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Reviews 72 Vol.25 No.3 2017 SCIENCEFOUNDATION INCHINA Generation and ro ation of internal wave and its interactionwith ocean structures ZOU Li ퟞ샶HU YingJie 뫺펢뷜ZONGZhi ퟚ훇YU ZongBing 폚ퟚ뇹&PEIYuGuo 엡폱맺StateKe Laborator StructuralAnal sis or Industrialui ment Dalian116024 China School NavalArchitecture DalianUniversit Technolo gy Dalian 116024 China Received June 25 2017 acceptedAugust 28 2017 Correspondingauthor Email Lizou dlut.edu.cn Abstract Internalwaves appear frequently at the interface of density stratified fluidand theycancause severe damage onoceanstructures.In thispaper anextensive reviewonthe studyof thegenerationand propagationof internalwaves and the interactions between internalwaveswithoceanstructures is given. Future research is discussed.Some comparative analyses are conducted forpropagationof internalwaves on slope topography in shallow water.The futuredevelopments regardingpropagationandoceanographic characteristics of internalwaves are alsodiscussed. Keywords Internalwaves Topography Propagation Stratified fluid doi 10. 16262 j. cnki. 1005-0841.2017. 03. 002 Introduction Internalwaves aregravity waves thatoscillateat the interfaceof stratifiedfluid rather thanon its surface.Their frequenciesarebetweenthoseof thebuoyancyandinertiafrequencies.Waveheightsof internal waves are generallymuchhigher than those of surfacewaves.Theirwavelengths can reach several thousandmeters ingeneral Internalwaves canhave significant influence onmarine structures.They cancause large fluctuations of isopycnic so that submarine rises up anddown suddenly evenout of control in some cases.Offshore oil drillingand productionfacilitiesarealsosubjecttothehazard ofinternal waves sothestrength of structures is onthehazard.Theycauseserious impactonthesafetyof the marinestructuresdue to its huge energy.Internalwavesarean important factor tobeconsidered inthedesignofoceanengineering structures. There remain unknown mechanismsaboutthegenerationandevolution ofinternal waves andthe interactionbetweeninternal wavesandoceanengineeringstructures.In orderto preventthedangers causedbyocean internal waves on site data of internal waves should be obtained and themechanismof the interactionbetween internal waves and ocean engineering structures should be clarified.Both academic and application researchneed tobe conducted tostudy thepropertiesof the internalwaves and the impact on ocean structures.Internalwaves are roughlyclassified intoperiodic andsolitarywaves.Internal solitary waves haveonlyonepeakor troughandthewaveformisconstantduringpropagating.Internal solitary wavesmaycausedamage tostructures for their energy is localized.Statistical analysisof theemergence time places and strength of large amplitude internal solitarywaves could provide information to the design ofmarine structures. In thispaper wereviewresearchesoninternalwaves includingthegenerationof internalwavesby tidal forcingover topographyanddisturbancesource propagationinshallow anddeep waters andthe

Transcript of and propagation of internal wave - NSFC and... · 2019-07-04 · Reviews 7 2...

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Generation and propagation of internal waveand its interaction with ocean structures

ZOU Li(邹丽)1,2*,HU YingJie(胡英杰)1,2,ZONG Zhi(宗智)1,2,YU ZongBing(于宗冰)1,2 &PEI YuGuo(裴玉国)1,2

1 State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment,Dalian116024,China;2 School of Naval Architecture,Dalian University of Technology,Dalian 116024,China

Received June 25,2017;accepted August 28,2017

  * Corresponding author(Email:Lizou@dlut.edu.cn)

Abstract Internal waves appear frequently at the interface of a density-stratified fluid and they can causesevere damage on ocean structures.In this paper an extensive review on the study of the generation andpropagation of internal waves and the interactions between internal waves with ocean structures is given.Future research is discussed.Some comparative analyses are conducted for propagation of internal waveson slope topography in shallow water.The future developments regarding propagation and oceanographiccharacteristics of internal waves are also discussed.

Keywords Internal waves;Topography;Propagation;Stratified fluiddoi:10.16262/j.cnki.1005-0841.2017.03.002

1 Introduction

Internal waves are gravity waves that oscillate at the interface of a stratified fluid,rather than on itssurface.Their frequencies are between those of the buoyancy and inertia frequencies.Wave heights ofinternal waves are generally much higher than those of surface waves.Their wavelengths can reach severalthousand meters in general[1].Internal waves can have significant influence on marine structures.They can cause large fluctuations of

isopycnic so that a submarine rises up and down suddenly,even out of control in some cases.Offshore oildrilling and production facilities are also subject to the hazard of internal waves,so the strength ofstructures is on the hazard.They cause serious impact on the safety of the marine structures due to itshuge energy.Internal waves are an important factor to be considered in the design of ocean engineeringstructures.There remain unknown mechanisms about the generation and evolution of internal waves,and the

interaction between internal waves and ocean engineering structures.In order to prevent the dangerscaused by ocean internal waves,on-site data of internal waves should be obtained and the mechanism of theinteraction between internal waves and ocean engineering structures should be clarified.Both academic andapplication research need to be conducted to study the properties of the internal waves and the impact onocean structures.Internal waves are roughly classified into periodic and solitary waves.Internal solitarywaves have only one peak or trough and the waveform is constant during propagating.Internal solitarywaves may cause damage to structures for their energy is localized.Statistical analysis of the emergencetime,places and strength of large amplitude internal solitary waves could provide information to the designof marine structures.In this paper,we review researches on internal waves,including the generation of internal waves by

tidal forcing over topography and disturbance source,propagation in shallow and deep waters,and the

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interaction between internal solitary waves and marine structures.

2 The generation of internal waves

2.1 Internal waves generation by tidal forcing over topographyTidal forcing over topography is an important factor of the generation of internal waves.The tidal

forcing internal waves take place in the ocean frequently.For instance,internal waves appear frequently inthe South China Sea due to tidal forcing over topography and cause severe damages to ocean engineeringstructures.Munroe and Lamb[2]simulated the conversion of energy from a surface tide to the internal wave field as

a tide flows over the 3DGaussian topography.The study discovered that there is a quadratic relationshipbetween energy flux and terrain height,which satisfies the theory for the subcritical terrain.Therelationship of energy flux and terrain height is more complex for the supercritical terrain.Du et al.[3]investigated the impact of the Kuroshio current on the generation of internal waves in the South China Sea.Their results showed that ridge-generated internal waves resulted from Lee waves.Dosmann et al.[4]investigated the generation of internal waves in two different marine conditions with experiments conductedin the large stratified flow sink.Displacement of the interface was measured by ultrasonic probes,andthree-dimensional structure of propagating internal solitary waves was observed by stereoscopicobservation technology.In the experiments,the influence of amplitude and frequency on the generation ofinternal waves were discussed.Nijimbere and Campbell[5]studied flow-forced internal gravity wavespassing topography using integral transformation method.The analytical solution was obtained and theproperties of forced internal gravity waves were discussed.In 2013,Dettner,Swinney and Paolettib [6]studied the relationship between boundary currentgenerated by internal tide flow over topography and radiation internal wave power with numericalsimulation.Both the radiation power and the kinetic energy density of boundary current were regarded asthe function of internal wave slope and critical parameters.King,Zhang and Swinney[7]used numericalsimulation method and experiments to investigate tide flowing over half sphere terrain.Zhang,Fringer andRamp[8]simulated internal waves in the northeast area of the South China Sea including Luzon Strait andnorthern continental shelf using three dimensional non-static approximate grid SUNTANS.The results ofsimulation were in good agreement with insituobservations and SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)images.Peacock,Echeverri and Balmforth[9]investigated the process of generation of internal waves induced bytwo-dimensional gaussian terrain topography and knife edge using synthesis of schlieren technique.Theexperimental results agreed well with theoretical prediction.In that experiment,viscosity played animportant part in smoothing wave field.Zhang,King and Swinney [10]conducted laboratory experiments on internal waves'generation for

supercritical terrain.A horizontal oscillating cylinder was used to simulate the case,where reciprocatingcurrent flows over the terrain.The results revealed that fundamental frequency of waves was the same asthe oscillating frequency of the cylinder.Gostiaux and Dauxois[11]designed the experiment for internal waves'generation at steep slope shelf

terrain.In the experiments,internal tide emanated from the critical point and extended outwards with theform of line beams.The experiments exhibited the beam width was dependent on the radius of curvatureand viscous effect.The interactions between incident beam and reflected beam could cause the generationof high frequency harmonic.In 2001,Gerkema[12]explained the mechanisms of local generation processof solitary waves.The results showed that an internal tide beam emanates strongly at the moderatelydeveloped thermocline.In 2007,Akylas et al.[13]studied local generation mechanism of internal solitarywaves in the ocean thermocline.2.2 Internal wave generation by moving bodiesInternal waves can also be generated by a moving submarine body.Some researchers performed

experiments to investigate the characteristics of trailing internal waves.Yang et al.[14]conducted

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experiment to study the internal waves generated by a submarine.The relationship between trailinginternal waves of submarines and the stratified flow gradient was obtained.And the decaying law oftrailing internal waves along time and space were investigated in their experiment.Voisin,Ermanyuk andFlor[15]conducted theoretical and experimental study for the generation of internal gravity waves causedby an oscillating sphere.Linear and three-dimensional theory was applied for both near and far fields fromthe sphere.Viscosity and the instability arising from the interference with transients generated at the start-up were considered.Ghaemsaidi and Peacock[16]performed three-dimensional stereoscopic Particle ImageVelocimetry visualizations for the internal wave field.In the experiments,canonical arrangement of avertically oscillating sphere was set to be compared with published theoretical results.There are some researches about the evolvement of volume-effect internal waves and wake-effect internal

waves induced by moving bodies.Wei et al.[17]conducted experimental study for internal wavesgenerated by a half sphere,moving in the stratified fluid with linear vertical density distributed.Theyfound that the critical Froude number Fr=1.6,the volume-effect internal waves change to wake-effectinternal waves.The value of half sphere model's critical Froude number is 2/3of sphere model's implyingthe converting of internal waves induced by half sphere model is faster.The mirror experiments method inthe stratified fluid tank can effectively increase the space-time evolution of the internal waves generated bydisturbance source.Wang et al.[18]conducted a series of experimental studies for solid of revolutionmoving against the current and downstream to inspire the volume-effect internal waves and wake-effectinternal waves in continuous pycnocline stratified fluid.Volume-effect internal wave is a kind of multi-modal Lee wave which is steady relative to revolution body,but wake-effect internal waves is a kind of themulti-modal Lee wave,which is unsteady relative to revolution body.Li et al.[19]measured and analyzedthe disturbance features generated by Suboff self-propelled model propeller using multipoint combinedprobe array measurement technology quantitatively in large stratified flow flume.Propeller hydrodynamictrailing effect in stratified fluid has special structure compared with the wake characteristics of towed bodymodel,and the critical Froude number Fr=4.4approximately.Numerical methods and theoretical analysis were also adopted to study internal waves induced by

disturbance source.Sutherland,Barrett and Ivey[20]conducted the numerical and experimental study forthe generation of internal waves in uniformly stratified rotating fluid.Gorgui and Kassem [21]studiedshort internal waves generated by cylinder oscillating at the interface of stratified fluids.The asymptoticexpansion of the velocity potentials in the far field of two layers fluids was obtained based on correspondingargument.Hurley[22]investigated the internal gravity waves produced by small rectilinear vibrations of ahorizontal elliptic cylinder in an inviscid Boussinesq fluid whose buoyancy frequency Nis constant.Hurleyand Keady [23]gave an approximate theory for the generation of internal gravity waves using therectilinear vibrations of the elliptic cylinder in viscous Boussinesq fluid.A viscous solution was obtainedfor the case when the Fourier representation of stream function was modified.Two-dimensional,two-layersteady interfacial flow about a point vortex was investigated in the uniform stream for each layer[24].

3 The propagation of internal waves

3.1 Propagation in shallow waterIn general,internal waves propagate to shallow water zone from deep sea.Consequently,many

researchers conducted investigation for internal waves propagating in shallow water.Some researchersstudied internal waves propagating in shallow water based on analytical method or in-situ measurement.Pringle and Brink [25]examined characteristic of the internal wave over the seabed slope in thecontinuously stratified fluid through obtaining approximate analytic solutions of amplitude of internalwaves.The solutions were valid when frequency was higher than that of the critical reflection on thebottom of the slope.Shrira,Voronovich and Sazonov[26]investigated the mechanism of internal wavebreaking.Asymptotic method was adopted to derive the model of coupled dynamics of the currentperturbations and internal wave propagation over a sloping seabed.Khabakhpashev[27]constructed a

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second-order differential model for the three-dimensional perturbations of the pycnocline.The linearmonochromatic wave propagating from a deep sea to a coastal area was solved.Duda et al.[28]observedphysical oceanography characteristics in the northern South China Sea with a field program.Large-amplitude internal waves were observed change amplitude and energy when they propagate to shallowwater from the east.And internal tides will break down into high-frequency internal waves when thenonlinearity is sufficient.The velocity structure of internal waves over continental slope was measured byADCP[29].A lot of experiments were performed to study the propagation and breaking of internal waves in shallow

water.In 1992,Helfrich[30]conducted experiments to investigate internal solitary waves breaking andclimbing on uniform slope.The phenomenon was observed carefully and a great deal of experimental datawas observed in their experiments.They analyzed the kinematics characteristics and energy conversion ofinternal solitary wave breaking and climbing on the slope.The criterion was given for the breaking of aninternal solitary wave on the slope.The result showed approximately 15% energy was dissipated invertical mixing in the process of the first order wave moving on the slope.In 2013,Grisouarda et al.[31]conducted experiments for two-dimensional internal waves in a stratified fluid caused by the slope terrain.In their experiments,the reflected wave and incident wave interacted and produced the correspondingwave-induced flow.The wave-induced flow was discussed carefully.Moore,Koseff,and Hult[32]performed experimental study of the generation of internal boluses by periodic internal wave trains runningup on a straight slope in two-layer stratified fluids.The amplitude and frequency of incident internal waveswere tuned,and slope angle and layer depths kept constant.In the experiments,high resolutioninstrument PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry)were adopted to capture velocity and density of the fluidfield.Umeyama and Shintani[33]performed laboratory experiments in which Plexiglas plate was installedto investigate the run up and breaking of internal waves on the sloping boundary in two-dimensional flume.Chen et al.[34]conducted experiments to study internal solitary wave propagating and reflecting from thesmooth uniform slope in the two-layered fluid system with the free surface boundary condition.Numerical simulation is an essential method to investigate internal waves propagating in shallow water.

In 2012,Guo and Chen[35]investigated the spreading and evolution of the second order internal solitarywaves on slope topography,and the boundary conditions are close to the natural topology of the SouthChina Sea.Hsieh et al.[36]simulated the impact of various front slopes on the evolution of current andwaveform of the depression internal solitary wave.Numerical results depicted the variations of thepertinent properties of the flow field,in the case with or without waveform inversion for the horizontalplateau of an obstacle.Arthur and Fringer[37]conducted a numerical simulation with the particle-tracking model to study three-dimensional transportation generated by breaking internal gravity waves onthe slope.Zikanov and Slinn[38]simulated the breaking of obliquely incident internal waves propagatingto a bottom slope.Critical reflection were considered in the case when the angle of the wave group velocityand the horizontal matching bottom slope angle.Vlasenko,Ostrovsky and Hutter[39]simulated waveevolution in the framework of a fully nonlinear non-hydrostatic system of equations using experimental datacollected during the COPE.Li et al.[40]investigated the interaction between internal solitary wave andslope-shelf using the non-hydrostatic numerical model,in which the breaking and polarity transformationwere studied.The characteristic of second-mode internal waves propagating on a sloping bottom wasanalyzed based on the KdV equation[41].Some development of research references on internal wavespropagating in shallow water are listed in Table 1.3.2 Propagation in deep waterThe parameters of internal waves could change while propagating over topography in deep ocean.In

2013,Dossmann,Auclair and Paci et al.[42]conducted the research about the impacts of nonlinear effectand dispersion effects on the generation and propagation of internal solitary waves using numerical method.And the effect of topography shape on generation of internal solitary waves was discussed in detail.Theconfiguration presented in Figure 1was adopted.

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Table 1 Studies on propagation of internal waves on slope topography

Publication date  Problem  Method  Reference

1999 Behavior of the internal wave over the slope seabed  Approximate analytical method [31]

2000 Mechanism of internal wave breaking  Asymptotic method [32]

2001 Linear monochromatic wave propagating from deep oceanregion to a coastal area

Analytical method [33]

2001 Breaking of obliquely incident internal waves propagatingto a bottom slope

Numerical simulation [34]

2004 Internal tide and nonlinear internal wave behavior at thecontinental slope in the northern South China Sea

Situ observation [35]

2004 Run up and breaking of internal waves on thesloping boundary

Laboratory experiments [36]

2005 Internal wave evolution in the framework of afully nonlinear

Numerical simulation [37]

2007 Internal solitary wave propagating and reflecting from thesmooth uniform slope

Laboratory experiments [38]

2007 Interaction between internal solitary wave and slope-shelf Numerical simulation [39]

2007 The velocity  structure  of  internal  waves  overcontinental slope

Situ measurement [40]

2013 Second-mode  nonlinear  internal  waves  over  asloping bottom

Numerical simulation [41]

2016 Transport by breaking internal gravity waves on theslope.

Direct numerical simu-lation(DNS)

[30]

2016 Generation of internal boluses by periodic internal wave. Laboratory experiments [29]

Figure 1 Symphonie output for the density field in Sim0:8isopycnal lines at t=4T.The horizontal scale is shrunk forvisibility.The density difference between two isopycnals isδρ=0.6kg/m3.The initial density profile is shown to the right.[42]

In 2007,Chen[43]investigated internal solitary wave propagation affected by terrain including triangleand semicircle with experiments.The experimental results revealed that the convex internal solitary wavecan produce vortex at the back of terrain in the propagation process and lead to the generation of surfacewave.At the same time,the experiment also studied the energy loss as internal solitary waves propagateover different topography.In 2012,Mercier et al.[44]conducted experiments to investigate internalsolitary waves induced by quasi-two-dimensional beams impinging and discussed corresponding wave-

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induced current problem.Gavrilov,Liapidevskii and Gavrilova [45]studied mass and momentumtransport based on running up experiments for internal waves.Gao et al.[46]studied the impact of singleridge topology on generation and propagation of internal waves using non-hydrostatic internal wavedynamical model.Zhang,Deng and Zhang [47]designed quasi-three-dimensional,nonlinear,non-hydrostatic baroclinic numerical model to simulate the impact of seabed topography on high frequencyocean internal waves.Alford et al.[48]investigated internal wave in the South China Sea using numericalsimulation and the results were compared with SAR image.Fig.2[48]shows the results.

Figure 2 Overview of internal waves in the South China Sea.

4 Interaction of internal waves and ocean structures

The research on interactions between internal waves and ocean structures is an important and a hottopic.Meaningful results were obtained.Some researchers studied the interaction of internal waves withplatforms and mooring facilities.Kakinuma et al.[49,50]investigated interaction of internal waves withsubmerged platforms considering nonlinearity of fluid motion and flexibility of oscillating structures.Parket al.[51]studied a partitioned modeling of internal gravity waves interacting with the flexible structures.Song et al.[52]established a time-domain numerical model for calculating the action of internal solitarywaves on marine structures and motion responses.In 2010,You et al.[53]conducted laboratoryexperiments to investigate the interaction between internal waves and a semi-submersible platform.Thesurge and pitch motion response of the semi-submersible platform was measured by laser and inclinometer,and the relation between platform motion response and internal wave period was recorded.The resultsdiscovered the effect of internal waves on semi-submersible platform motion response cannot be ignored inthe design and application of semi-submersible platform.In particular,time and frequency responseappeared in surge and pitch motion of platform in some certain range of internal wave period.Submarine bodies moving in the ocean can suffer from the effect of internal waves.Xu et al.[54]

performed experimental study on the interaction of periodic internal wave and suboff submarine model instratified density fluids.The relation of period and wave height was obtained by measuring period andwave height in the experiment.And the wave force acting on submerged body was measured by trisectionforces transducer.The results uncovered that internal wave force decreased with the increasing of internalwave period and the decreasing of wave height.Vertical wave force and moment that experimental modelsuffered in the pycnocline was bigger than other zone.Experimental model produced nonlinear dynamicresponse phenomenon under the excitation of periodic internal wave.In 2014,Xu et al.[55]performed aseries of experiments to investigate the load properties of internal solitary waves acting on FPSO.Theamplitude of internal solitary waves was controlled by two oppositely-pushing vertical plates.The average

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horizontal velocity of each layer was induced by internal solitary wave based on MCC theory.The resultsshowed that the non-dimensional horizontal force and moment induced by internal solitary waves wereproportional to the non-dimensional amplitude of the lead soliton,and the slope was related to the ratio ofdepth of fluid in two layers.There is a power function relationship between non-dimensional amplitude ofvertical force induced by internal solitary waves and non-dimensional amplitude of the lead soliton.

5 Future research directions

Researchers have conducted much study on the generation and propagation of internal waves and theinteraction between internal waves and ocean structures,and a great deal of constructive results wereobtained.There are still some problems to be further studied because of the complexity of the marineenvironment and the difficulty of the observation of internal waves.Internal waves may encounter currentand produce wave-induced current propagating in shallow water,which need further research.Forecast ofinternal waves has very important engineering significance,but there are many problems to be solved inforecasting internal waves.In addition,the three-dimensional structure of internal waves and energytransformation has been attracting much attention of researchers.

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Zou Li

Prof.Zou Li(邹 丽)obtained PH.D degree in naval architecture and

ocean engineering from Dalian University of Technology in 2008.She

has been a professor of Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics,

Dalian University of Technology since 2016.She was granted Excellent

Young Scientists Fund in 2015and was granted Youth Yangtze River

Scholar in 2016.Prof.Zou won the second prize awarded by Natural

Science Awards from Ministry of Education with ranked second in 2016.

Her main research fields are ocean engineering environment,water

waves theories,ocean engineering theories and its applications,

nonlinear analytical methods and its applications.She has published 52academic papers and 3teaching

papers,25of which have been included by SCI.