Ancient Egypt 3000 BCE to 332 BCE Ancient Egypt app. 10,000 sq. miles the same as Sumer and Akkad...
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Transcript of Ancient Egypt 3000 BCE to 332 BCE Ancient Egypt app. 10,000 sq. miles the same as Sumer and Akkad...
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Ancient Egypt
3000 BCE to 332 BCE
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Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt
• app. 10,000 sq. miles• the same as Sumer and
Akkad• radically different in
shape• a ribbon of fertile land
600 miles long – half a dozen miles wide
for most of its length
• compared to 165 miles in Mesopotamia
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Nile and Egypt DBQ
• The Nile River Shaped the Egyptian culture.– List ways that the Nile shaped Egyptian culture
and what document you got this info
Example: The way the Nile shaped the culture (Doc 5)
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Comparison and Contrast with Babylon
Comparison and Contrast with Babylon
• profound differences• because of environmental conditions• Mesopotamia: open to invasion• Egypt: isolated by geography
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Different PerspectivesDifferent Perspectives
• Mesopotamians: pessimistic– life is unpredictable, their gods unstable,
their afterlife indistinct and undesirable
• Egyptian religion inspired confidence – in the eternal, stable order of the
universe
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Different Perspectives, con’tDifferent Perspectives, con’t
• divinely guided, rhythmic cycle of life and death
• and belief in a final, eternal bliss
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Ancient Egyptian Housing
Ancient Egyptian HousingMiddle Class
HomesMiddle Class Homes
Peasant Homes
Peasant Homes
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Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life
Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life
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Making Ancient Egyptian Beer
Making Ancient Egyptian Beer
How did Beer Save the World?
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Making Ancient Egyptian WineMaking Ancient Egyptian Wine
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An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”
An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”
PerfumePerfume
WhigsWhigs
MirrorMirror
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Egyptian NobilityEgyptian Nobility
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Egyptian Priestly ClassEgyptian Priestly Class
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Egyptian ScribeEgyptian Scribe
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Hieroglyphics “Alphabet”Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic
symbols 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic
symbols
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Papyrus PaperPapyrus Paper
Papyrus PlantPapyrus Plant
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Hieratic Scroll Piece
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Papyrus text
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Making papyrus
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Hieroglyphics
On a temple
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Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship
Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship
1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
What number is this?
What number is this?
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Hieroglyphic
“Cartouche”
Hieroglyphic
“Cartouche”
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Champollion & the Rosetta Stone
Champollion & the Rosetta Stone
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SculptureSculpture
• early and sophisticated development• human figures and archicectural forms• led to great expertise in painting and other
representational arts
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Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt
Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt
c. 3050 B. C. E. ?c. 3050 B. C. E. ?
• There is conflicting historical evidence over who united Upper and Lower Egypt. Some evidence points to a king called Scorpion. More solid evidence points to a king named Narmer. (also known as Menes)
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Kings and Queens of EgyptKings and Queens of Egypt
• Pharaoh: link between the gods and people
• Pharaoh: divine– his rule eternal and absolute
• Egypt was not just ruled for the gods but by a god
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Distinctions ?Distinctions ?
• human vs. divine ??• They could tell the difference• in practice: whoever held the throne
was divine• including: women, foreigners,
commoners
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The PharaohThe Pharaoh
• shed his impermanent and human status
• assumed the eternal and unchangeable divine status
• became the embodiment of the divine• led a divinely unified Egyptian state
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Egyptian Book of the Dead
Egyptian Book of the Dead
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Egyptian ReligionEgyptian Religion
• each city had its patron deity• emergence of national government
caused some to be more important• as dynasties changed, the primary
gods changed• why??
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ExamplesExamples
• Memphis: Ptah• later, as the center of power changed,
Re/Ra• or Horus• etc.
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Ptah
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Amun
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Atum
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Osiris, god of resurrection
Also known, as the Throne
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Isis
Sister and wife of Osiris, mother of Horus
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Isis, with the child Horus
Virgin Birth
Provides the iconographic style for the later representations of Mary and the baby Jesus
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Horns removed,the moon is dropped,behind the head,to become the halo.
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Horus
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Horus
• Horus is the son of the god Osiris• Born of a virgin• Baptized in a river by Anup the Baptizer
– Who was later beheaded• Horus was tempted while alone in a desert• Healed the sick and the blind• Cast out demons
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Horus continued• Walked on water• Resurrected “Asar” from the dead.
– This translates to “Lazurus”
• Had 12 disciples• Was crucified• After 3 days two women announced that Horus, the
savior of humanity has risen from the dead
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Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:
“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”
Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:
“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”
Osiris Isis Horus Osiris Isis Horus
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Early Creation StoryEarly Creation Story
• Atum• primeval mound of mud (Annual
inundation of the Nile?)• godly masturbation (How do you get a
date when there is nobody there but you?)
• generation of the gods
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Egyptian MummiesEgyptian Mummies
Seti I1291-1278 B.
C. E.
Seti I1291-1278 B.
C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of
Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of
Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.
Ramses II1279-1212 B.
C. E.
Ramses II1279-1212 B.
C. E.
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Journey to the Underworld
Journey to the Underworld
A boat for the journey is
provided for a dead pharaoh
in his tomb.
A boat for the journey is
provided for a dead pharaoh
in his tomb.
The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”
The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”
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Egyptian religionEgyptian religion
• extremely tolerant of difference• extremely tolerant of many gods
– as opposed to, say.. Hebrew religion• the principal deity (national/Pharoah’s
deity) allowed other gods to flourish
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Religion as a Unifying ForceReligion as a Unifying Force
• Mesopotamia: master-slave relationship
• Egypt: gods like a shepherd–who cherish and care for the people–Would change very little over the
3000 years
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Religion, con’tReligion, con’t
• probably the origins of the idea of Jehovah-as-shepherd–especially in the Psalms–which are pre-dated by Egyptian
psalms–Akhenaton’s Hymn to the Sun
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Egyptian Social Hierarchy
Egyptian Social Hierarchy
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Achievements of the Old KingdomAchievements of the Old Kingdom
• efficient, centralized authority• astronomy, arithmetic, geometry• medicine
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The Most ImportantThe Most Important
• Solar calendar• pyramids• belief in immortality
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Ancient Egyptian History
Ancient Egyptian HistoryPeriods Time Frame
Nile Culture Begins
3900 B. C. E.
Archaic 3100 – 2650 B. C. E.
Old Kingdom 2650 – 2134 B. C. E.
Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1640 B. C. E.
New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 B. C. E.
Late Period 750 – 332 B. C. E.
Greek Ptolemaic Era
332 – 30 B. C. E.
Roman Period 30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.
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PyramidsPyramids
• Imhotep: architect and developer of the calendar– Imhotep: physician, architect, doctor, miracle
worker, giver of wisdom– designed the Step Pyramid of Zoser– processor of the Pyramids of Giza
Engineering an Empire:Pyramids
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Step pyramid of Zoser
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Djoser
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Imhotep
Architect of the pyramids…later he become a god…
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The Broken Pyramid of Snefru
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The Bent Pyramid of Snefru
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The Red Pyramid of Snefru
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Giza Pyramid ComplexGiza Pyramid Complex
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Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
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Pyramids, con’tPyramids, con’t
• eternal home for the immortal pharaoh
• insured their divinity for all eternity
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Belief in ImmortalityBelief in Immortality
• first to really develop the idea• sophisticated consciousness• another order of existence
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Map ShowingEgypt, Nubia,AndKush
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Decline of the Old KingdomDecline of the Old Kingdom
• Old Kingdom: the most stable period• the Pharaoh dominated life
– forestalled the emergence of provincial power– but gradually lost power to royal officials
• gradual drying of the environment– failure of the Nile to flood on time
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First Intermediate PeriodFirst Intermediate Period• 2180-2050 B.C.
– localism, anarchy, short reigns, palace coups, assassinations
• “seventy kings in seventy days”• reversal of established order• dissolution of law and order• disruption of trade and agricultural production• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9QAPch2o6Q
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The Middle KingdomThe Middle Kingdom
• 2050-1800 B.C.• united under the Eleventh Dynasty• from Thebes, not Memphis
– followers of the god Amon– elevated to the rank of primary god– modern examples??
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The Middle KingdomThe Middle Kingdom
• Fortifying of Egyptian borders• military garrisons on the borders• new office: the vizier
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Second Intermediate PeriodSecond Intermediate Period• 1800-1570 B.C.• invasion by the Hyksos• People from Palestine• Hyksos dynasty by 1650 B.C. (Fifteenth
Dynasty)
Chapter 4 Sec 1 Questions
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Do not go past this slide
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The New KingdomThe New Kingdom
• rise of the Seventeenth Dynasty– Thebes
• beginning of the imperial period
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The New KingdomThe New Kingdom
• 1570-1150 B.C.• reaction to control by a
foreign people• policy of planned
aggression• create a “buffer zone”
in Palestine
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Imperialism: 18th DynastyImperialism: 18th Dynasty
• Thutmoses I• Hatshueput I• Thutmoses III
– conquest of an Asian Empire– successor had problems
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The Valley of the Queens
The Valley of the Queens
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
1473-1458 B. C. E.
1473-1458 B. C. E.
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The New KingdomThe New Kingdom
This whole conquer others thing led them into conflicts with others like Persians, Greeks and eventually Romans.
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Akhenaton: the Amarna Revolution
Akhenaton: the Amarna Revolution
• worship of the Aton– the solar disk
• elevated the worship of the Aton– suspended the worship of other gods– particularly Amon
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The Aton—the physical disk of the sun
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The Valley of the KingsThe Valley of the Kings
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Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)
Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)
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Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb
Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb
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King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask
King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask
1336-1327 B. C. E.
1336-1327 B. C. E.
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King TutankhamonKing Tutankhamon
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Treasures From Tut’s Tomb
Treasures From Tut’s Tomb