ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 241
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Transcript of ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 241
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 241
Study of the Human Body
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
• ANATOMY– structure– how form & structure relate to each other
• PHYSIOLOGY– how anatomy functions
• Structure determines Function– complementarity of structure & function
WAYS TO STUDY ANATOMY
• Microscopic– Cytology
– Study of cells
– Histology– Study of tissues
• Gross– Surface– Regional– Systemic– Developmental
Levels of Organization
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION• Chemical or Molecular
Atomsmolecules• Cellular
basic unit of structure and function in living thingsmakes up organelles
• Tissue Level cells of similar structure & function working together to perform a specific activity4 basic types: connective, epithelial, muscle and nerve
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION• Organ Level
tissues working together to perform a specific activity Examples - heart, brain, skin, etc.
• Organ Systems Level groups of two or more tissues working together to perform a specific function11 organ systems - circulatory, digestive, endocrine, urinary, immune(lymphatic), integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory & skeletal
• Organism Levelentire living things that can carry out all basic life processes-usually made up of organ systems– An organism may be made of one cell
Basic Life Processes• Organisms share 6 basic life
processes
• 1. Metabolism
• 2. Responsiveness
• 3. Movement
• 4. Differentiation
• 5. Growth
• 6. Reproduction
Metabolism• sum of all chemical
processes that take place in the body
• Catabolism – larger macromolecules
are broken down into smaller subunits or monomers
• Anabolism – larger macromolecules
are formed from smaller submits.
Responsiveness
• ability to detect & respond to changes
Movement
Differentiation• ability of cells to
develop from an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell
Growth
• a way to increase in size
Reproduction• making a whole new
organism• Cells able to divide
and make new cells for
• Growth• replacement
Homeostasis• organ systems are interdependent
• share same environment
• composition effects all inhabitants
• internal environment must be kept stable
• maintaining stable internal environments-homeostasis
–dynamic equilibrium
Homeostasis• varies around a Set Point
–average value for a variable• specific for each individual
–determined by genetics• normal ranges for a species
–temperature 36.7 – 37.2
HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION• Autoregulation
– cells, tissues, organs adjust automatically to environmental changes
• Extrinsic Regulation– Nervous System
• Fast• Short lasting• Crisis management
– Endocrine System• Longer to react• Longer lasting
Parts of Homeostatic Regulation• Receptor
– sensitive to environmental change or stimuli
• Control or Integration Center– receives & processes information
supplied by receptor– determines set point
• Effector– cell or organ which responds to
commands of control center
HOMEOSTASIS
FEEDBACK LOOPS• Negative Feedback
– output of system shuts off or reduces intensity of initiating stimulus
– most often seen in the body
• Positive Feedback– initial stimulus produces a response that
exaggerates or enhances its effect– blood clotting & child birth
Negative Feedback
Negative Feedback Loop