Organic chemistry review for Anatomy and Physiology Students
Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry- part 1
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Transcript of Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry- part 1
Chapter 2Part 1: Basic Chemistry
I. Matter vs. EnergyMatter
Has massAffected by gravity
Consists of elements and compounds
EnergyMoves matterPotential, kinetic
Ability to do work
ConversionsSound, light, heat
Element “pure” substance Can’t be broken
down by “ordinary” means to another substance
Ex. hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N)
Compound 2+ different
elements combined in a fixed ratio
Ex. H2O, CO2
Elements of Life• 25 elements
•96% : C, O, H, N
•~ 4% : P, S, Ca, K & trace elements (ex: Fe, I)
Hint: Remember CHNOPS
II. Atomic Structure• Atom = smallest unit of
matter that retains properties of an element
• Subatomic particles:
MassMass(dalton or (dalton or
AMU)AMU)
LocationLocation ChargChargee
neutronneutron 11 nucleusnucleus 00
protonproton 11 nucleusnucleus +1+1
electronelectron negligiblenegligible shellshell -1-1
symbol4
2 HeAtomic # (protons or electrons)
Mass # (protons + neutrons)
Isotopes# neutrons varies, but same # of protonsRadioactive isotopes used as tracers
(follow molecules, medical diagnosis)Uncontrolled exposure causes harm
III. Chemical BondsStrongest Bonds:1. Covalent: sharing of e-
Polar: covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativityElectrons not shared equally
Nonpolar: e- shared equally; eg. O2 or H2
III. Chemical BondsStrongest Bonds:2. Ionic: 2 ions (+/-) bond (givers/takers)
Na+Cl- affected by environment
Weaker Bonds:3. Hydrogen: H of polar covalent molecule
bonds to electronegative atom of other polar covalent molecules
BondsCovalent Ionic Hydrogen
All important to life
Form cell’s molecules
Quick reactions/ responses
H bonds to other electronegative
atoms
Strong bondWeaker bond (esp. in H2O) Even weaker
Made and broken by chemical reactions
Similar shapes = mimicSimilar shapes = mimic morphine, heroin, opiates mimic morphine, heroin, opiates mimic
endorphin (euphoria, relieve pain)endorphin (euphoria, relieve pain)