13. Anchoring and ship handling

Stock less anchor(most popular and commonly used now)

Explain full procedure of anchoring as master of vessel less than 3000 grt

1. by close scrutiny of the large scale chart find most suitable place2. following should be considered

depth of water type of holding ground (clay and mud is best) length of time vessel going to stay at anchor sea room available for the circle of swing traffic density expected weather conditions tidal information draught and amount of hull exposed to the wind holding power of the anchors

3. anchoring plan should prepared as per the format in the SMS operation manual4. Vessel should be maneuvered to the planned position so that the to be stopped over the ground at

the required position. 5. This approach to be done to the head wind or as other anchored vessels6. anchor party to be ready and communication / engine tested7. on arrival at the position anchor should be walked back and holding with breaks ready to let go

(coka bill)8. engines to be given stern movement and the propeller wake should be checked to confirm the

gathering of the stern movement9. command “let go” and advice how many cables to be in the water/deck 10. stop the engine and the momentum will carry the ship more to stern 11. Observe until it is brought up12. note down the anchor position13. Draw the swinging circle14. Obtain 3 bearing from fixed land objects to verify anchor position15. Inform port authority & other relevant party

What are the two methods of anchoring 1. most popular method is to drop when the ship stopped and slightly moving stern2. drop anchor while still moving ahead with slow speed in order to have the control of the vessel

(specially within harbor limits or in restricted anchorages)What are the factors when deciding safe anchorage depth of water

type of holding ground (clay and mud is best) length of time vessel going to stay at anchor sea room available for the circle of swing traffic density expected weather conditions tidal information draught and amount of hull exposed to the wind

How you identify the anchor brought up When the vessel lying quietly with a steady strain on the cable it is considered holding goodWhat are the signs of anchor dragging 1. anchor bearings are being subjected to change

2. cable is visible as long stay and not steady state IE slacken and tighten alternatively3. vibration may be felt on the cable (except soft mud)4. in the electronic aids change the speed over ground and anchor dragging alarms if set earlier

What is anchoring plan and what are the contents 1. it is kind of a check list and prepared by the company under ISM2. it should be prepared before anchoring and briefed among officers3. it should contain following

anchoring position with one alternative (contingency) speed and direction of approach speed and direction of expected wind and current duties of crew engaged in the operation methods of verifying the position while approach which anchor and number of shackles to be used approx time of anchoring and notifying the engine

What are the safe practices during anchoring operation

Before using an anchor a competent seafarer should check that the brakes are securely on and then clear voyage securing devices.

A responsible person should be in charge of the anchoring team, with an adequate communications system with the vessel’s bridge. The anchoring party should wear appropriate

safety clothing - safety helmets, safety shoes and goggles as a minimum protection from injury from dirt, rust particles and debris which may be thrown off during the operation. Wherever possible, they should stand aft of the windlass.

Where the means of communication between bridge and anchoring party is by portable radio, the identification of the ship should be clear to avoid misinterpretation of instructions from other users of such equipment.

Before anchors are let go, a check should be made that no small craft or other obstacle is under the bow. As a safety precaution it is recommended that the anchor is ‘walked out’ clear of the pipe before letting go. For very large ships with heavy anchors and cables, the anchor should be walked out all the way to avoid excessive strain on the brakes (and on the bitter end if the brakes fail to stop the anchor and chain).

Where the anchor is let go from the stowed position, if upon release of the brake, the anchor does not run, personnel should NOT attempt to shake the cable, but the brake should be re-applied, the windlass placed in gear, and the anchor walked out clear prior to release.

Cable should stow automatically. If, for any reason, it is necessary for personnel to enter the cable locker, they should stand in a protected position and, as far as possible, have constant communication with the windlass operator.

Anchors housed and not required should be properly secured to prevent accidental release.

How will you reducing excessive yawing during stay in the anchor

1. by dropping 2nd anchor under foot2. by using rudder and the engine3. by engaging open moor

How do you slip the anchor cable 1. In emergency from the bitter end2. In other cases slip it from the deck

How do you slip the cable on deck 1. Make the cable up and down by using engine movements2. Adjust the cable so that the nearest joining shackle is visible on deck3. Pass a wire rope (with sufficient SWL and the length 3 times of the depth) from the link from

the forward of the joining shackle4. Make fast one end to the bollard and other end to be in the warping drum5. Lower the chain until the wire is taken the weight 6. Connect the anchor buoy 7. Disconnect the joining shackle 8. Start to slack the wire9. Once the wire is fully slacked remove the end in the bollard and start heaving up

How do you know the anchor is aweigh During heaving up normally the anchor cable leading forward. Suddenly it become up and down with little pendulum movement. That is the time anchor aweigh.

What is the present law applicable for linking bitter end

Bitter end should be located at a place out side of the chain locker in order to release easily. Hammer should be stand by at position

How do you prepare the anchor for mooring buoy 1. This is the procedure of make the cable free from the anchor.2. Modern vessels have the facility detach the cable while leaving the anchor in the hawse pipe.

3. Anchor should walked back clearing the hawse pipe4. a wire with suitable SWL should pass through the anchor crown D shackle from the required lead

and returned through the same lead5. one end of the wire to be in the warping drum and other to be made fast to a bit6. Rig a preventer wire in slack condition from a lead forward of the operation.7. The cable then slacked until the wire is fully taken the weight. Wire to be hove up as necessary.8. chain should walk back until the next joining shackle is forward of the gypsy9. use bow stopper and disconnect the joining shackle10. Rig a second easing wire to the end of the cable from anchor in order to prevent the cable falling

down.11. The cable is now free to use with a mooring buoy through required lead.

How do you do it if you don’t have the center lead It can be sent through the hawse pipe itselfHow do you release the cable from the bitter end 1. Cable to be veered and slack in the locker.

2. Engine should be run dead slow ahead at times to reduce the tension on the cable.3. A wire with required SWL and length at least 4 times the depth to be passed through the cable

forward of the gypsy.4. One end of the wire to the warping drum and other to a bollard.5. Wire is hove tight and the cable is disconnected at the bitter end in the locker.6. the gypsy is then veered slowly until the end of the cable clear the gypsy head7. Connect a buoy to the end of the cable.8. Slack the warping drum until it is fully slacked.9. Slip the other end and start heaving up the wire.

How do you arrange the recovery of the cable after releasing

It is in their territory, ship owner will inform agent, he will arrange divers, floating crane ect then recover it

How do you open a joining shackle 1. most popular type of joining is “ Kenter lug less joining shackle”2. led pellet to be removed by heating with flame cutter3. diagonal and tapered spile pin remove by using suitable rod and hammer4. now the stud can be extracted5. the shackle is now can be split in the two halves

How you are going to anchor in a restricted place 1. The consideration to be given to the movement on the vessel after anchoring.2. in a restricted place there is less sea room3. both anchors can be used to stop the vessel yawing (Open moor)4. the angle between anchors should be about 60

How do you know the anchor is holding or not When the vessel lying quietly with a steady strain on the cable it is considered holding goodHow are you anchor in a tide way In a tide way the direction of the stream is subjected to change. To avoid foul hawse drop weather

anchor first and second anchor under the foot When the stream start to change heave up the second anchor and drop it under foot again

What do you mean by anchor brought up Vessel is said to be brought up when her way has stopped and she is riding to her anchor with the holding of anchor

How do you clear the foul hawse 1. heave up both cables so that the turns are visible

2. pass natural fiber rope below both cables to prevent turns walking further down3. pass wire preventer from shoulder to the sleeping cable below the turns and make fast on deck4. walk back sleeping cable till next joining shackle will be on deck5. rig temporary easing wire to the forward of the joining shackle to take the weight of the cable

when joining shackle is dismantled6. reeve a wire rope messenger through the hawse pipe of sleeping cable and turn half round about

the riding cable to opposite side of the foul and secure it to the end of the cable7. heave away the wire messenger while slacking the easing wire8. This to be continued until the foul is cleared. Half turn at a time9. when foul is clear rejoin the shackle and cut the preventer off

How do you clear the foul anchor 1. Heave up the cable until the obstruction is visible2. pass a slip wire from break of forecastle head under the obstruction and bring it back to the

forecastle and secure3. veer the anchor cable until the obstruction is clear 4. slip the wire off and free the obstruction

What is the purpose of anchor buoy to determine the position of the anchor (it make heaving up easier) to mark the position of the anchor and the cable when slipped for future recovery

What will be your action if you loose one anchor 1. inform owner/operator2. inform class and get voyage exemption (number of days to fix new anchor)3. cargo ship safety construction certificate will be suspended if both anchors are lost

When does the cable is said to be holding best When both flukes are embedded. Cable should be lying enough on the sea bed

What are the factors taken in to account when selecting an anchoring ground

1. away from “Anchoring prohibited” area and busy waters2. clear from sub marine cables3. good holding ground4. area of less current and tidal effect5. sheltered area preferred6. length of the stay at anchor7. possibility of bad weather8. swinging room

How are you going to anchor in a river without having swinging room

Running moor. it reduces swinging room . this will not increase holding power

What is “hanging off “ anchor Hanging off means the anchor is totally disconnected from it’s cable and hanging by means of other wire rope at the ships side. Preferable near the break of forecastle

This is done when the cable is required for some other purposesYour berth is vacant but the anchor is stuck. What is your action

1. inform the owners/operators2. slip the cable from the bitter end and keep buoyed for the recovery later3. log down the position4. inform pilot station and local port control and port authorities5. proceed to the pilot station for berthing

What are the contents in the anchor plan depth of water type of holding ground length of time vessel going to stay at anchor sea room available for the circle of swing expected weather conditions tidal information draught and amount of hull exposed to the wind holding power of the anchors

What can be found on the anchor certificate 1. Serial number of the certificate2. Name of the certifying authority3. name of the testing establishment4. logo of the testing establishment5. name of the supervisor by whom the test was carried out the test6. weight and type of the anchor7. length of shank and arms in millimeters8. diameter of trend in mm9. proof load applied in tones10. weight of stock if applicable11. number and date of drop test

Term MeaningAnchor a-weigh A moment anchor break contact with sea bedLong stay Long length of the cable exposed to airUp and down Angle of the cable 90 to the water surfaceSurge Allowing the cable to run out under own weightFoul hawse Crossing of anchor cables when using both anchorsFoul anchor Anchor caught up with under water obstruction kedging Moving vessel with small anchors and anchor warpsscope Amount of anchor cable paid out from the hawse pipe to the anchor crown “D”

shackleVeer the cable Pay out the cable under powerSheer Angular movement of the vessel about the hawse pipe point Snub Stop the cable by applying the break

Explain shallow water effect on ships (squatting , interactions , bank effect etc)

Effect Descriptionsluggish Propeller and rudder in partial vacuum due to less replacement of

water Vessel takes longer to response to helm orders

Smelling the ground When in extremely shallow water sudden sheer can occur toward and away violently from the shoal. It is called smelling the ground

squat Squat=Cb V²/50

What are the advantages of running moor and standing moor

Running moor Standing moorPositive control of the ship Less engine movementMore time consumption Less time consumption

Full explanation of short turn 1. engine full ahead with st bd helm2. at the first sign of head way stop engine and helm mid ships and full stern3. vessel continue to move to st bd4. at the first sign of gathering sternway put the helm to st bd and engine full ahead5. continue this process until the vessel turns fully

How do you know the squat is present 1. sluggish to maneuver2. excessive vibration of the wheel3. high fluctuations of the RPM4. discoloration of the water at the propeller wake5. change of trim

What is squat? Squat is the difference in the draft in meters of a moving ship and the same ship when stopped.in other words it is the bodily sinkage of a ship when making way through the watercan be given as CV² (m) 50 in shallow water where C = block coefficient V = velocity of the vessel

What are the factors effecting squat 1. speed of the vessel2. RPM in relation to the canal speed3. type of bow construction4. Position of LCB through which the force of squat will act downwards

Explain berthing procedure without having tugs Port-side berthing The following sequence assumes a fixed pitch right-handed single screw ship without tug

assistance. Approach the berth at an angle, because astern thrust will be used to stop the ship and swing the

bow to starboard and the stern to port. This will parallel the ship to the berth. Once stopped, the ship can be manoeuvred into the final position using astern power, which gives

transverse thrust and kicks ahead with appropriate rudder as required. The actual sequence will depend on the available berthing space. Normal port-side berthing with

headway- lateral motion to port If sternway is developed and transverse thrust causes stern to swing to port, lateral motion will be to starboard and away from the berth.

This may be useful if a new approach is required. if sternway develops - lateral motion is to starboard

Starboard-side berthing The following sequence assumes a single screw ship with afixed pitch right-handed propeller. The ideal approach should be to balance forward speed against the astern power needed to

stop. The greater the forward speed, the greater the astern power required to stop the ship and, consequently, the greater the effect of transverse thrust, which will bring the bow close to the berth and throw the stern off.

Aim to approach the berth with the ship parallel.The effect of transverse thrust will swing the bow towards the berth.

To stop the ship, it will be necessary to put the engine astern. Transverse thrust will probably push the stern to port and bow to starboard.To correct the effect of the transverse thrust, initiate a port swing of the bow before applying astern power.

Explain un berthing procedure without having tugs 7. BERTHING WITHOUT TUGS When berthing without tugs, it is essential that the effects of lateral motion are fully understood. When a ship moving forward turns by use of engines and rudder alone, the effect of centrifugal

force is to push the ship laterally away from the direction of the turn. When turning by use of bow thrusters alone, the thruster simply pushes the bow to port or starboard. There is no centrifugal force or lateral motion.

why do you lat go the weather anchor first during running moorWhat are the mooring types that you are aware of Running moor

1. decide the amount of length to be paid out and the final distance between the anchors (AB)

2. Vessel is headed with 4-5 kts to the stream or wind whichever has stronger effect.

3. drop weather anchor at distance half the length required between last positions of anchors plus half ships length

4. render the cable while proceeding up stream5. when reached sum of lengths from the 1st anchor screw up the break and

drop 2nd anchor underfoot and stopped the vessel6. vessel moves down stream until reaches the middle

31 2

A B

Standing moor

1. decide the amount of length to be paid out and the final distance between the anchors

2. Vessel is headed to the stream or wind whichever has stronger effect.3. Will pass the point a half length required plus half of ships length.4. Stop and drop lee anchor and ride on it.5. Drift down stream sum of lengths while rendering the cable6. drop 2nd anchor underfoot7. give head movement and heave up the 1st cable (riding cable) while

rendering 2nd cable (Sleeping cable)till reaches to the middleOpen moor

1. This is used when additional holding power is required to prevent dragging2. Vessel is headed to the stream or wind whichever has stronger effect.3. let go weather anchor and render continuously4. use engine to maneuver to the 2nd position

3 12

A B

5. at 2nd position drop the other anchor and stop engines6. let her to ride on the cables and later pay out both simultaneously if required

Baltic moor

1. approach with the wind on the beam or slightly abaft of the beam2. ready a mooring wire passed and joined to the D shackle of the crown3. maneuver the vessel 2 or 3 cables from the quay4. Let go off shore anchor with the mooring line connected to it.5. let the wing push the vessel alongside while you pay out the cable and the

stern wire simultaneously

Mediterranean moor

Explain interaction between shipsExaminer gave 2 pens and asked to explain interaction when passing each other