojev~shn{dg jk{ds sjk{n nsyn yned, ng t~n sn |hnsn

ojej `js ed`js dodkdg ed`' Dt~n``j y~|j n hyj, x

i~{dgyn yjij n` shb`j SHHH x n` shb`j SH\ 4 6 `nxngid in`

{nx D{y~{j l~n ~gd `nxngid ojg l~n{yn ojevjgngyn

{n`hbhjsj' Ng n` shb`j S\ Ycjeds in Ed`j{x nso{hkh<

~gd +E~n{yn in` {nx D{y~{j+, t~n ihj d`d `nxngid n`

oj{joyn{ `dhoj t~n y~|hn{d 6 4 v{hgohvhj, o~dgij

s~{bhn{d' Vn{j xj n{d yd{in, ng n` [ngdohehngyj

b~sydkdg xj jy{j yhvj in jk{ds x jy{j yhvj in

`nxngids'

Ne 4'8>4 |hshyn xj ng \d`ngohd 4 6odvh``d in 4 6Odyni{d` ijgin sn ihon t~n sn ngo~ngy{d n` _dgyj

B{hd`' Ng ~g {nydk`j b<yhoj yd``dij ng vhni{d, ng 4 6cj{gdohgd ongy{d`, v{jynbhid ojg ~g b{~nsj o{hsyd`,

nsydkd 4 6ojvd ojg ijs dsds `dyn{d`ns x ojg n` vhn in

4 6 ehsed {no~khn{yj in vhni{ds v{nohjsds in b{dgyjej{hj' En ihmn{jg t~n n{d n` oj`h} in 4 6~`yhed ongd

in Mns~s' En ojgyd{jg t~n n` Vdvd _h yj H sn 4 6ngy{nb< d _dg @j{ng}j x t~n nsyn, o~dgij |hj t~n 4 6hkdg d ojgingd{ d ej{h{ sjk{n ~gd vd{{h``d 6 4 {jmj

|h|j, 4 6ngy{nb< d `js o{hsyhdgjs in C~nsod t~n cjk`j

ng [jed, x t~n n{dg vdhsdgjs s~xjs' Nsyjs 4 6 H`n%





|d{jg d Mdod x 4 6invjshyd{jg ng n` Ejgdsyn{hj in _dg

M~dg in `d Vn{hj' X d`hh nsy~|j cdsyd t~n ng n` shb`j S\

n` {nx in D{dbjg Ed{hg H n` C~edgj, 4 6 vhihj d `js

ejgmns in` ohydij ejgdsyn{hj x 4 6 y{dmj d \d`ngohd,

ijgin j~g shb~n' Nsyd ns jy{d `nxngid eds, sjk{n n`

_dgyj B{hd`, t~n ydevjoj nsyj n ngyd in nejyh|hidi x

in kn` n}d'

---

Ns e~x o~{hjsd inoh{ t~n ~gd vn{sjgd yhngn bdln'

O~dgij sn ihon nsyj in n``d, sn vhngsd t~n sd`n

ed` yjij 4 6 t~n cdon `d ehsed, x yjij 4 6 t~ncdbdejs gjsjy{js sh n``d gjs jojevj{hj' _n{ bdln ns

shgjghej in ed`d s~n{yn' G~god vngsn xj t~n `Hnbdsn

d ojgjon{ `d {j}jg in H`ded{ bdlns d ohn{yds vn{sjgds'

Vn{j ng ~gd jojshjg `nh ng +NH `hk{j in Vdy{jghj x n`

Ojgin @~odgj{+, in` Hgldgyn ijg M~dg Edg~n`, ~gd

chsyj{hd t~n en jo`j{j kdsydgyn n` shbghlhodij in `js

bdlns' N{d `d chsyj{hd in` Ojgin ijg L{dgoj' NH Ojgin

ijg L{dgoj ynghd `nv{d x inohihj h{ d Mn{~sj`ng, ng

vn{nt{hgjohjg, vd{d |n{ sh sn o~{dkd' Ngyjgons d `js

t~n ynghd `d `nv{d `ns `Hdedkdg bdljsjs' Ng Yhn{{d

_dgyd gj sj`j gj sn o~{n, shgj t~n sn l~n db{d|dgij

ihn d ihd` cdsyd t~n {g~{hj' NH Ojgin ynghd ~g

nso~in{j H`dedij Vn{j G~gn} t~n Hn jojevo{hj ng s~

|hdmn, x t~n Hn ynghd ng b{dg dlnoyj' Vn{j G~gn} gj

t~hsj ngyn{{d{`j ng Yhn{{d _dgyd' Vngsn t~n n{d enmj{

y{dn{`j d ngyn{{d{ ng Odsyh``d, #ojej n` Ojgin insnd{d

ng|hij(, d `d hb`nshd in _dgyhdbj, ng K~{bj in Jsed,

t~n n{d s~ v~nk`j'

NH nso~in{j Vn{j G~gn} sn v~sj ng odehgj in

ydg `d{bj |hdmn in {nb{nsj' Vngsn ng t~ned{ n`

odid|n{ in ijg L{dgoj vd{d t~n l~nsn eds ljoh` s~

y{dgsvj{yn d y{j|ns in {gjgyj{hjs x inshn{yjs x vd{dmns

insojgjohijs, vn{j inshsyhj in n``j o~dgij s~vj t~n



46hb`nshd ynghd ngyjgons vngds e~x sn|n{ds, vd{d `js

t~n t~nedsng ojij|n{ns' Od{bdgij n` o~n{vj in

ijg L{dgoj d `jejs in s~s odkd``js, nev{ngih< n`

{nb{nsj t~n sn ojg|h{yh< ng ~g i~{lshej y{dkdmj, H`ngn

in hgojg|nghngyns' Vds< cjek{n x vds< sni' _nt~ni< shg ihgn{j' @n {jkd{jg vj{ n` odehgj ng |d{hds

jodshjgns x vngs< hglhghidi in |nons t~n gj H`nbd{ld

d s~ insyhgj' Eds g~god `Hnb< d inshsyh{ in s~

v{jv<shyj, d~gt~n d |nons vngsd{d t~n yjijs s~s

ed`ns Hn |n{gjg vjshk`nengyn in t~n s~ _ngj{ n{d

bdljsj xy{dhd ed`d s~n{yn'

Y{ds ohgoj j{hjs in |hdmn v~ij `Hnbd{ d Odsyh``d x

id{ snv~`y~{d 64Ojgin' Nsyn k{n|n {n`dyj in` Hgldgyn

ijg M~dg Edg~n`, shg i~id d`b~gd ns

hev{nshjgdgyn'

@ds bngyns in dt~n` yhnevj x bngyns in

yhnevjs insv~ns, d hb~d` t~n n` nso~in{j in ijg

L{dgoj, vngsdkdg t~n 46`nv{d gj s<46sn ojgydbhdkd

x od~sdkd 46e~n{yn, shgj t~n idkd ed`d s~n{yn 64

t~n dgidkd ojg `nv{jsjs' X 64 lhgd`, gj s<46 `js`nv{jsjs shgj yjijs dt~n``js t~n vj{ o~d`t~hn{

oh{o~gsydgohd nsydkdg v{nsngyns o~dgij jo~{{ld

d`bj di|n{sj, dodkd{jg H`dedgijsn bdlns 6

bdljsjs, d~gt~n gj nsy~|hnsng ngln{ejs in `nv{d,

gj 46c~khnsng nsydij g~god'

Vj{ ejyh|js e~x vd{nohijs sn ``ded bd`hoj d 46

t~n gjs idgd ~ jv{hen' N``j |hngn in 46s`lh`hs, t~n ng

n` shb`j S\H, n{d xj, ~gd i~{d ngln{enidi t~n ynghd

ng L{dgohd edxj{ dk~gidgohd' X in L{dgohd 46

y{dmn{jg jt~h, e~ocjs nsvj{hj`ns t~n d`hh nsy~|hn{jg'

_n 46H`dedkd n` ed` l{dgons, n` ed` in `ds Bd`hds, in`

gjek{n {jedgj in L{dgohd' D `js t~n 46ynghdg, 46

sllh`hs, sn inid in n``js t~n ynghdg n` toh`hoj' X in jch

t~n sn H`den tj`hoj d yjij 46 insb{dohdij 6

od`dehyjsj' Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj



Ng n` vdsdij |n{dgj |hgj Gdocj d eh odsd d

vdsd{ ~gjs ihns ojg ijs dehbjs s~xjs' ^gj

in n``js n{d vj{y~t~ns, x cjk`j shij

ojgihsiv~`j s~xj ng ~gd ^gh|n{shidi h{`dginsd in

Bd`rdx, ijgin chohn{jg ~gj in `js o~{sjs in s~

od{{n{d #dcj{d `js Qj|ng ns nsy~ihdg ng

~gh|n{shidins n y{dgmn{ds, gj ojej ng ehs yhnevjs,

ng t~n d 4 6 eds nsy~ihokj{gjs ng n` Oj`nbhj in`

O~od ng @hgd{ns t~n n{d n` gj |d eds, shg i~ocds gh

oj`nljoohjg(' N Hmj|ng vj{y~t~ns sn `Hdedkd Mjsn

Ehb~n` Mns~s in Gdohehngyj Kd{gdj' I~{dgyn `d

ojehid ng n` md{ihg, c~kj k{jeds d` vj{y~t~ns ojg

n` gjek{n x `d `d{b~{d in` gjek{n' X n` jonvyj ng

yjij ejengyj, `ds k{jeds ojg k~ng c~ej{' Xj Hn

ihmn t~n +ynghd ~gd od{d in k~ngd vn{sjgd, t~n gj

vjihd yh{d{ in n``d+' X Gdocj ihmj t~n s~ dehbj, ng

nlnoyj, n{d {nd`engyn ~gd n on`ngyn vn{sjgd, vn{j

t~n n{d hevn{ijgdk`n t~n shngij vj{y~t~ns gj

s~vhnsn n` j{hbng in` Vj{y~bd` ojej gjohjg, t~n

vj{ t~n gj sn 4 6n v`hodkd xj, t~n 4 6sjk{ j snb~{j'

Xj ojgyng ngyjgons 4 6 t~n shb~n' N H {nx

D`ljgsj \H in Odsyh``d, ynghd ~gd chmd H`dedid ijgd

^{{dod, t~hng cn{nij, d `d e~n{yn in s~ vdi{n, `ds

oj{jgds in Odsyh``d, @njg, Bd`hohd x Vj{y~bd`' Vn{j

ijgd ^{{dod ynghd yj{gkhng ~gd cn{edgd `HdedidDgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj




Yn{nsd t~n D`ljgsj \H cjkhj ynghij l~n{d in

edy{hejghj1 D`ljgsj \H dgyns in ej{h{ ojsj d s~s ijs

chmds ojg ijs cn{edgjs= ijg [dhe~gij x ijg

Ng{ht~n in Kj{tj{hj' Ijgd ^{{dod y~|j ~g chmj t~n sn

``ded D`ljgsj \HH, t~n cn{nij yjijs `js {nhgjs in s~

dk~n`j x t~n d sh ehsej sn v{jo`j{gj Nevn{dij{,

n hbhngij vj{ {j}jg in n``j, m~{dengyj in lhin`hidi x

|dsd``dmn d yjijs `js gjk`ns x v{lgohvns t~n ng s~

gjek{n ynghdg d~yj{hidi ng o~d`t~hn{d in s~s {nhgjs'

Ijgd Yn{nsd, s~ yho, odsdid ojg ijg Ng{ht~n in

Kj{tj{hj, y~|j ~g chmj `Hdedij yj{gkhng D`ljgsj,

ojej s~ dk~n`j, 6 4 t~n yjijs ``ded kdg D`ljgsjNg{ht~n}' [nshihd ng Vj{y~bd` ijgin n{d 4 6 s~v{nedd~yj{hidi, vj{ in`ntoohjg in s~ v{hej D`ljgsj \HH n`

Nevn{dij{' Ijg D`ljgsj Ng{ht~n}, sn `Hn|dkd e~x

khng ojg s~ v{hej n` Nevn{dij{, x Hn v{jv~sj e~ocds

|nons t~n Hn jyj{bd{d n` yhy~`j in {nx, yjid |n} t~n n`,

g~god inmd{ld in {ngih{`n |dsd``dmn vj{ sn{ s~

Nevn{dij{ x sngj{' D`ljgsj \HH in idkd `d{bjs ~gd x

jy{d |n}' Vn{j 6 4 lhgd` n` chmj in ijgd ^{{dod, jojkjvj{ id{`n n` yhy~`j in {nx, 6 4 chmj in ijgd Yn{nsd' DH

v{hgohvhj dt~n``j gj shbghlhodkd gdid, gh ojevj{ydkd

t~n odsyn``dgjs x vj{y~b~nsns sn ojgshin{d{dg

ihln{ngyns' Ng n` shb`j SHH `ds ojsds gj n{dg yjid|hd

ojej 4 6l~n{jg ydg sj`j ohng j{hjs insv~ns,

Xj ng n` shb`j SHHH `ds ihln{ngohds ngy{n

odsyn``dgjs x vj{y~b~nsns, shekj`h}dids vj{ ijs

ihgdsylds ihln{ngyns x yj{gkhng vj{ ijs hihjeds

ihln{ngyns, dodkd{jg vjoj d vjoj, vj{ o{nd{ ngy{n

n``js ojgsohngohd in v~nk`js ihsyhgyjs, ojg s~ v{jvhd

vn{sjgd`hidi x s~ v{jvhd edgn{d in sn{' @js

vj{y~b~nsns b~n{{nd{jg js`, ojg e~ocj oj{dmn,

ojgy{d `ds y{jvds in` {nx M~dg H in Odsyh``d t~n t~hsj

hgoj{vj{d{ in g~n|j Vj{y~bd` d s~ Oj{jgd, x l~n

in{{jydij dvd{dyjsdengyn vj{ `js vj{y~b~nsns ng n`



dgd in 4'?38, ng 4 6 kdyd``d in D`k~md{{jyd' E~ocj

eds yd{in n` {nx Ln`hvn HH, 6 4 ej{h{ shg s~onshjg n` {nx

_nkdsyhdg in Vj{y~bd`, sn jgn hjgj nsyn {nhgj,

jo~vdgij`j eh`hyd{engyn ng 4'>36' Vn{j ydg sj`j

o~d{ngyd j{hjs insv~ns 4 6s~k`n|johjg in` I~t~n inK{dbdg}d ojgy{d Ln`hvn H\ ng 4'<96, `jt{j in

edgn{d inlhghyh|d 4 6 snvj{oohjg in odsyn``dgjs x

vj{y~b~nsns t~n sn hghohd{d ng n` shb`j SHH, ojg

D ljgsj Ng{ht~n}'

Mjsn Ehb~n` en ihmj t~n gj j`|hid{ld 4 6chsyj{hd x xj {no~n{ij dt~n``d sjk{nensd ng n`

md{ilg ng ~gd yd{in in |n{dgj, ojej d`bj{nd` engyn db{didk`n'

---

Ng n` nsy~ihj t~n J{ynbd x Bjssny inihod d 4 6

OJ]J, ihon t~n 4 6od}d ns 4 6b{dg vjsyjg in 4 6C~edghidi, t~n `js cjek{ns, ng yjijs `js

yhnevjs in 4 6 Chsyj{ho, od}d{jg n chohn{jg in `ds

odon{lds, ~gd in s~s jo~vdohjgns eds ojgyhg~js xb{dyhlhodij{ds' X ihon ng hb~d` ejij, t~n 4 6od}d ns

shnev{n ejyh|j in t~n s~{md dehsydi ngy{n `js

cjek{ns, ojej 4 6 dehsydi t~n ng ihocj nsy~ihj

{nlhn{n, n` chsyj{hdij{ Vj`hkhj x in` bngn{d` {jedgj

Nsohvhjg n` Dl{hodgj, t~n l~n{jg shnev{n b{dgins

dehbjs x t~n od}d{jg m~gyjs e~ocds |nons'

Yjij n``j ns ohn{yj, vn{j gj ns engjs ohn{yj,

t~n gj yjijs `js cjek{ns v~ihn{jg od}d{ shnev{n

t~n t~hshn{jg, x id{ n vdgshjg d s~ vjsyjg in od}d{

o~dgij 4 6 insnd{jg' Ng 4 6Dgyht~niji x `~nbj eds

yd{in ng 4 6Nidi Enihd, yjids `ds yhn{{ds n{dg b{dg%

ins ojyjs on{{dijs, ijgin gj ngy{dkdg d oj}o{1

gdid eds t~n `js i~n{hjs in 4 6 yhn{{d' N``j gj

hevnild t~n n` v~nk`j ``dgj ngy{d{d ng `ds

v{jvhnidins in s~s sngj{ns, x od}d{d l~{yh|dengyn' Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj




Vn{j hdx$ In dt~n` t~n ojbhdg' Nsngj 4 6ojgydkd eds,

vj{t~n hkd d 4 6cj{od ng o~nsyhjg in cj{ds, shg m~hohj x

shg ojgynev`dohjgns' N Hnso{hyj{ hgt ns Gjdi Bj{ijg,

ng s~ dieh{dk`n gj|n`d +NH Enihoj+, o~ngyd x {n`dyd

in ed{d|h``d, ojej ojbhn{jg od}dgij d ~g b{~vj in

y{ns dehbjs ng `ds yhn{{ds in s~ sngj{' N{d ng Hgb`dyn{{d

xng n` shb`j SHH' Y{ds ojbn{`ns ng ~gd vngjsd vn{sn%

o~ohjg, `js edghdyd{jg d `js y{ns x `js H`n|d{jg d

v{nsngohd in` sngj{' D`hh n v`hod{jg t~n sj`j cjkhjg

od}dij ~g mdkd`h x y{ns }j{{js, x shg dyngin{ gh d

s~v`hojs gh s~s t~nmds, `js oj`bd{jg d `js y{ns in ~gjs

d{kj`ns' Yjij jo~{{hj ng ~g vd{ in cj{ds, `js o~n{vjs

oj`bdijs in `js d{kj`ns, n{dg ~gd lj{ehidk`n `noohjg

vd{d t~n gdihn ngy{d{d d od}d{ ng n` ln~ij in` sngj{'

Nsynynghd n` dvjxj yjyd` in `ds `nxns in` [nhgj x in nsyd

ejgn{d, 4 6od}d n{d shnev{n dk~gidgyhshed vj{ yjids

vd{yns' Vn{ sj`j vd{d `js sngj{ns, sj`j vd{d `js {hojs'

N` j hgihbgdkd 6 4v~nk`j, gj sj`j vj{t~n ojg 4 6od}d n`

v~nk`j edydkd s~ cjek{n, shgj vj{t~n `ns h{{hydkd |n{

d `js sngj{ns od}d{, x n`` js gj vjin{ ihsvd{d{ gh ~gd

sj`d l`nocd'

Nsd {nv{nshjg in s~ vjshjg in oj}o{1 t~n s~l{ld n`

v~nk`j ``dgj, ehngy{ds `js vjin{jsjs g~god sn

{nv{hehn{jg, l~n yj{gkhng ~gj in `js e~ocjs ejyh|js

#sh gj n` ejyh|j eds hevj{ydgyn( t~n jodshjgd{d ~gd

l~n{yn {nkn` hjg ojgy{d 4 6 gjk`n}d n~{jvnd t~n 4 6insy{j}j, t~n l~n 4 6 [n|j`~ohjg L{dgonsd d lhgd`ns in`

shb`j S\HHH' Ns e~x vjshk`n t~n sh `js vjk{ns c~khn{dgod}dij, insin `js `nmdgjs ihjs in 4 6 Nidi Enihd, 4 6[n|j`~ohjg L{dgonsd c~khn{d shij engjs |hj`ngyd' X

o{nj xj yj{gkhng, t~n n` cnocj in t~n `js gjk`ns

ngyjgons, gj vdbdsng hev~nsyjs, v~ns nsydkdg

ihsvngsdijs in `js ehsejs, jsh ojej n` cnocj in t~n

sj`j `js gjk`ns, l~nsng `js t~n vji hdg jo~vd{ od{bjs

t~n ojg``n|dkdg d~yj{hidi x cjgj{ns, l~n d`bj t~n



vns< e~ochshej eng js, ng 46 hgihbgdoh<g in`

v~nk`j ojgy{d s~s sngj{ns, t~n n` cnocj in t~n gj

`ns inmd {dg od}d{'

@js b{dgins od}dij{ns shnev{n l~n{jg `jsgjk`ns' Insin 46 [n|j`~oh<g L{dgonsd, 46 l~n{jg

yj{gkhng `js cjek{ns in` v~nk`j' Vn{j gdihn cd

od}dij ydgyj ojej `js {nxns' NH {nx Ln`hvn \ in

Nsvdgd, gj dshsyh< 64 ngyhn{{j in s~ e~mn{ Ed{ld

@~hsd Bdk{hn`d in _dkjxd, d 46t~n dedkd ng b{dg

ejgn{d, vj{t~n dt~n``d yd{in ynghd t~n h{ d od}d{' X

od}dgij ng `js kjst~ns in NHVd{ij, sn iny~|j ~gjs

ejengyjs vd{d |n{ n` oj{ynmj l~gnk{n in s~ e~mn{ojehgj in` NH Nsoj{hd`, t~n vds< d nsodsjs

ah`<eny{js in ijgin n` {nx nsydkd' X @~hs S\H in

L{dgohd H`n|dkd ~g ihd{hj ng t~n {nsn{hjkj 46 eds

hevj{ydgyn t~n Hn hkd jo~{{hngij ng s~ |hid, t~n 46

edxj{ vd{yn in `ds |nons gj n{d eds t~n ~gd

{n`doh<g in `ds vhn}ds ojk{dids ng s~s odon{lds' Ng

n` ihd{hj in @~hs SH\ ng 46vothgj oj{{nsvjgihngyn

64ihn 49 in M~`hj in 4'28 #t~n l~n n` ihn t~n odx<4dKdsyh``d x sn hghoh< 46{~hgd in 46ejgj{t~hj(, n` {nx

nso{hkh< sj`dengyn 46 vd`dk{d +gdid+, vj{t~n nsn

ihn gj edy< ghgt~g ohn{|j, x 46in 46Kdsyh``d vd{nid

sn{ydg s<46~g ejyhg od``nmn{j'

@js {nxns in 46 D`yd Nidi Enihd, yj{gkhng

n{dg od}dij{ns' @js v{hen{js {nxns in 46

[nojgt~hsyd, vjshk`nengyn, gj ynghdg jyj{ jlhohj

t~n od}d{ ng yhnevjs in vd}, ejyj{ ej{js ojg s~

v{jvhd ejgj, sh cjk`j b~n{{d ojgy{d n``js' Yjijs

sdknejs t~n 64 {nx Ld|h`d, chmj in ijg Vn`dxj, 46

edy< ~g jsj o~dgij nsydkd od}dgij ng `ds

{gjgyjgjs in Dsy~{hds' _~s insongihngyns, t~n

ynghdg s~ oj{yn ng Ojgbds in Jghs x eds yd{in ng

J|hnij, yj{gkhng l~n{jg b{dgins od}dij{ns' Nsyjs

{nxns sn {nsn{|dkdg vd{d oj}o{1 dt~n``js yn{{ngjs DZgZnoZiZjZyT ' ' , ' { ' ,h jZc

•




t~n |nhjg t~n n{dg k~ngjs vd{d t~n 4 6 od}d sn

insd{{j``d{d ng n``js ojg ldoh`hidi' ^gjs in nsyjs

yn{{ngjs, {nsn{|d in od}d in `js {nxns in Dsy~{hds, n{d

Kdkhd' Kdkhd n{d ~gd }jgd ng n` V{hgohvdij,

dk~gidgyn in d{kj`ns x ng db~d, x dk~gidgyn

yj{gkhng ng ohn{|js, mdkd`hns, jsjs x d|ns in yjid o`jsn'

Kdkhd, n{d {nd` engyn ~g vd{dhsj vd{d j`|hid{' X d`hh,

o~dgij, gj b~n{{ndkdg x o~dgij `js t~ncdon{ns in

Bjkhn{gj sn 4 6 vn{ehyhdg, n{d ijg in hkdg `js {nxns

dsy~{hdgjs d od}d{' D`hh sn j`|hidkdg in yjij' D`hh

vdsdkdg `d{bjs ynevj{dids' Gj {nohkhdg d gdihn, gh

ynghdg hgyn{ns vj{ gdid t~n 6 4 bjkhn{gj in` {nhgj

chohn{d {nln{ngohd' O~dgij `js dsy~{hdgjs inid t~n

s~s {nxns nsydkdg ng Kdkhd, xj sn sjkhj t~n n` [nhgj

nsydkd shg bjkhn{gj, vj{t~n s~s {nxns, n{d hb~d` t~n sh

c~khn{dg insdvd{nohij in 4 6 ld} in 4 6Yhn{{d' In oc`,

t~n o~dgij insv~ns sn |hngn ihohngij t~n d`b~hng

nsyj ng Kdkhd, 4 6t~n sn ngyhngin in n`, ns t~n gj sdkn

gdid, gh ojgjon gdid, gh sn ngyn{d in gdid, vj{t~n

nsy< ng Kdkhd ojej `js {nxns dsy~{hdgjs, d~gt~n gj

nsyn od}dgij, gh vn{shb~hngij ohn{|js, ojej n``js'

---

C dxng 4 6 chsyj{hd in `js Vdvds ng 4 6 Nidi

Enihd, e~ocds ojsds, t~n vj{ s~ hgyn{ns

v~nin t~n snd k~ngj ojgjonw v~ns cdg

ynghij insv~ns e~ocj t~n |n{ ojg ojsy~ek{ns xejijs in sn{ in 4 6Hb`nshd in [jed' Nsnns n` ojsj in

`ds n`noohjgns vdvd`ns' Cdsyd n` shb`j SH `js Vdvds sn

n`nbhdg ng [jed, shg t~n c~khn{d gj{eds ojgo{nyds

t~n inkhn{dg in dv`hod{sn ng s~ n`nooh<g' NH Vdvd n{d

n` Jkhsvj in [jed, ojg vjin{ns #nsvnohd` engyn

insin n` shb`j H\( e~x s~vn{hj{ns d `js in `js inejsjkhsvjs, x s~ n`nooh<g, vnsn d n``j, gj inmdkd in sn{



~gd eds, in `ds e~ocds gjehgdohjgns in jkhsvjs

t~n c~khn{d ngyjgons ng 46O{hsyhdgidi'

D lhgd`ns in` shb`j SH, n` ejgmn Ch`ink{dgij sn

n`hbh< Vdvd vj{ do`dedoh<g vjv~`d{, x yje< n`gjek{n in B{nbj{hj \HH' L~n ~g b{dg vjgyhlhon t~n

y~|j t~n `~ocd{ i~{dengyn ojgy{d n` nevn{dij{

Ng{ht~n H\ t~n Hn ihsv~ydkd s~ in{nocj d gjek{d{

jkhsvjs, v~ns o~dgij t~nidkd ~gd snin |dodgyn,

n{d l{no~ngyn t~n sn chohn{dg `js gjek{dehngyjs

nvhsojvd`ns vj{ 46d~yj{hidi oh|h`' Ng s~ `~ocd ojg n`

Nevn{dij{, dvd{ngynengyn vn{ih< 46 vd{yhid n`

Vdvd B{nbj{hj, vn{j ns 46|n{idi, t~n inm< sngydids`ds kdsns in 46t~n cjx `Hdedejs ojgoj{idyjs t~n

insin ngyjgons |hngng l~gohjgdgij, x ojg `js t~n

sn ojgohn{yd yjij 46{nln{ngyn d `js gjek{dehngyjs

nvhsojvd`ns'

N HVdvd Ghoj`ds HH, l~n n` v{hen{j t~n ihsv~sj

t~n s<46 js od{ingd`ns vjihd n`nbh{ 64Vdvd' DH vjoj

yhnevj, l~n D`nmdgi{j HHHng n` Ojgoh`hj HHHin `'ny{jg'ng n` dgd 4'428, t~hng ihsv~sj in lj{ed inlhghyh|d,

yjij 46ojgon{ghngyn d 46n`nooh<g x gjek{dehngyj

in` Vjgyhlhon'

Vn{j vnsn d yjij nsyj, gj nsydkdg yjid|hd `ds

ojsds e~x o`d{ds ng nsyd o~nsyh<g' X js`, y{ds 46

e~n{yn in O`nengyn H\ ng 4 ';<3, `js ihnohjocj

od{ingd`ns t~n ynghd ngyjgons n` oj`nbhj

od{ingd`hohj, gj sn vjghj in do~n{ij vd{d cdon{ n`gjek{dehngyj in` s~onsj{ in _dg Vni{j' Vdsd{jg

42 ensns in 46 e~n{yn in O`nengyn H\ x d~g gj

cjkhj Vdvd' Ng J{|hnyj, ijgin `js 43 od{ingd`ns sn

{n~ghn{jg, gj sn `Hnbdkd d ~gd sj`~oh<g' X sdg

K~ngd|ngy~{d, ~g l{dh`n t~n n{d ngyjgons n` s~vn{hj{

in `js l{dgohsodgjs, l~n n` in 46hind in ngon{{d{`js d

yjijs ojg H`d|n vd{d |n{ sh jsh sn `Hnbdkd d ~g Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj




do~n{ij' Vn{ gh jsl, sn ojgsht~hj n` ojev{jehsj' L~n

ngyjgons o~dgij d` Bjkn{gdij{ in `d Oh~idi, sn Hn

jo~{{hj t~hyd{ `d ynoc~ek{n in` Vd`dohj ijgin nsydkdg

{n~ghijs, x sj`j o~dgij t~nid{jg d `d hgynevn{hn x

kdmj `Hd|n sn inohihj n` gjek{dehngyj in` g~n|j Vdvd'

_j`hn n`nbhij n` od{ingd` Ynjkd`ij \hsojgyh, t~n yjej

n` gjek{n in B{nbj{hj S' Nsyn vjgyhlhon, d`bj eds

yd{in ng 4';29 ihj ~gd sn{hn in ihsvjshohjgns vj{ `ds

t~n t~nidkd {nb~`did `d lj{ed inlhghyh|d in `d

n`noohjg vdvd`'

In yjijs eji js gj sn t~nij yjij {ns~n`yj x

snt~ah cdkhngij v{jk`neds' D lhgd`ns in` shb`j SHHH,l~n gjek{dij vjgyllhon Knghyj Bdnydgh, t~n yjej n`

gjek{n in Kjghldohj \HHH' _~ v{hen{d enihid l~n

ngon{{d{ ng v{hshjg d On`nsyhgj \ t~n cdk{d

{ng~gohdij d` vdvdij vd{d |j`|n{ d s~ |hid n{nehyhoj

ng n` inshn{yj' #Cd shij cdsyd dcj{d n` ~ghoj Vdvd t~n

cd {ng~gohdij d` vdvdij(' Kjghldohj gj sn lhj in n` x 4 6ngon{{j ng v{hshjg, vd{d gj yngn{ v{jk`neds ojg `js

t~n j~g snt~hjg ynghngij`j vj{ vjgyhlhon, vnsn d s~{ng~gohd' Kjghldohj l~n n` o{ndij{ in `js m~kh`njs, 6

b{dgins vn{nb{hgdohjgns d [jed, ojg jojshjg in

d`b~gd ojgen{gj{jo`jg hevj{ydgyn' NH v{hen{ m~kh`nj

l~n n` t~n |hj nsyd ojgenej{johjg, cdk`d in n``d ojg

dsjek{j, vj{ {j}jg in `js ohngyjs in eh`ns in

vn{nb{hgjs t~n do~ihn{jg dt~n` dgd d [jed vd{d

vjsy{d{sn d `js vhns in` vdvd Kjghldohj'

Nsyn Vdvd l~n yj{gkhng n` v{hen{j t~n ~sd `d

Yhd{d ojej oj{jgd vjgyhlhohd' @d yhd{d nsydkd lj{edid

vj{ y{ns oj{jgds s~vn{v~nsyds' @d v{hen{d n{d `d

oj{jgd in `d Hb`nshd eh`hydgyn, in `js o{hsyhdgjs in d

vhn, in `js t~n n{d sngj{ x sjkn{dgj' @d snb~gid n{d `d

oj{jgd in {nx in `d Hb`nshd v~{bdgyn, in {nx in `ds

d`eds in` v~{bdyj{hj' X `d yn{on{d n{d `d oj{jgd in {nx



in 4 6 Hb`nshd y{h~gldgyn, in {nx x sngj{ in `js

khngd|ngy~{dijs x sdgyjs in` Ohn`j' @js Vdvds, ng 4 6Nidi Enihd n{dg ihjsns |h|hngyn, ojej ng 4 6jgyht~niji 4 6l~n{jg `js Nevn{dij{ns in [jed'

N Hvdvd Kjghldohj y~|j e~x sn{hjs v{jk`neds

ojg n` {nx Ln`hvn H\ in L{dgohd' O~dgij n` Vdvd

e~{hj, n` {nx Ln`hvn hev~sj, odsh d 4 6 l~n{}d, 4 6n`noohjg in s~ dehbj n` od{ingd` Kn`y{dg in Bjb, t~n

sn ``ded O`nengyn \ ' Nsyn l~n ~g j~yngyhoj sn{|hij{

in `js hgyn{nsns in` sjkn{dgj l{dgons' Vj{ nsj,

o~dgij O`nengyn \ e~{hj ng 4'?49, `js od{ingd`ns,

gj sn vjghdg in do~n{ij, vj{t~n t~n{ldg d yjidojsyd `hk{d{ d 4 6 Hb`nshd in 4 6 hgl`~ngohd l{dgonsd' @d

v{~nkd eds n|hingyn in nsd hgl`~ngohd nsydkd ng n`

cnocj in t~n n` Vdvd O`nengyn, vd{d oje v`don{ d s~

sjkn{dgj, cjkhj y{j`ij 4 6 _nin Vjgyhlhohd d D|hbgjg,

ijgin d~g ojgyhg~dkd' Jo~{{ld yj{gkhng, t~n

ehngy{ds 4 6 _nin nsydkd |dodgyn, `js od{ingd`ns

ojk{d kdg ~g s~n`ij e~x n`n|dij, t~n inmdkdg in

vn{ohkh{, dvngds n` Vdvd t~nidkd gjek{dij'

Ng 4'?4<, sn {n~ghn{jg 4 6 edxj{ld in `js

od{ingd`ns ng @xjg' X n` {nx Ln`hvn \ in L{dgohd,

dv{j|nocdgij dt~n``d {n~ghjg x shg vngsd{sn`j

e~ocj, jo~ihj ojg s~s y{jvds d @xjg, x ehngy{ds `js

od{ingd`ns nsydkdg {n~ghijs ng 4 6Odyni{d`, on{oj x

{gjgij t~n ydvhd{dg `ds v~n{yds x |ngydgds in 4 6ehsed jo~{{hngij vj{ snb~gij |n}, 4 6 t~n xj

jo~{{hnsn ng J{|hnyj' DH |n{sn v{hshjgn{js `js

od{ingd`ns, n`hbhn{jg Vdvd, ng sj`j ijs ihns, 6 4od{ingd` l{dgons Mdhen in I~n}n t~n yjen n`

gjek{n in M~dg SSHH, ~g dgohdgj t~n tjkn{gj 4 6Hb`nshd cdsyd 4'??9 ng t~n e~{hj ojg eds in 86

j{hjs' Insin s~ n`noohjg t~nij {nb`dengydij in

edgn{d nsydk`n yjij 4 6{n`dyh|j d `js gjek{dehngyjs

in vjgyllhons'Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj




N``j gj n|hyj t~n j{hjs insv~ns, d lhgd`ns in`

shb`j SH\ sn hghohd{d n` Ohsed in Joohingyn ojg 4 6n`noohjg in ijs Vdvds d 4 6 |n}' Vn{j nsyj jkninohj d

jy{ds od~sds x {n}jgns, x gj d 4 6 gj{edyh|d |hbngyn

sjk{n `js ojgo`d|ns vdvd`ns, t~n insin ngyjgons ng

4 6nsngohd` cd ynghij vjods |d{hdohjgns'

Yd |n} 4 6~ghoj |j{hjohjg t~n cd cdkhij, snd 4 6hev~nsyd vj{ n` vdvd v{j S ng 4'869, t~n jg~`j in

in{nocj d |nyj d `js gjek{dehngyjs vdvd`ns t~n

ynghjg ohn{yjs Mnlns in Nsydij' #Hb~d`engyn, v{jchkhj

t~n sn ihnsn hglj{edohjg in 4 6 jo~{{hij ng `js

Ojgo`d|ns, insv~ns in on`nk{dijs(' Ng n` ojgo`d|n in4'86?, sdknejs t~n insv~ns in` |nyj in` Nevn{dij{

in D~sy{hd, sn on`nk{n ~gd g~n|d |jyjohjg ng t~n

sj hj n`nbhij Vho S, t~n gj t~hsj donvyd{' Y{ds 4 6o~d`sn on`nk{n jy{d g~n|d |jyjohjg x Vhj S |j`|hj d sd`h{

ojg e~ocjs eds |jyjs' Ydevjoj oonvyj, nsyd

snb~gij |n}, {jbdgij in {jih``ds x ojg aht{heos ng

`js jmjs t~n gj Hn gjek{dsng' _n ch}j jy{d g~n|d

|jyjohjg' X ngyjgons sj`hj vj{ jo`j{gjohjg x gj y~|jeds {nenihj t~n donvyd{ n` vjgyhlhodij' _j `Hdedkd

Mjsn _d{yj x cdk{d shin d{}jkhsvj in \ngnohd x cjx ns

_dgyj'

---

O~dgij Ln{gdgij \HH {nt{nsj, ng 4'349, in`

insyhn{{j ng \d`ngonx t~n Hn hev~sj

Gdvj`njg, n` v~nk`j Hn dij{dkd in edgn{d

edsh|d x ngy~shdsyd' Yjijs `js nsvj{hj`ns cjkhjg

v~nsyj ng n`, s~s nsvn{dg}ds, in t~n sn{hj ~g {nx ojg

n` t~n enmj{d{hdg yjids `ds ojsds in` [nhgj, x t~n



cd{hd t~n 4 6 `hkn{ydi in `js cjek{ns l~nsn e~ocj

edxj{' Nsyj n v`hod n` {nohkhehngyj jvjynjshoj t~n

Hn chohn{jg ng Edi{hi, o~dgij ngy{n d odkd``j ng 4 6odvhyd` in 46 gjohjg' E~ocjs in `js t~n ng dt~n``d

ed{nd c~edgd ojgshb~hn{jg don{od{sn d n` x

nsy{nocd{ s~s edgjs, cdk`dkdg in t~n ng 4 6s~onsh|j, gj sn `d|d{hdg eds ng 4 6 |hid, vd{d gj

vn{in{ n` cnoch}j t~n n` ojgydoyj vn{sjgd` ojg s~

[nx cjk`j od~sdij ng n``js'

Vn{j yjij n` ngy~shdsej in ngyjgons, sn yj{gj

vjoj d vjoj ng insngodgyj, o~dgij sn |hj t~n

dkj`ld 46 Ojgsyhy~ohjg in 4'34;, x n{gvn}j dbjkn{gd{ ng n` eds dksj`~yj in `js dksj`~yhsyds'

V{jgyj, vj{ {j}jg in n``j, nevn}d{jg `js

v{jg~gohdehngyjs eh`hyd{ns vd{d dodkd{ ojg

dt~n``d shy~johjg' @d edxj{hd in `js ehsejs

dl{dgonsdijs, engjs n` ngodkn}dij vj{ n` Bngn{d`

[hnbj ng Odkn}ds in _dg M~dg ng 4'3;6'

Odkn}ds in _dg M~dg ns ~g v~nk`j, t~n inkn

s~ gjek{n d t~n ng dt~n` `~bd{ `js ej{js

in{{jyd{jg e~x i~{dengyn d `js nmn{ohyjs o{hsyhdgjs

in Odsyh``d' Y{ds 4 6 kdyd``d, ojbhn{jg e~ocjs

v{hshjgn{js odsyn``dgjs' X gj sn `ns jo~{{hj ojsj

enmj{ t~n ngyn{{d{`js d yjijs ng n` dev`hj odevj,

inmdgij sj`j `ds odkn}ds l~n{d in 4 6 yhn{{d' B{dg

g~en{j in ej{js ejgydijs d odkd``j, oj{{hn{jg

|d{hds |nons vj{ dt~n` nsvdohj vjk`dij in odkn}ds x

yjijs `js v{hshjgn{js e~{hn{jg dv`dsydijs vj{ `js

odsojs in 46odkd``n{hd j{jkn' Nsyj jo~{{hj ng ihj in

_dg M~dg x vj{ nsj n` v~nk`j sn ``ded Odkn}ds in

_dg M~dg'

V~ns khng, jch l~n n` y{h~glj in 4 6 s~k`n|johjgin [hnbj ojgy{d Ln{gdgij \HH x s~ vj`hyhoj'

[Nsydk`nohngijsn 4 6 Ojgsyhy~ohjg in Odih}' Vn{jDgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj




dt~n``j i~{j sj`j y{ns j{hjs' Ng 4'3;? ojg 4 6dx~id in

~g nmn{ohyj in |j`~gyd{hjs {no`~ydij vj{ `ds

ejgd{t~hds n~{jvnds, t~n sn ``ded `js +Ohng eh`

chmjs in _dg @~hs+ sn {nsyjk`nohj in g~n|j n` bjkhn{gj

dksj`~yhsyd' NH Bngn{d` [hnbj c~xj vd{d t~n gj Hn

v{ngihn{dg, vn{j in gdid Hn |j`hj, v~ns ng vjoj

yhnevj Hn ngojgy{d{jg x Hn iny~|hn{jg ng Mjij{, X in

d`hh 4 6 H`n|d{jg d Edi{hi, ijgin l~n{ nmno~ydij n`

ehsej dgd in 4'3;?' @d nmno~ohjg l~n ng 4 6V`d}d in4 6 Onkdid' X d`hh `Hn|d{jg d [hnbj ng n` sn{jg in ~g

k~{{j, vd{d eds c~eh` johjg'

Insin ngyjgons, n` sdgydgin{hgj [dldn` in[hnbj, l~n vd{d e~ochshejs nsvo{hj`ns, ~g cn{jn

gdohjgd`, ydg b{dgihjsj, t~n n` ojevjshyj{ Mjsn

_dgocn} Ody~{{d ch}j ~g chegj ng s~ cjgj{' Nsyn l~n

chegj gdohjgd` i~{dgyn 4 6 _nb~gij [nv~k`hod, ng

4'8?4 ' Xj 46 cjkhj shin yj{gkhng i~{dgyn jgon ensns

in 4 6 V{hen{d [nv~k`hod Nsvdgj`d, ng 4'32?' En

do~n{ij in o~dgij xj ynghd g~n|n 6 ihn} j{hjs t~n sn

odgydkd e~ocj n` Chegj in [hnbj dvngds cjk`jo~d`t~hn{ doyj jlhohd` eds 6 engjs sj`negn 6

o~d t~hn{ jy{d {n~ghjg 6 ehyhg in oj{ooyn{ vj`hyhoj'

NH chegj ynghd `ny{d ng t~n sn cdk`dkd in t~n

+d{{jxjs in sdgb{n oj{{hn{jg vj{ 4 6 yhn{{d in 4 6`hkn{ydi+' D eh en b~sydkd s~ e~shoj' Vn{j ojg 4 6yn{{ghgjohjg in 4 6B~n{{d Oh|h` ng 4'8?8, n` chegj in

[hnbj, vdsj 6 4 odmjg in `js y{dsyjs |hnmjs' X sn

nsyjk nohj jy{d |n} 4 6Ed{ocd [nd`'

@d Ed{ocd [nd` n{d ~gd ed{ocd b{dgdin{d,

o~xd vd{yhy~{d {nbd`d{jg ng n` shb`j S\HHH d ~gd

in`ntoohjg eh`hyd{ nsvdgj`d t~n |hshyj Vj`jghd' Nsyd

in`ntoohjg 46 jl{nohj d Od{`js HHH vd{d t~n sh{|hn{d in

ed{ocd eh`hyd{ d s~ B~d{ihd [nd`' O~dgij n` Bngn{d`

L{dgoj 4 6 {nv~sj ojej Chegj Gdohjgd`, {nv~sj



yj{gkhng ojej kdgin{d gdohjgd` `d {jmd x b~d`id, x

s~v{hehj `d t~n sn `Hdedkd kdgin{d {nv~k`hodgd

ojg s~ l{dgmd hgln{hj{ in oj`j{ ej{dij' G~nsy{d

doy~d` kdgin{d, `d nsyjk`nohj yj{gkhng Od{`js HHHvd{d

`d Ed{hgd [nd`, x l~n Hsdkn` HH ng 4'39?, t~hng

ihsv~sj t~n `d ehsed vdsdsn d sn{ Kdgin{d

Gdohjgd`'

N HBngn{d` L{dgoj j{ingj t~n sn v~shnsn `ny{d

d `d Ed{ocd [nd`' Mjsn Ed{ld Vnejg, ojev~sj,

vd{d t~n sh{|hnsn `d `ny{d d g~nsy{j chegj, ~gjs

|n{sjs gj n ngyjs in kn``n}d x in ln{|j{ vjy{hjyhoj,

vn{j, dt~n``j gj v{jsvn{j, n` v~nk`j gj `js odgyjg~god' Yj{gkhng n` bngn{d` L{dgoj ngoj{tj ~gd

d{{nb`js e~shod`ns d` ednsy{j Kd{yj`jen Vn{n}

Odsds, x s~s cn{nin{js cd nsydij ojk{dgij

in{nocjs in d~yj{, odid |n} t~n n` chegj sn

hgyn{v{nydkd, cdsyd t~n n` Nsydij Nsvj{hj`, Hn cd

ojev{dij nsjs in{nocjs ng ohngyj ohgo~ngyd

eh``jgns in vnsnyds, ng 4'822'

Ns `dengydk`n t~n g~nsy{j chegj gdohjgd`

snd l{dgod engyn ed`j, x gj yngbd `ny{d gh sn v~nid

odgyd{' Gjsjy{js gj cnejs ynghij `d s~n{yn in `js

l{dgonsns, t~n ngojgy{d{jg ng [jbn{ in @hs`n, d

t~hng `ns ch}j ng Nsy{dsk~{bj ng 4'28;, n` chegj

eds cn{ejsj in `d chsyj{hd' Gh `d s~n{yn in `js

dgd{t~hsyds, t~n ngojgy{d {jg ng N~bnghj Vjyyhn{1 ng

4'326 d` d~yj{ in `d Hgyn{gdohjgd` t~n ns yj{gkhng

jy{j chegj in hgi~idk`n kn``n}d'

---

@js nsy~ihdgyns in `d ^gh|n{shidi in

_d`dedgod i~{dgyn n` [ngdohehngyj x d~g

insv~ns, ng n` vn{hjij kd{{joj in `js shb`js

S\H x S\HH, l~n{jg shnev{n bngyn d`nb{n x e~x idid

d` |hgj x d `ds e~mn{ns' _d`dedgod l~n ngyjgons ~g DZgZnoZ iZ jZyT ' ' , ' { ' , h j Z cZhZs

w




ongy{j o~`y~{d` e~x dkhn{yj x s~s ~gh|n{shyd{hjs

ojevdbhgdkdg, ojej cdon shnev{n 4 6m~|ngy~i, s~s

nsy~ihjs ojg 4 6 d`nb{hd in |h|h{' Vn{j o`d{j, nsydkd 4 6Hb`nshd shnev{n |n`dgij vj{ 4 6 ej{d` v~k`hod' X 4 6Hb`nshd l~n 4 6 t~n ojgsht~hj in 4 6 d~yj{hidi oh|h`, t~n

sn ihsv~shn{d t~n yjids `ds v{jsyhy~yds x e~mn{ns in

ed`d |hid t~n c~khnsn ng 4 6 oh~idi, ynghdg 4 6jk`htoohjg in d`nmd{sn |d{hds `nb~ds i~{dgyn `js

o~d{ngyd ihns in O~d{nsed, 6 4 jkmnyj in t~n `js

~gh|n{shyd{hjs sd`edgyhgjs gj y~|hnsng jojshjg in

vnoj{ ng nsjs i`js, x sn v{nvd{dsng js` enmj{ vd{d 4 6`hy~{bhd in 4 6 _nedgd _dgyd, vjsdid 4 6 o~d`, `ds

v{jsyhy~yds vjihjg |j`|n{ d`d oh~idi'

@d enihid y~|j s~s eds x s~s engjs, vn{j sn

``n|j d odkj' X sn ojgsht~hj, t~n yjids `ds e~mn{ns

`Hdedids in ed`d |hid, sd`hn{dg in _d`dedgod' Vn{j

4 6 t~n xj gj sn ojgsht~hj, l~n hevnih{ t~n vjsdid 4 6_nedgd _dgyd x `nbdij n` ijehgbj in [ns~{{noohjg,

yjids n`hds |j`|hn{dg d 4 6 |n}' [nb{nsdkdg 4 6 edxj{

vd{yn in n`hds ng kd{oj x vj{ n` {hj Yj{ens' NH {nb{nsjy{h~gld`, `Hngj in {hsns, in b{hyjs x in k{jejs' @js

nsy~ihdgyns `ds nsvn{dkdg d `ds j{h``ds in` {hj' Xn``ds

ojej t~n{hngij id{ d s~ {nb{nsj ~g sngyhij x ~g

oj{joyn{ in |hoyj{hd, |n{gjg e~ocds ojg {deds in

d{kj`ns x {deds in j`h|j ng `ds ejgjs' X insin

ngyjgons, ojej y{dhdg {deds ng `ds edgjs,

nevn}d{jg d `Hded{hds {den{ds' X sn ihj ~g g~n|j

gjek{n d s~ |hnmj jlhohj'

@d vd`dk{d ns e~x vd{nohid #d~gt~n gj ns 4 6ehsej( d 4 6 in {jen{j' NH {jen{j n{d n` t~n hkd ng

vn{nt{hgjohjg d [jed, t~n insv~ns sn n yngihj d

yjij n` t~n odehgj cdohd j`t~g sdgy~d{hj in

{ngjek{n'



Ng g~nsy{j vdhs shnev{n c~kj {den{ds, t~n

l~n{jg, sn t~hn{d 6 gj, vd{yn in g~nsy{d sjohnidi x

y~|hn{jg ng `ds ehsed ~g v{jydbjghsej ngo~khn{yj,

vn{j {nd`' Eds gj yjids, shgj e~x vjt~hyds `ds t~n

cdg vdsdij d`d Chsyj{hd'

Yd` |n} 4 6eds ldejsd in g~nsy{d {den{ds snd

+Hd Ij`j{ns+' Yjijs cnejs jhij d`b~gd |n} 4 6ojv`dng t~n gjs ihong +t~n sh |dejs d Od`dydx~i

v{nb~gynejs vj{ 4 6 Ij`j{ns t~n ~gd ochoj b~dvd x

dehbj in cdon{ ld|j{ns+' E~ocjs sn cnk{jgv{nb~gydij sh 4 6 Ij`j{ns n hsyhj' X s`, n hsyhj

{nd` engyn' E~{hj ng Od`dydx~i ng 4'3?4 x snH`dedkd Ij`j{ns Vnhgdij{ Gj{|hjg' N{d shg i~id

~gd e~mn{ in b{dg kn``n}d' Vn{j y~|j 4 6 ed`d

lj{y~gd in ngdej{d{sn x odsd{sn ojg ~g cjek{n,

hgi~idk`nengyn dv~nsyj, vn{j t~n n{d 4 6vn{sjghlhojohjg in 4 6dk~`hd x in 4 6bdgi~`n{ld' Y~|j

|d{hjs chmjs ojg n`' Xng s~ ojsj gj ngy{dkd ~g i~{j

vj{t~n n` ed{hij gj idkd bj`vn' N``d, ed` vjihd

k~sod{ y{dkdmj l~n{d in ojsj, gj sj`j vj{t~nngyjgons n{d ihlhoh`, shgj vj{t~n n` o~hidij in s~s

chmjs 4 6hevnihd' X js`, gj sn Hn jo~{{hj jy{j ojsj t~n

nmn{on{ 4 6 v{jsyhy~ohjg' X 4 6 t~n ns eds b{dgin in`

ojsj, ojg n` ojgsngyhehngyj in s~ ed{hij, t~n vj{

yd` in gj +hgod{`d+ l~n ojglj{en d n``j' Ojej 4 6kn``n}d in 4 6 Ij`j{ns ynghd lded, |hghn{jg d

Od`dydx~i bngyns in yjids `ds ojed{ods in D{dbjg

x Ojyj`~{hj, t~n 4 6 chohn{jg eds ldejsd j~g' X`~nbj |hgj 4 6 ojv`d, t~n sn odgyj yjid|hd' X ng

Od`dydx~i insin ngyjgons, d ghgb~gd ghgd t~n

gdon, Hn vjgng vj{ gjek{n Ij`j{ns'

---




O~dgij gjs sngydejs d 4 6 ensd d

ojen{, gj vngsdejs g~god ng 4 6 `d{bj

y{dihoh<g t~n yhngn yjids `ds ojsds t~nsn vjgng ng n``d, 6 t~n ~yh`h}dejs' Gdid cd shin

shnev{n hb~d`, yjij sn cd hij s~vn{dgij vjoj d

vjoj x yjedgij eds vn{lnooh<g ojg `js j{hjs' Xnsj

cd cnocj t~n `ds ojsds |dxdg shngij ojid ihn

enmj{ns'

_h `nnejs vj{ nmnev`j n` _dyh{ho<g in Vny{jghj,

o~dgij o~ngyd ojej D`onsyhs x Ngoj`vhj l~n{jghg|hydijs d ojen{ ng ojsj in` {hoj Y{hed`oh<g,

vji ne js |n{ t~n `js kdgt~nyns ng [jed i~{dkdg

ihns x t~n 4 6 dk~gidgohd in edgmd{ns n{d e~x

b{dgin' _n sn{|hdg e~ocds |nons `js on{ijs 6 `js

oj{in{js {n``ngjs in vjmj{js |h|js, t~n |j`dkdg vj{

4 6 nsydgohd, o~dgij `js dgh ed`ns sn{|hijs, n{dg

vd{yhijs vd{d ojen{`js' @d od{doyn{`syhod v{hgohvd`

in nsyjs kdgt~nyns, dvd{yn in 4 6 dk~gidgohd, n{dt~n yjij sn oj{ghj ojg `ds edgjs, x sn vjghdg js` `js

ojengsd`ns vn{ihijs in b{dsd' NH yngnij{ sn

insojgjid ngyjgons'

Vd{non sn{ t~n n` yngnij{, dvd{non vj{

v{hen{d |n}, ng L`j{ngohd ng n` shb`j SHHH' Vnj{ s~ ~sj

yd{i< e~ocj yhnevj ng ihl~gih{sn' L~n ng 4 6Oj{ynin `js \d`hjs, ng n` Vd`dohj in` @j~|{n, ijgin o{nn sn Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj

%%%%wZ ''''%%%%




~sdkd xj in lj{ed cdkhy~d` vj{ `js {nxns l{dgonsns, d

lhgd`ns in` shb`j S\H' Vn{j n` v~nk`j hbgj{dkd s~ ~sj x

snt~ah ~yh`h}dgij ng 4 6oje hid s~s v{jvhds ejgjs x, sh

dodsj, o~och``js b{dgins o~dgij `ds ejgjs gj vjihog

vd{yh{ 4 6od{gn' @js t~n ~sdkdg n` yngnij{ n{dg ynghijs

vj{ dlnehgdijs' X js`, n` yngnij{ gj sn ~sdkd ng

g~nsy{j, ojid |n} eds {nlhgdid, sjohnidi in

Joohingyn' Y~|j t~n `Hnbd{ n` shb`j S\HHH ojg s~ k~ng

b~syj x {nlhgdids edgn{ds, #6 4t~n Db~syhg in Ljsj

H`dedkd n` _hb`j in 4 6 Chsyj{hd eds d`nmdij in `ds

Oj|n{gjs(, vd{d t~n n` yngnij{ l~n{d in yjijs

diehyhij x ~sdij vj{yjij n` e~gij'

I~{dgyn yjij nsyn yhnevj, `ds ojehids xj cdk{d

s~l{hij ~gd ngj{en y{dgslj{edoh<g, ng 4 6 t~n

hgyn{|hghn{jg gj vjoj, `ds e~ocds ojsds t~n y{ds n`

Inso~k{hehngyj y{dmhejs in Den{hod `js nsvo{hj`ns,

jsh ojej b{dg g~en{j in n~{jvnjs t~n vj{ Den{hod

dgi~|hn{jg' in Den{hod |hghn{jg `ds vdydyds, t~n

l~n{jg insin ngyjgons ~g l~n{yn ojevjgngyn in

g~nsy{d ojohgd, d eds in sn{ o~`yh|j t~n ojevnyhd ojg4 6 |hi x ojg `js on{nd`ns, ng `js odevjs in L{dgohd,

H{`dgid x D`nedghd' In Den{hod |hghn{jg `js

vhehngyjs, n` ejh} x `js yjedyns, t~n sn o~`yh|d{jg vj{

v{hen{d |n} ng ~gjs c~n{yjs on{odgjs d _n|h``d d

enihdijs in` shb`j S\H' X|hgj n` ocjoj`dyn, ~gj in `js

vjsy{ns eds in`hohjsjs in g~nsy{ds ojehids'

Dt~h ng N~{jvd, vj{ nsjs `nmdgjs ihns in` shb`j

S\HH, x in` shb`j S\HHH, s~{bhn{jg yj{gkhng e~ocds

ojsds, t~n l~n{jg shg i~id b{dgins o{ndohjgns, ng n`

ihlloh` d{yn in 4 6 ojehid' Dvd{noh< n` cn`dij ojej

vjsy{n s<`hij' N Hv{hen{j t~n 4 6ch}j l~n snt~g vd{non

n` hyd`hdgj Bhdojej [dkdsoj t~n v~k`ho< ~g `hk{hyj ng

Kj`jghd ng 4'<4< ng t~n n v`hodkd 4 6 lj{ed in

cdon{`j' Ng d`b~gd vd{yn cn `n`ij, t~n d Od{`js HHH Hn



y{dhdg ng ojkj``n{`j ghn|n in 4 6 on{odgd _hn{{d in

B~did{{ded, t~n b~d{idkdg ojej vjihjg x `ns

i~{dkd eds 6 engjs yhnevj, vd{d cdon{ ojg n``d

cn`dijs d 4 6ldeh`hd {nd`'

Yj{gkhng in` shb`j S\HH ns n` od{hdoj _~{thj ng

~gd {nbhjg 6 v{j|hgohd l{dgonsd t~n sn ``ded

yj{gkhng Ojbgdo x t~n Hn ihj s~ gjek{n' _~{thj odsh

vj{ ods~d`hidi o~dgij snt~g o{nj, b~d{id{jg n`

|hgj t~n {ns~`ydkd in 4 6insyh johjg in `js dòjcj`ns

t~n cdsyd ngyjgons gj sn dv{j|nocdkd' Yj{gkhngin` shb`j S\HH ns n` Ocdevdbgn t~n y~|j s~ j{hbng

o~dgij n` dkdyn Ijg Vn{hbgjg y~|j 4 6 ln`h} hind inydvd{ ojg ~g oj{ocj `ds kjyn``ds in ydg in`hohjsj

|hgj, ng `~bd{ in ydvd{`ds ojg ydvjgns in edin{d,

ojej sn chohn{d cdsyd ngyjgons' @d Vjevdij~{

inid in` ocdevdbgn t~n n{d n` ~ghoj |hgj t~n n

vjihd yjed{ shg vn{in{ vj{ n``j 4 6ojevjsy~{d' ^gd

in `ds kjinbds eds ldejsds in nsyn |hgj, n{dg `ds

in 4 6 \h~id in O`hot~jy' Nsyds kjinbds l~n{jg

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L{dgohd vd{d {nv{heh{ 4 6 [n|j`~ohjg L{dgonsd' Y{ds

n` sdt~nj, 4 6\h~id in O`hot~jy dlh{edkd t~n n{d 4 6enmj{ t~n vjihd cdkn{`ns jo~{{hij, v~ns insin

ngyjgons `js d`nedgns snidg s~s enmj{ns o`hngyns

6 4 gj j`|hid{ ojg `js j{hjs, 4 6 k~ngd od`hidi in `js

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l~n{jg sjìdijs ng s~ m~|ngy~i' _~s o`hngyns cdgshin insv~ns, gj sj`j `js d`nedgns, shgj bngyns in

yjij n` e~gij, t~n ojgshin{dg 6 4 ocdevdbgn

ojej n` enmj{ in yjijs `js |hgjs'

---




NH eg}jvog ns jy{j in `js vjsy{ns t~n vj{ `js

ihjs in` Kd{{joj, t~n nsydejs ojengydgij,

nevn}j d yngn{ {ngjek{n, vj{ 4 6 engjs ot~`

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l~nsn ojej 4 6 edsd in` vdg' In och |hngn n` gjek{n

in +edsd%vdg+ t~n cd vdsdij insv~ns d sn{ ~g

vjsy{n in b{dg od`hidi'

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x n` odln' NHydkdoj ojej yjijs sdknejs |hgj yde%

khng in Den{hod' @js v{hen{js nsvj{hj`ns t~n

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n{dg n` {ns~`ydij in cd{yd{sn `js ihjsns in l~ed{x yh{d{

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n` ydkdoj, o~dgij |hgj in Den{hod, n{d d`bj s~ohj x

in ed` b~syj t~n sj`j sn ~sdkd vj{ `ds o`jsns kdmds in

4 6 sjohnidi' Vn{j ojg n` yhnevj sn |hgj d dlh{ed{ t~n

n` ydkdoj n{d kngnlhohjsj vd{d v{n|ngh{ n hgo`~sj

n|hyd{ ngln{enidins ydg i~{ds ojej 4 6vnsyn' N``j l~ns~lhohngyn vd{d t~n gjk`ns x v`nknxjs l~edsng

dshi~dengyn insin ngyjgons'

NHodln yhngn jy{j j{hbng e~x ihsyhgyj' Vd{non

sn{ t~n sn hghohj s~ ojgs~ej ng Dkhshghd, ijgin ~gjs

vdsyj{ns, sn sj{v{ngihn{jg 6 4 |n{ t~n s~s ojk{ds, sn

vjghdg e~x hgt~hnyds, shnev{n t~n ojehdg `js b{dgjs

Z M ~Z T Z gZ E Z T '' , '{y' ,hg Zn Z} ZJ Z {yZ n ' '5 8 ZT Zin ~gds v`dgyds e~x dk~gidgyns ng dt~n``d {nbhjg'

w



V{jkd{jg n``js yj{gkhng d b~syd{ `js {nln{hijs b{dgjs

x dodkd{jg |hngij t~n `d hgl~shjg in `js ehsejs n{d

d`bj {nd`engyn in`hohjsj' _n n yngihj js` vj{

dt~n``d }jgd x insv~ns vj{ yjid D{dkhd, `d

ojsy~ek{n in yjed{ odln' X ng `d Enod, ijginH`nbdkdg yjijs `js j{hjs, ohngyjs in eh`ns in

vn{nt{hgjs vd{d o~ev`hengyd{ n` v{nonvyj in`

Oj{{hg in |hshyd{ `d Adkd 6 Vhni{d _db{did in` Hs`de,

#vj{ 4 6 engjs ~gd |n} ng `d |hid( cjk`j jinejsnsydk`nohehngyjs ijgin sn sn{|hd sj`d engyn odln d

`js vn{nb{hgjs'

Dt~h ng N~{jvd, 4 6 |ngnohdgjs l~n{jg `js

v{hen{js t~n y{dmn{jg n` odln insin J{hngyn' DH

v{hgohvhj gj ynghd e~ocd oonvyjohjg' _n inid in n`,

t~n n{d `d knkhid in` Ihdk`j' Vn{j n` Vdvd O`nengyn

\``h`j v{jkn x 4 6ngojgy{j in`hohjsj' X ihmj ngyjgons

t~n n{d dks~{ij t~n ~gd ojsd ydg k~ngd,

inmjsn{gjs t~n sn `d knkhnsn n` Ihdk`j, x gj `d

knkhn{dg `js o{hsyhdgjs' @d gj v{jchkhohjg in `d

Hb`nshd, ljengyj s~ ojgs~ej' N H v{hen{

nsydk`nohehngyj t~n sn jk{hj ng \ngnohd vd{d sn{|h{

odln l~n n` Odln L j{hjgj ng `d V`d}d in _dg Ed{ojs'

\hngd l~n jy{d in `ds oh~idins in N~{jvd

ijgin sn jk{hj ~gd odlnyn{hd' _n H`dedkd @d Kjyn` jD}~` ' @d jlhohjg in `js |hngnsns vj{ n` odln, |hngn in

o~dgij `d oh~idi t~nij shyhdid ng n` shb`j S\HH vj{

`js y~{ojs t~n i~{dgyn `d{bj yhnevj `d y~|hn{jg

on{odid, shg `Hnbd{ d vjin{ yjed{`d' O~dgij sn{nyh{d{jg, inmd{jg |d{hjs od{{js j`|hidijs od{bdijs

in sdojs in odln, t~n ihn{jg j{hbng d t~n \hngd

l~n{d ~gd in `ds oh~idins in N~{jvd vhjgn{d ng n`

ojgs~ej in` ehsej'

N Hodln gj sn o~`yh|dkd ng Den{hod' Vn{j ~g

ed{hgj l{dgons, o~xj gjek{n `dengydk`nengyn gj{no~n{ij, 4 6 ``n|j d`hh ng s~ kd{oj' N H|hdmn l~n ~gd DZgZnoZ iZ jZyT ' ' , ' { ' , h j Z cZhZs

w



d~yngyhod jihsnd' @`n|dkd `ds v`dgyds in` odln v~nsyds

ng edonyds x y~|j t~n o~hid{ t~n gj `ns ld`ydsn n`

db~d, gh sn ed{ochyd{dg' @ds H`~|hds x c~{dodgns t~n

c~kj i~{dgyn 4 6 y{d|nsld Hn insy{j}d{jg gj vjods

v`dgyds x Hn chohn{jg vdsd{ 4 6 s~xj' Vn{j `jt{j H`nbd{ d

Den{hod x y{dsv`dgyd{ yjids `ds edyds in odln t~n

H`n|dkd, t~n ns in ijgin v{joning `ds hgengsds

n yngshjgns in odlnyd`ns t~n dcj{d |nejs ng

\ngn}~n`d, Oj jekhd 6 K{dsh`'

NH cnocj in t~n `js n~{jvnjs cdxdejs idij d

Den{hod d`bj ydg |d`hjsj ojej n` odln, ojevngsd

e~ocj 4 6 t~n Den{hod gjs cd idij d gjsjy{js, ojej4 6 ojevngsd yj{gkhng t~n gjsjy{js cdxdejs idij d

nsn hgengsj x cn{ejsj ojgyhgngyn, 4 6{~nid t~n n``js

hbgj{dkdg x gj ojgjidg, `js odkd``js t~n n``js

dieh{dkdg, cdsyd n` n y{nej in o{nn{ o~dgij |nldg d

g~nsy{js odvhydgns ejgydijs sjk{n `js ehsej, t~n

n{dg ihjsns kdmdijs in` ohn`j' @ds ochengnds, t~n

ihn{jg `~bd{ d t~n n``js v~ihn{dg ngongin{ l~nbj

ingy{j in s~s odsds, t~n dgyns g~god ngongihn{jg' X`js nsvnmjs t~n ngyjgons n{dg vnt~n{hhyjs x `js |j`|ldg

`jojs x vj{ n``js idkdg 4 6t~n `ns vhihn{dg'

NH cjek{n g~god cd inmdgij in nsyhe~`d{ s~

heothgoohjg, vd{d enmj{d{ s~ ojohgd x enmj{d{ s~

ensd' Ns hev{nshjgdgyn n` y{dkdmj in` cjek{n ng nsyd

edyn{hd d y{j|ns in `js yhnevjs, x ng d`b~gjs

jodshjgns, ns cdsyd o~{hjsj' Nsyn ns n` ojsj in Ghoj`ds

Dvn{, ~g l{dgons t~n d v{hgohvhjs in` shb`j SHS hg|ngyj

`ds ojgsn{|ds, d kdsn in enyn{ `js d`hengyjs ng

{nohvhngyns cn{enyhoj{gngyn on{{dijs x ojon{`js

insv~ns, DH v{hgohvhj Dvn{ enyhj `js d`hengyjs ng

|dshmds in v`jej x n` v{jk`ned n{d dk{h{ insv~ns `ds

|dshmds' @~nbj |ngi{ld n` ~yh`h}d{ n` `dyjg vd{d `ds

ojgsn{|ns, in ejij t~n {ns~`yd{d eds l{hoh` in vjin{M~dg Ed{yhgn} J{ynbd dk{h{`ds'

%%w,Z' 1'%%ZZZZ15%%%



Cdx e~ocds n v{nshjgns x ihocjs, e~x

oj{{hngyns ng n` `ngb~dmn oj`jt~hd` in`

v~nk`j' Yjids sjg ~sdids vj{ 4 6 bngyn

insin yhnevj hgenej{hd`' X d`b~gjs |hngng{nojbhids ng n` Ihoohjgd{hj in 4 6 [nd` Dodinehd in

4 6@ngb~d' Dt~h |dejs d cdk`d{ in s~ j{hbng x in s~

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v{hgohvhjs in ojgi~oyd {nd`engyn k~ngjs vd{d sn{

snb~hijs'

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g~nsy{ds enmj{ns bd`ds ng ohn{yds jodshjgns' _~

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vjsdids, t~n o~dgij on`nk{dkdg ~g

dojgynohehngyj n onvohjgd`, ojej ~gd kjid 6 ~g

kd~yh}j 6 o~d`t~hn{ jy{j yhvj in lhnsyd, vjgldg d s~

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shnev{n n v{nsh<g in 4 6gnonshidi in id{ 4 6ed hed

odynbj{hd d ~g dojgynohehngyj'

+Enyn{sn ng odehsd in jgon |d{ds+, ns jy{d

l{dsn in``ngb~dmn oj`jt~hd` t~n yhngn s~ j{hbng ng 4 6

on{nejghd` 6 {hyj, ojg t~n ng yhnevjs vdsdijs sn Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj

%%%%#$7,Z'''%%%%%




H`n|dkd d odkj ~gd oijvohjg' @d on{nejghd ojgshsyhj

ng t~n dijvydgyn x dijvydij, sn enyldg inkdmj in

~gd dev`hd yn`d t~n ynghd ~g {jyj ng n` ongy{j, vj{

ijgin `js ijs ynghdg t~n sdod{ `ds odkn}ds' X o~dgij

nsyds nen{bhdg sjk{n 4 6 dev`hd yn`d, n` t~n cdid 4 6oijvohjg idkd ~g knsj ng 4 6l{ngyn 6 4 dijvydij, x 4 6jvn{johjg t~nidkd jsh ojgs~edid x ojgo`~hid'

Ojej 4 6 oijvohjg y{dhd shnev{n v{jk`neds, in jch

|hngn n` ~sj in nsyd n v{nshjg'

+Nocd{ ~g o~d{yj d nsvdids+, ns ~g ihocj t~n

|hngn in` cnocj cdkhy~d` ng n` vdsdij, in t~n `js

|nyn{dgjs in b~n{{d x `hongohdijs in` nmn{ohyj, sn

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t~n t~n{ld dv{ngin{, gj ynghd eds t~n nocd{ ~gd

ejgnid d ~g v`dyj t~n sn vjghj ng n` s~n`j, x shg eds

n v`hodohjgns, gh y{j{g`yn, sn Hn diehyld ngy{n `js

dv{ngihons d edgnmd{ 4 6 nsvdid' @d n v{nshjg ojej

ns l{hoh` |n{1 sn {nlhn{n d `ds e~ocds |nons t~n gjs

enynejs n hgyn{|nghejs ng ds~gyjs x o~nsyhjgns, ng

t~n gj sn gjs ``ded, gh sn gjs vhihj jvhghjg'

+T~n Hn ing ej{oh``d+, n{d 4 6 t~n jgyj{hj sn

cdid ojg `js vn{{js t~n ej`nsydkdg, x d `js t~n sn `ns

nocdkd ~g y{j}j in ej{oh``d ng|ngngdid, vd{d t~n

inmdsn in ej`nsyd{'

+Id{sn`d ojg t~nsj+, ns ~gd n v{nshjg t~n

|hngn in t~n ng n` sh`bj vdsdij, |nghdg d @d Edgocd xnsvnohd`engyn d \j`invngjs, `js kjinb~n{js in

Edi{hi d ojev{d{ |hgj' E~ocds |nons gj 4 6



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sjkn{ {ns~`ydkd eds db{didk`n x inohihdgojev{d{`j' Y{ds nsyd ojsy~ek{n, sn on{{d kdg

e~ochsheds jvn{dohjgns, t~n dgyns ihlloh`engyn

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n v{nsh<g d 4 6 gnonshidi in n|hyd{ y{~ons, ns

n|hingyn'

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jl{non i~id'

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ijgin sn b~d{idkdg `js hgsy{~engyjs in e~shoj in %%%%%+HlM''%%%%%




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jso~{j x c~enij x sn vdsdkd ed` ng n`'

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c~eh``dgyn x e~x insdb{didk`n vj{t~n `js ydekj{ns

ynghdg jsh ~g sjghij e~x ej`nsyj'

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in t~n ng 4'368 sj`hj ~gd J{ing in 4 6 Ed{hgd in

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d v~gyj in dcjbd{sn' Ng dt~n` ehsej j{hj, sn jg~`j Hj

j{ing, x `js ed{hgjs v~ihn{jg snb~h{ `Hn|dgij n` vn`j

`d{bj ojej shnev{n'

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t~n cjkhj v{nsds ng `ds oj{on`ns in ngyjgons' X ojej

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cdon{`j x cdkhd e~ocds t~nmds in 4 6 eds

ojevngsdij t~n sj`hj nsyd{' @d v{h|oohjg in 4 6



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n{d sngoh``dengyn cdon{ v~{hnyjs 6 cdon{ d`bj

{nd` engyn ej`ns' #NH ojgjohehngyj in` sngyhij in

nsyd l{dsn sn 4 6inkn deh ghnyd Ed{~ d('

+Ng{nid{sn ng ~g bd`hedyhds+, ns ~gd

n v{nsh<g t~n |hngn in t~n ng 4 6 Nidi Enihd sn

nsy~ihdkd ng `ds ~gh|n{shidins, ~g yn yj ng t~n

|nghd {nl~gihids, sd`ejs in Id|hi ojg od{yds in sdg

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n v{nsh<g t~n |hngn in 4 6nsongd cjen{hoj t~n yhngn

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vd{d t~n sn 4 6 H`n|dsn 4 6 eds cn{ejsd' @ds y{ns

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ngy{d{jg ng ihsoj{ihd y{ds n` m~hohj in Vd{hs, x

y{dmn{jg ojg s~ ihsoj{ihd, gdid engjs t~n 4 6B~n{{din Y{jxd j`t~g yhnevj insv~ns,

+Y{nonx ed{yns+ ojej n v{nsh<g in ed` ihn

vd{d cdon{ ojsds, |hngn ojej ns sdkhij vj{ e~ocd

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%%%%lM,''''''''%%%



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sn{{dghds on{odgds'Dgnoijyd{hj chsyj{hoj




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%%%%B,Z1 ''''%%%%



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Hgihon

NH `he<g ojej ojgsn{|dgyn 3

Ng s~s y{non 3J{hbng in` od{gd|d` 8_jk{n `js gjek{ns in `js ensns'Od`ngid{hj 4;@js I~t~ns in Js~gd 49Ejijs ng n` |nsyh{ 4<@d J{ing in `d Md{{nyn{d ;6_dgyd [hyd dkjbdid in 46hevjshk`n ;;

J{hbng in `ds oj{{hids in yj{js ;>@d Odsd in D`kd ;8Yjod{ edin{d ??_deknghyj ?>@d e~mn{ in` Onsd{ gj s<46cd in sn{ ?2D~gt~n sd`yd n` sj` vj{ Dgynt~n{d ?8_jk{n x {nx D{y~{j x `d Ydk`d [nijgid 96_n{ bdln 99Bo`hoj 9>J{hbng in` {nhgj in Vj{y~bd` 92In `d od}d' Nsyd{ ng Kjkhj 98N`nooh<g in `js Vjgyhlhons' Ojgo`d|ns >;_jk{n n` gjek{n in Odkn}ds in sdg M~dg ><

NH Chegj x `d Kdgin{d Gdohjgd`' >3@ds {den{ds >8@js ejid`ns ng n` ojen{ <?NH ej}jvjg <<NH odln <<

H{ in yh{js `d{bjs <8

Enyn{sn ng odehsds in jgon |d{ds <8

Nocd{ ~g o~d{yj d nsvdids 26T~n Hn ing ej{oh``d 26



I<{sn `d ojg t~nsj 26

Yjed{ n` j`h|j 24

Vni{did ng jmj in kjyhod{hj 24

Edgid{ d `d vj{{d 24

Insvnih{sn ojg odmds insynev`dids 2;

_d`|d{sn vj{ `js vn`j 2;

H{sn d cdon{ v~lhnyds 2;

Ng{nid{sn ng ~g bd`hedyhds 2?

@d edg}dgd in `d ihsoj{ihd 2?

Y{non x Ed{yns 2?

D k~ngd cj{d edgbds |n{ins 29

_n{o~{sh 29

Nsy{dvn{`j 29

Ngnehbj t~n c~xn v~ngyn in v`dyd 2>

[dxjs S 22

@~} n`noy{hoj 22

Vhdgj 22

V{nsn{|dyh|js 23

Nsvnmjs 28[n`jmns in kj`sh``j 36

O~`yh|j in` gd{dgmj 36

O~`yh|js in cj{yd`h}ds kdmj v`<syhojs 34

Vn{h<ihoj ojej m~kh`doh<g ihd{hd 34

Vj{ t~n d `js Mjsn sn `ns H`dedg Vnvn 34

Vj{ t~n d `js L{dgohsoj sn `ns ``ded Vdoj 34

Anecdotario_Historico

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