ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY FOR PILATES

Art of Control Studio

Stamford, CT

• Dr. Joe Muscolino

• joseph.e.muscolino@gmail.com

• www.learnmuscles.com

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References

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References - cont’d

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References - cont’d

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and…

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Table of Contents

• Part 1: Kinesiology Terminology (slide 8)

• Part 2: The Skeletal System (slide 28)

• Part 3: Myofascial Tissue & Muscle Function

(slide 48)

• Part 4: Pathologic Conditions (slide 70)

• Part 5: Muscles / Muscle Functional Groups

(slide 101)

• Part 6: Workshop Concepts (slide 153)

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PART 1 – Kinesiology Terminology

• Basic Kinesiology Terminology

• Kinesiology • kine = motion

• ology = understanding/study of

8

Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy is Structure

– ana =

– tome =

• Physiology is

Function

– phys =

– ology =

9

Axial / Appendicular Body

10

Body Parts

11

Static Positional Terms

12

Pairs of Terms – Static Position

• Anterior / Posterior

• Medial / Lateral

• Superior / Inferior

• Proximal / Distal

• Superficial / Deep

13

Movement Terms - Pairs

• Flexion / Extension

• Abduction / Adduction

• Right Lateral Flexion / Left Lateral Flexion

• Medial Rotation / Lateral Rotation

• Right Rotation / Left Rotation

14

Movement Terms – Pairs…

• Pronation / Supination

• Dorsiflexion / Plantarflexion

• Protraction / Retraction

• Elevation / Depression

• Upward Rotation / Downward Rotation

• Extension vs. Hyperextension

• Circumduction

15

Planes

• A plane is a 2-D flat surface that divides space.

• A movements occurs within a plane.

• There are three cardinal planes:

– Sagittal

– Frontal (coronal)

– Transverse (horizontal)

• Oblique planes…

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Planes – Sagittal and Frontal

17

Planes – Transverse and Oblique

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Movement in Planes – Sagittal and

Frontal

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Movement in Planes – Transverse

and Oblique

20

Axes

• An axis (plural: axes)

is an imaginary line

around which

movement occurs.

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Axes – cont’d

• For each plane, there is a corresponding

axis

• Sagittal – mediolateral

• Frontal – anteroposterior

• Transverse – vertical (superoinferior)

• Oblique - oblique

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Mediolateral Axis

23

Anteroposterior Axis

24

Vertical Axis

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Oblique Axis

26

Naming Joint Actions

• A joint action is a cardinal plane joint

motion.

• Three parts to fully describe a joint motion:

– Direction of motion

– Body part that moves

– Joint at which motion occurs

• Example: Flexion of the arm at the

shoulder joint

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PART 2 – The Skeletal System

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Bones of the Skeleton

29

Bones – Upper Extremity

• Shoulder Girdle

– Scapula / Clavicle

• Arm

– Humerus

• Forearm

– Radius / Ulna

• Hand

– Carpals

– Metacarpals

– Phalanges (singular: phalanx)

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Bones – Lower Extremity

• Pelvis

– Pelvic bone (ilium, ischium, pubis)

• Thigh

– Femur

• Leg

– Tibia / Fibula

• Foot

– Tarsals

– Metatarsals

– Phalanges (singular: phalanx)

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Bones – Axial Body

• Head

– Cranium (frontal, temporal, occipital…)

– Face

• Neck/Trunk/Pelvis

– Vertebrae (& sacrum / coccyx)

– Hyoid bone

– Sternum

– Rib cage

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Bony Landmarks

• Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)

• Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)

• Iliac Crest

• Medial border of scapula

• Inferior angle of scapula

• Spinous Processes (SPs)

• Transverse Processes (TPs)

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Joint Classification

• Structural:

– Fibrous

– Cartilaginous

– Synovial (joint cavity)

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Fibrous Joint Examples

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Cartilaginous Joint Examples

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Synovial Joint Examples

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Synovial Joint Categories

• Uniaxial (hinge and pivot)

• Biaxial (condyloid and saddle)

• Triaxial (ball and socket)

• Nonaxial

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Uniaxial Joints

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Biaxial Joints

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Triaxial Joints

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Nonaxial Joints

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Upper Extremity Joints

• Shoulder (Glenohumeral)

• Shoulder Girdle: (scapulocostal, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular)

• Elbow

• Radioulnar

• Wrist

• Saddle of thumb

• Metacarpophalangeal

• Interphalangeal (proximal and distal)

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Lower Extremity Joints

• Hip

• Knee

• Ankle

• Subtalar

• Metatarsophalangeal

• Interphalangeal (proximal and distal)

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Axial Body Joints

• Disc

• Facet

• Sacroiliac (“SIJ”)

• Temporomandibular (“TMJ”)

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Other Skeletal Tissues

• Cartilage

• Bursa

• Tendon sheath

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Other Skeletal Tissues - Figures

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PART 3 – Myofascial Tissue &

Muscle Function

• Structure & Function

– myo =

– fascial =

48

Myofascial Tissue

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Fascia

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Fascia – cont’d

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Fascia – cont’d

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Typical Muscle

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Concentric (Shortening)

Contractions

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Concentric (Shortening)

Contractions - Brachialis

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Concentric Contraction

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Open-Chain & Closed-Chain…

• Kinematic chain of elements

• Upper extremity

• Lower extremity

• Standard and Reverse Actions

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Eccentric and Isometric

Contractions

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Concentric Contraction Analogy

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Eccentric Contraction Analogy

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Isometric Contraction Example

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Adding Resistance

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Stabilization…

• A muscle pulls

equally on both of its

attachments…

• Why might only one

attachment move?

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Stabilization - Pelvis

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Stabilization - Scapula

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Neural Control

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Neural Control – cont’d

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Muscle Memory

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Overview of Blood Flow

• Systemic circulation:

• Heart to arteries to capillaries

– Tissue exchange with the cells of the body

• To veins to the heart

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PART 4: Pathologic Conditions

• Muscle Spasm

• Joint Dysfunction

• Pathologic Disc (disc bulge / herniation)

• Sciatica

• Spinal Curves – Pelvic Tilt & Hyperlordosis / Hypolordosis

• Rounded Back & Forward-Head Posture

• Elevated Shoulder

• Scoliosis

• Spondylolisthesis

• Degenerative joint disease (DJD, osteoarthritis, OA)

• Strain / Tendinitis & Sprain & Whiplash

• Carpal tunnel syndrome

• Meniscus damage

• Foot hyperpronation

• Hip replacement

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Muscle Spasm

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Joint Dysfunction

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Pathologic Disc

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Pathologic Disc

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Pathologic Disc and Flexion

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Disc Bulge & Herniation

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Sciatica

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“Pinched Nerve”

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Spinal Curves

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Pelvic Tilt

• Notice the

relationship between

the sacral base angle

and the lordosis of the

lumbar spine.

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Hypolordosis / Hyperlordosis

81

Rounded Back & Forward-Head

Posture

82

Elevated Shoulder

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Tight ‘hip joint abductors’

• Notice the effect upon

the spine

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Scoliosis

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Scoliotic Curves

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Scoliosis as a Compensation

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Scoliosis and Musculature

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Scoliosis and Movement

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Spondylolisthesis

90

DJD/OA

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Strain / Tendinitis

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Sprain

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Whiplash – Strain/Sprain

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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

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Meniscus Damage

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Foot Hyperpronation

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Foot Hyperpronation – cont’d

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Foot Hyperpronation – cont’d

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Hip Replacement

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PART 5 – Muscle Functional

Groups

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Upper Extremity

• Shoulder joint

• Shoulder girdle

• Elbow joint

• Radioulnar joints

• Wrist joint

• Finger joints

102

Shoulder Joint

• Flexors (anterior deltoid)

• Extensors (posterior deltoid)

• Abductors (middle deltoid)

• Adductors (pectoralis major, latissimus

dorsi)

• Medial rotators (pectoralis major,

latissimus dorsi)

• Lateral rotators (rotator cuff…)

103

Shoulder Joint - Figures

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Shoulder Girdle

• Protractors (pectoralis muscles)

• Retractors (rhomboids, middle trapezius)

• Elevators (upper trapezius, levator

scapulae)

• Depressors (lower trapezius, pectoralis

minor)

• Upward rotators

• Downward rotators

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Shoulder Girdle Figures

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Elbow Joint

• Flexors (biceps brachii, brachialis)

• Extensors (triceps brachii)

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Elbow Joint Figures

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Elbow Joint Figures – cont’d

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Radioulnar Joints

• Pronators

• Supinators

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Radioulnar Joints Figures

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Wrist Joint

• Flexors (wrist flexor group)

• Extensors (wrist extensor group)

• Radial deviators

• Ulnar deviators

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Wrist Joint Figures

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Finger Joints

• Flexors

• Extensors

• Abductors

• Adductors

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Finger Joints Figures

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Lower Extremity

• Hip joint

• Pelvis

• Knee joint

• Ankle joint

• Subtalar joint

• Toe joints

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Hip Joint

• Flexors (iliopsoas)

• Extensors (gluteal muscles, hamstrings)

• Abductors (gluteal muscles)

• Adductors (adductor group)

• Medial rotators

• Lateral rotators (gluteal muscles, deep

lateral rotators)

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Hip Joint Figures

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Hip Joint Figures – cont’d

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Pelvis (at the hip joint)

• Anterior tilt (hip flexors)

• Posterior tilt (hip extensors)

• Depression (hip abductors)

• Elevation

• Right rotation

• Left rotation

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Pelvis Figures

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Pelvis Figures – cont’d

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Pelvis Figures – cont’d

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Pelvic Posture and the Spine

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Knee Joint

• Extensors (quadriceps femoris group)

• Flexors (hamstring group)

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Knee Joint Figures

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Ankle Joint

• Dorsiflexors

• Plantarflexors (gastrocnemius, soleus)

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Ankle Joint Figures

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Subtalar Joint

• Pronators / Evertors (fibularis muscles)

• Supinators / Invertors (tibialis anterior and

posterior)

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Subtalar Joint Figures

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Toe Joints

• Extensors

• Flexors

• Abductors

• Adductors

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Toe Joint Figures

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Axial Body

• Spinal Joints

• Pelvis (sacroiliac and pubic symphysis)

• Temporomandibular joints (TMJs)

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Spinal Joints - Trunk

• Flexors (abdominals: rectus abdominis,

external and internal abdominal obliques)

• Extensors (erector spinae)

• Right lateral flexors

• Left lateral flexors

• Right rotators (abdominal obliques)

• Left rotators (abdominal obliques)

134

Spinal Joints - Neck

• Flexors (sternocleidomastoid [SCM],

scalenes, longus muscles)

• Extensors (upper trapezius, levator

scapulae, semispinalis capitis)

• Right lateral flexors

• Left lateral flexors

• Right rotators (upper trapezius, SCM)

• Left rotators (upper trapezius, SCM)

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Spinal Joints Figures

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Spinal Joints Figures – cont’d

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Spinal Joints Figures – cont’d

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Pelvis (at the lumbosacral joint)

• Anterior tilt (back extensors)

• Posterior tilt (abdominals)

• Depression

• Elevation (lateral flexors)

• Right rotation

• Left rotation

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Pelvis Figures

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Pelvis Figures – cont’d

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Pelvis Figures – cont’d

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Pelvis Figures – cont’d

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Temporomandibular Joints (TMJs)

• Elevators

• Depressors

• Right lateral deviators

• Left lateral deviators

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Temporomandibular Joints (TMJs)

Figures

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Fasciae

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Fasciae – cont’d

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Powerhouse

• The “core”

• Pelvis and Trunk

• Hip joints and Spinal joints

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Powerhouse cont’d

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Powerhouse cont’d

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Core Stabilization

151

Core Stabilization – cont’d

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PART 6: Workshop Concepts

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Where to learn more...

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