An international collaborative study on the use of passive ......CB145, CB204 After six weeks...
Transcript of An international collaborative study on the use of passive ......CB145, CB204 After six weeks...
An international collaborative study on the use of passive samplers
in monitoring of emerging pollutants
B. Vrana, F. Smedes, R . Prokeš, R. Loos, N. Mazzella , H. Budzinski, C. Mieg e, A. Gravell,
T. Ocelka , E. Vermeirssen
Norman Expert Group Meeting “Linking Environmental Quality Standards and Passive Sampling”, 3.-4.7. 2012, Brno
Activities of NORMAN network in passive sampling 2009-2012
An expert group meeting in 2009
A position paper “Passive sampling of emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment: state of the art and perspectives” in 2010
An interlaboratory studyin 2011-2012
www.norman-network.net
Collaborative study
instrumental analysisanalysis of sampler matrixcomparison of samplerscomparison with spot sampling
A sampler comparison exercise
Assessment of steps in passive sampling process
Target compounds
• 7 polar pesticides• 7 pharmaceuticals• 5 steroid hormones• Bisfenol A• Triclosan• PFOA, PFOS• 6 brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs)
I 1. Exposure of passive samplers from participants
Coordinator
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant N
Sampler 3
Sampler 2
Sampler 1
for selected analyte/analytes
Sampling site -sampler exposure
Sampler 1 Sampler 2
Sampler 3 Sampler N
Sampler N…
…
…
Sampling site
Sampling site: discharge from WWTP Brno-Modřice
Sampler deployment
II 1. Recovery passive samplers from participants
Coordinator
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant N
Sampler 3
Sampler 2
Sampler 1
for selected analyte/analytes
Sampling site -sampler exposure
Sampler 1Sampler 2
Sampler 3Sampler N
Sampler N
Database
Report:ng/sampler of compound X Surface area of sampler ng/L water of compound Xcalculation procedure for compound X
…
…
2a. Standard solution
Coordinator
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant N
send to coordinatorCentral laboratory
S Standard solution
S S SS
purchase standardprepare a QC solutionprepare multiple vials (according to participant registration)check homogeneitysend to coordinator
S
S
S
S
distribute standards
for selected analyte/analytes
Database
Report to databaseng/ml of compound X
…
2b. Provided passive samplers
Coordinator
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant N
Sampling site -sampler exposureparalel to samplers of participants
ProvidedsamplerProvided
samplerProvidedsampler
Providedsampler
prep
ared
by
coor
dina
tor
Providedsampler
Providedsampler
Providedsampler
Providedsampler
Providedsampler
Providedsampler
Providedsampler
Providedsampler
Central laboratory Provided
sampler
Database
Report to databaseng/sampler of compound Xcm2 sampler surfaceng/L water of compound Xcalculation procedure
…
3. Water; continuous sampling
for selected analyte/analytesW water sample
Coordinator
Sampling site -sampler exposure
Central laboratory
W
WWWW
Wanalysewater samples
collectwater samplesend to centrallaboratory
ProvidedsamplerSampler 3
Sampler 2
Sampler 1
Sampler 4
ProvidedsamplerProvided
samplerProvidedsampler
Database
Report to databaseng/L water of compound X
NOT APPLIED FOR PBDEs
Participating laboratoriesfrom Europe
• Polar pesticides – 19• Pharmaceuticals – 17• Steroid hormones – 15• Triclosan – 8• Bisphenol A – 11• PFOA, PFOS – 8• PBDE – 16
…and from the rest of the World
Pharmaceuticals: Categories of participant samplers
0123456789
10111213141516
Atenolol
Carbam
azepin
e
Diclofe
nac
Ibupro
fen
Naprox
en
Diazep
am
Alpraz
olam
Ketopro
fen
SPEEDEDPESSRCCPOLPOCIPEDPOCIS
Pharmaceuticals
Num
ber
of la
bora
torie
s
Sampler Abbreviation
POCIS pharmaceutical version POCIS
Empore Disk ED
POCIS, pesticide version POCIP
Chemcatcher (3rd generation) polar configuration
CCPOL
silicone rubber material SR
Empore SDB-RPS with PES-Membrane (0.1um)
EDPES
Speedisks SPEED
Up to 17 participants
SPEEDSR
POCIS POCIP EDPES CCPOL CCPOL ED
Standard solution, µg/mL
Alpraz
olam
Atenolo
lCarb
amaz
epin
Diazep
amDicl
ofena
cIbu
profen
Ketopro
fenNap
roxen
µg/m
L
0.9
2
3
456789
20
30
40
1
10
Study results: pharmaceuticals
Set value± expanded uncertainty (k = 2)
Study results: pharmaceuticals
Provided sampler, ng/cm2
Alpraz
olam
Atenolo
lCarb
amaz
epin
Diazep
amDicl
ofena
cIbu
profen
Ketopro
fenNap
roxen
ng/c
m2
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Participant sampler, Cw in ng/L
Alpraz
olam
Atenolo
lCarb
amaz
epin
Diazep
amDicl
ofena
cIbu
profen
Ketopro
fenNap
roxen
ng/L
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Study results: pharmaceuticals
Weekly spot samples
LODin spotsamples
RESULTSExample: Carbamazepin
Provided sampler, ng/cm2
17 19 23 29 31 32 36 39 40 43 44 47 48 49 50 50a 51
503
126
31
7.9
2
Standard solution, µg/mL
17 19 23 29 31 32 36 39 40 43 44 47 48 49 50 50a 51
4.4
3.1
2.2
1.6
1.1
Participant sampler, Cw in ng/L
P
OC
IS
E
D
P
OC
IS
P
OC
IS
P
OC
IS
C
CPO
L
P
OC
IS
P
OC
IS
S
PEED S
R
P
OC
IS
P
OC
IS
E
DPE
S
P
OC
IS17 19 23 23a 29 31 32 36 39 40 43 43a 44 47 48 49 50 50a 51
6080
1520
380
95
24
S tan d.So lut io nµ g /m L
M ed ian 2.2 0s 1.2G e om ea n 2.7n 17O u tl ier s 2s e x c l. o ut l 0.2 8
R efv al ue 2.1 4E x p . U n c 0.1 3
Pr ov id edSa m p le ru pta k en g/c m 2
M ed ian 31 .4s 32G e om ea n 23n 17O u tl ier s 1s e x c l. o ut l 26
P ar ic ip an tSa m p le r
C wng /L
M ed ian 3 80s 2 30G e om M ea n 3 86n 14O u tl ier s 0
S po t s am ple sP er io d 1 7 78P er io d 2 7 94
medianvalue
± 2 × SD of log2transformed data
Set value± expanded
Uncertainty (k = 2)
water samplemean
Log 2
scal
e
Laboratory number
outliers
Variability of results at different procedure levels
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Standard
solut
ion
NPS amou
ntNPS w
ater c
oncentr
ation
PPS amount
PPS wate
r con
centr
ation
WithinlaboratoryMean
Betweenlaboratory
Coe
ffici
ent o
f var
iatio
n
Carbamazepine
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
350%
Standard
solut
ion
NPS amou
ntNPS w
ater c
oncentr
ation
PPS amount
PPS wate
r con
centr
ation
WithinlaboratoryMean
Betweenlaboratory
Coe
ffici
ent o
f var
iatio
n
Diclofenac
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
Standard
solut
ion
NPS amou
ntNPS w
ater c
once
ntratio
n
PPS amount
PPS wate
r con
centr
ation
WithinlaboratoryMean
Betweenlaboratory
Coe
ffici
ent o
f var
iatio
n
Ibuprofen
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
Standard
solut
ion
NPS amou
ntNPS w
ater c
oncentr
ation
PPS amount
PPS wate
r con
centr
ation
WithinlaboratoryMean
Betweenlaboratory
Coe
ffici
ent o
f var
iatio
n
Naproxen
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Standard
solut
ion
NPS amou
ntNPS w
ater c
once
ntratio
n
PPS amount
PPS wate
r con
centr
ation
WithinlaboratoryMean
Betweenlaboratory
Coe
ffici
ent o
f var
iatio
n
Diazepam
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Standard
solut
ion
NPS amou
ntNPS w
ater c
oncentr
ation
PPS amount
PPS wate
r con
centr
ation
WithinlaboratoryMean
Betweenlaboratory
Coe
ffici
ent o
f var
iatio
n
Alprazolam
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
Standard
solut
ion
NPS amou
ntNPS w
ater c
oncentr
ation
PPS amount
PPS wate
r con
centr
ation
WithinlaboratoryMean
Betweenlaboratory
Coe
ffici
ent o
f var
iatio
n
Ketoprofen
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Standard
solut
ion
NPS amou
ntNPS w
ater c
oncentr
ation
PPS amount
PPS wate
r con
centr
ation
WithinlaboratoryMean
Betweenlaboratory
Coe
ffici
ent o
f var
iatio
n
AtenololNPS – provided passive samplerPPS – participant passive sampler
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Standard
solut
ion
NPS amou
ntNPS w
ater c
oncentr
ation
PPS amount
PPS wate
r con
centr
ation
WithinlaboratoryMean
Betweenlaboratory
Coe
ffici
ent o
f var
iatio
n
Carbamazepine
Variability of reported results
NPS – provided passive sampler; PPS – participant passive sampler
Pharmaceuticals Coefficient of variation (%)
Variability: Within laboratory Between laboratory Matrix analysed: Min. Max. Min. Max.
Standard solution 3% 8% 6% 35% Provided sampler
NPS amount 11% 14% 35% 133%
NPS water concentration
8% 13% 70% 333%
Participant sampler
PPS amount 10% 33% 13% 117%
PPS water concentration
9% 21% 68% 205%
Comparison: participant vs. provided samplers
Comparing samplers, Cw in ng/L
ED
CCPOL
SPEEDSR
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048
Provided sampler
Par
ticip
ant s
ampl
er
Comparing samplers, uptake in ng/cm2
EDPES
SPEEDCCPOL
ED
128
64
32
16
8
412864321684
Provided sampler
Par
ticip
ant s
ampl
er
Composite water sample(2 week samples per exposure)
CARBAMAZEPINE
STUDY RESULTSAn acceptable within laboratory variability was observed for standard solution and samplers
Common compounds, e.g pesticides, showed lower varabilitythan new or rare ones
Between laboratory variation was roughly a factor 5 larger than within laboratory variability
However, individual laboratories found well comparable results for participant and provided sampler for uptake per surface area as well as the resulting water concentration
Passive sampling could be evaluated versus the spot sampling method with variable differences, but mostly within the range comprised by the passive sampling results
Conclusions
passive sampling process is not causing excessive variability - similar results were obtained for different passive samplers
between laboratory variability is likely related to difficulties with analysis in complex environmental matrices
in future, effort should be made to improve accuracy of analysis of complex samples
Acknowledgment
• NORMAN Association• European Commission – DG JRC• Organisers – steering committee• Water Research Institute, Slovakia• RECETOX, Masaryk university, Czech
republic• Deltares, The Netherlands• Participants
Continuous water sampling: for polar compounds only
PHARMACEUTICALS, POLAR PESTICIDESSTEROIDS, FLUORINATED SURFACTANTS,
BISPHENOL A, TRICLOSAN
Provided sampler: POCIS• OASIS HLB Sorbent
receiving phase• Polyethersulphone
membrane• Standard configuration
(200 mg sorbent; 45.8 cm2 surface area)
• For polar pesticides spiked with DIA-D5 – potential PRC
BROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS
Provided sampler: Altesil Silicone rubber
• Silicone rubber sheet consisting of 3 sheets (90x55 mm), ≈8.91 g
• Surface area: 297 cm2
• Performance reference compounds: 7.PRCs: D10-biphenyl, PCBs: CB001,
CB002, CB003, CB010, CB014, CB021, CB030, CB050, CB055, CB078, CB104, CB145, CB204
After six weeks exposure…
Sampler preparation for deployment
Sampler recovery
Onsite sampler cleaning and preparation
Target compoundsPOLAR PESTICIDES
Compound CAS Usage 1. Atrazine 1912-24-9 triazine herbicide 2. Carbendazim 10605-21-7 benzimidazole
fungicide 3. Desethylatrazine 6190-65-4 triazine metabolite4. Desethylterbutylazine 30125-63-4 triazine metabolite5. Diuron 330-54-1 phenylurea
herbicide 6. S-metolachlor 87392-12-9 chloroacetanilide
herbicides 7. Terbutylazine 5915-41-3 triazine herbicide
Target compoundsPHARMACEUTICALS
Compound CAS Usage 1. Alprazolam 28981-97-7 benzodiazepine
drug 2. Atenolol 29122-68-7 beta blocker drug 3. Carbamazepine 298-46-4 anticonvulsant
drug 4. Diazepam 439-14-5 benzodiazepine
drug 5. Diclofenac 15307-86-5 non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drug 6. Ibuprofen 15687-27-1 non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drug 7. Naproxen 22204-53-1 non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drug
Target compoundsSTEROID HORMONES
Compound CAS Usage 1. 17-alpha-Estradiol 57-91-0 steroid hormone 2. 17-alpha-Ethinylestradiol 77538-56-8 contraceptive 3. 17-beta-Estradiol 82115-62-6 steroid hormnone 4. Estriol 50-27-1 steroid hormnone 5. Estrone 53-16-7 steroid hormnone
Target compoundsBISPHENOL A, TRICLOSAN, PFOA PFOS
Compound CAS Usage 1. Bisphenol A 80-05-7 monomer to make
plastics 2. Triclosan 3380-34-5 antibacterial and
antifungal agent
Compound CAS Usage 1. PFOA 335-67-1 fluorosurfactant 2. PFOS 1763-23-1 fluorosurfactant,
fabric protector
Target compoundsBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS
Compound CAS Usage 1. BDE 28 41318-75-6 Flame retardant 2. BDE 47 5436-43-1 Flame retardant 3. BDE 99 60348-60-9 Flame retardant 4. BDE 100 189084-64-8 Flame retardant 5. BDE 153 68631-49-2 Flame retardant 6. BDE 154 207122-15-4 Flame retardant