An update on Lygodium microphyllum biological control...An update on Lygodium microphyllum...
Transcript of An update on Lygodium microphyllum biological control...An update on Lygodium microphyllum...
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An update on Lygodium microphyllum biological control
Heartland CISMA 25 February 2015 Melissa C. Smith
Ellen C. Lake Phillip Tipping
USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Lab Fort Lauderdale, Florida
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Lygodium microphyllum in South Florida…and beyond
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Lygodium in Conservation Areas
Flatford Swamp Greenswamp Wilderness Preserve
A.R.M. Loxahatchee NWR
Everglades National Park
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Propagule pressure:
• Each sorus has ~ 215 spores • Each fertile leaflet has ~ 133 sori • 215 X 133 = 28,500 spores per
fertile leaflet (Volin et al. 2004)
Sori
L. microphyllum reproduction
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Lygodium biological control: Moths that were, moths that are, and some moths that have not yet come to pass (and a mite)
Austromusotima camptozonale
Neomusotima conspurcatalis
Lygomusotima stria
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Neomusotima releases 2008 - 2009
PresenterPresentation NotesMany of these releases are in the same locations as the Austromusotima, or white Lygodium mite that failed to establish in the field.
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Neomusotima range 2012 - 2014
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Neomusotima in the field
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Neomusotima in the field
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Neomusotima research
Feeding preference • Do N. conspurcatalis
larvae preferentially feed on fertile fronds?
• Effects of fertile frond feeding on spore germination
• Effects of fertile frond feeding on larval development time
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Neomusotima research
Feeding preference • 1st and 2nd Instar
Larvae preferentially feed on fertile fronds in choice tests (p
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Choice Feeding Trial
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Fertile Sterile Fertile Sterile Fertile Sterile Fertile Sterile Fertile Sterile
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Cm2 c
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No-Choice Feeding Trail
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Oviposition Preference Trial
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Neomusotima research
Spore germination • Passage through the
gut of the caterpillar only resulted in 2 prothalli
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Neomusotima research
Development time • Fertile frond feeding
did not significantly affect larval development time or successful emergence to adult.
• Did not measure “downstream” effects in adults or larval size.
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Integrated weed management
• Control • Neomusotima only • Herbicide only • Neomusotima and
herbicide
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Floracarus perrepae (Eriophyidae)
Freeman et al. 2005
• Transfers of galled material 2008 – 2010 • Very low establishment success measured in
2011 • Thought to be haplotype specific? • Does wet or dry season release timing
determine establishment?
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F. perrepae damage
• Australia: Goolsby et al. (2004)
• Reduced aboveground biomass by 49%
• Reduced belowground biomass by 35%
• In Florida: • Reduction of formation
of fertile fronds? • Are mite and moth
damage synergistic?
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F. perrepae releases 2008
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F. perrepae range 2015
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Lygodium and CERP
• 300,000 N. conspurcatalis released since Q1 2014
• 60,000 F. perrepae released since Q1 2014
• Mass rearing and release of N. conspurcatalis and F. perrepae
• Follow up to determine “success” (establishment, impact, dispersal)
• Priorities given to natural areas
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Future directions • Collaboration with CSIRO Australia to
investigate apparent haplotype mismatch • Determine the relative impacts of the moth
alone, the mite alone, and the two together • Build occupancy models to predict “patches”
where moths could occupy and focus releases
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Acknowledgments
Southwest FloridaWater Management District
An update on Lygodium microphyllum biological controlLygodium microphyllum in South Florida…and beyondLygodium in Conservation AreasL. microphyllum reproductionLygodium biological control:Neomusotima releases 2008 - 2009Neomusotima range 2012 - 2014Neomusotima in the fieldNeomusotima in the fieldNeomusotima researchNeomusotima researchChoice Feeding TrialNo-Choice Feeding TrailOviposition Preference TrialNeomusotima researchNeomusotima researchIntegrated weed managementFloracarus perrepae (Eriophyidae)�F. perrepae damageSlide Number 20F. perrepae range 2015Lygodium and CERP Future directionsAcknowledgments