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An Overview Of Windows NT System Student: Yifan Yang Student ID: 102525.
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Transcript of An Overview Of Windows NT System Student: Yifan Yang Student ID: 102525.
An Overview Of Windows NT System
Student: Yifan Yang
Student ID: 102525
#1. Windows NT Models a>. Client / server model
b>. Object model
c>. Symmetric multiprocessing
#2. Windows NT Structure a>. Protected subsystems
b>. Executive
#4. Additional Windows NT Architectures a>. Internationalization
b>. Structured exception handling
#3. A Brief Tour a>. Logon session
b>. Environment subsystems
c>. Native services
d>. Objects
e>. Virtual memory
f>. I/O and file systems
#1. Windows NT Models• What is an OS Model? It is a broad framework that unifies
the many features and services the system provides and the tasks it performs.
• a>. Client / Server model
• Windows NT system: Combination of Layered model and client / server model.
• Layered model is one which divides the O/S into modules and layers them one on top of the other. Each module provides a set of functions that other modules can call.
• Benefits for using client / server model• Simplifies the base OS, the executive.• Improves reliability.• Lends itself well to a distributed computing model.
Application Program
System Services
Application Program
File System
Processor Scheduling
Hardware
Memory and I/O Device Management
User Mode
Kernel Mode
...
Layered Operating System
• a>. Client /Server model
• Is one which devices OS into several processes, each of which implements a single set of services.
Client Application
MemoryServer
NetworkServer
ProcessServer
FileServer
DisplayServer
Microkernel
Hardware
Client /Server Operating System
Reply
Send
• b>. Object model
• Object model Is one that any system resources such as files, shared memory and physical devices is implemented as an object and manipulated by using object services so that resources can be shared by more than one process.
• Benefits for using object model• OS can access and manipulate its resources uniformly.• Security is simplified because all objects are protected in the same way.• Objects provide a convenient and uniform paradigm for sharing resources between two or more processes.
OperatingSystem
OperatingSystem
UserThrea
dUser
Thread
UserThread
UserThrea
d
Processor A Processor B
Memory
Monitor Mouse Keyboard I/O Devices
Symmetric Multiprocessing
• c>. Symmetric multiprocessing• Symmetric multiprocessing is to allow OS running on any free processor or on all processors simultaneously, sharing memory among them.
• Benefits for being multiprocessing system• Ability to run OS code on any available processor and on
multiple processors at one time.
• Multiple threads of execution within a single process.
• Server processes that use multiple threads to process requests from more than one client simultaneously.
• Convenient mechanisms for sharing objects between processes and flexible interposes communication capabilities, including shared memory and an optimized message-passing facility.
#2. Windows NT Structure• The Windows NT’s structure can roughly be divided into
two parts: the user-mode portion (protected subsystems) and kernel-mode portion (NT executive).
Object SecurityManager Reference
Monitor
ProcessManager
LocalProcedure
Call Facility
VirtualMemoryManager
I/O Manager File Systems
Cache Manager
Device DriversNetwork Drivers
Kernel
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)System Trap
User ModeKernel Mode
OS/2Subsystem
Win32Subsystem
POSIXSubsystem
System Services
NT Executive
Securitysubsystem
LogonProcess
OS/2Clien
tWin32Client
POSIXClient
Hardware
Applications
ProtectedSubsystems(Servers)
Message Passing
Hardware Manipulation
a>. Protected subsystems (environment and integral)
b>. ExecutiveExecutive components and their responsibilities:
Object SecurityManager Reference
Monitor
ProcessManager
LocalProcedure
Call Facility
VirtualMemoryManager
I/O Manager
File Systems
Cache Manager
Device Drivers
Network Drivers
Kernel
Hardware Abstraction Layer
System ServicesInternal Interfaces
System Interfaces
#3. A Brief Tour
a>. Logon session
LogonProcess
SecuritySubsystem
Win32Subsystem
User Mode
Local Procedure Call (LPC)
Logging On
b>. Environment subsystems
Each of the environment subsystems supplies an API that its clientapplications use.
Win32Client
Win32
Client
POSIX
Client
OS/2Client
16-Bit Windows
Environment
MS-DOSClient
Win32Subsyste
m
POSIXSubsyste
m
OS/2Subsyste
m
Graphical I/O
Character I/O
…………………………………..
……………...
………………….
Virtual DOSMachines(VDMs)
User Mode
Kernel Mode
Character I/O
Character I/O
Local Procedure Call (LPC)
Environment Subsystems and Client Applications
c>. Native services They are system services provided by individual components of the NT
Object SecurityManager Reference
Monitor
ProcessManager
LocalProcedure
Call Facility
VirtualMemoryManager
I/O Manager
File Systems
Cache Manager
Device Drivers
Network DriversKernel
Hardware Abstraction Layer
System Trap
Native System Service Call
executive.
User Mode
Kernel Mode
OS/2Subsystem
Win32Subsystem
POSIXSubsystem
System Services
Many NT native services are object services.
Object Security
Manager ReferenceMonitor
ProcessManager
LocalProcedure
Call Facility
VirtualMemoryManager
I/O Manager
File Systems
Cache Manager
Device Drivers
Network DriversKernel
Hardware Abstraction Layer
User Mode
Kernel Mode
Win32Subsystem
System Services
d>. Objects
Create process Create file
Create object
Create object
Creating NT Objects
e>. Virtual memory
addresses in a flat/linear address space.The NT memory architecture is virtual memory based on 32-bit
System(2 GB)
User CodeAnd Data
(2 GB)
Resident OperatingSystem Code
……………………….
Nonpaged
Paged
Physical Addressing Range
Paged
FFFFFFFFh
80000000h
7FFFFFFFh
00000000h
NT Address Space Layout
Object SecurityManager Reference
Monitor
ProcessManager
LocalProcedure
Call Facility
VirtualMemoryManager
I/O Manager
Kernel
System Services
User Mode
Kernel Mode
FAT FileSystem Driver
NTFSDriver
HPFSDriver
FloppyDisk Driver
HardDisk Driver
Layered Drivers
Synchronous as well as asynchronous I/O. Windows NT supports FAT,
f>. I/O and file systems
...
HPFS and NTFS.
#4. Additional / Windows NT Architectures
• a>. Internationalization
• A Locale consists of a language, a country, a code set, the binary codes used to represent the characters of a particular language.
• To facilitate localization, Windows NT’s Win32 subsystem provides a national language support (NLS) API.
• Unicode, a 16-bit character-coding scheme, can represent 65,536 characters so that it is enough to include all languages in computer commerce today.
FFFFh0000h
ASCII
Arabic andHebrew scripts
Dingbats (graphical symbols)Math/technical symbols
Punctuation
ideographsChinese/Japanese/Korean
Unified
Application usePrivate
Compatibilityzone
Indic scriptsOthers
Latin,Greek,
Cyrillic, and
Armenian scripts
Chinese/Japanese/Korean symbols
(Bopomofo,Hiragana,Katakana,
Hangul,…)
Future use
Provides compatibility with standard, non-Unicode character sets
Unicode Layout
• b>.Structured exception handling
• Structured exception handling is the met hod used in windows NT for processing both hardware and software exceptions, using the control structure of a programming language.