An Appraisal of the Unesco Seminar

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while films or other illustrations can be projected on a screen temporarily set up in the hospital ward. In the scope of the present article it has been possible to touch only on the general principles of museum education with handicapped children. The important thing is that in many countries its value is being recognized and teachers of handicapped schools are ready to make use of the museum opportunities afforded. Much interest- ing research could be carried out within the different groups of handicapped, extending the inquiry to children who are, possibly temporarily, maladjusted for reasons of health or environment and those who through anti-social action are detained in corrective institutions. Taking the children to the museum has been emphasized as the major way in which the children can benefit and, as a corollary, in the case of some handicapped children, taking the museum by means of a selection of objects, to the school. There are, however, many other ways in which the museum can do the handicapped chld a service, by giving him a feeling that his disability is no let or hindrance to participat- ing to the full in general children's activities. This can be done for erample by catering for his leisure. Obvious methods are the introduction of Saturday morning calks and educational film programmes geared to the mental level of the children attending. Many large museums also stage public exhibitions of children's work, especially paintings and handcrafts, and here the handicapped children can be invited to make a contribution to a common effort. At the museum with n7hich the writer is most familiar an annual Art Competition each June is attended by some 6,000 children from schools over a wide area, handicapped schools being also well represented. These are but a few of the many ways in which a museum can fulfil its purpose of being a community centre for all sections of the citizens it serves. If it succeeds by such methods in developing in the handcapped child a sense of responsibility and participation in communal enterprise it is surely fulfilling one of the primary aims of education. While the problem of the museum and the handicapped has been discussed from the point of view of the children who stand to benefit most, it should not be forgotten that many of the lessons learned are equally applicable to handicapped adults. This has been demonstrated in recent years in work with the war-maimed. Travelling displays of museum material dealing with the arts and science, brought to a section of the public who cannot visit the museum, can be of great value, whle occupational therapy treatment which makes use of paintings, weaving and basketry, lias an obvious link with the museum. In conclusion, while the use of museums by the handicapped is still to a large extent at the experimental stage, enough has already been achieved to validate the conviction that valuable work will be carried out to an increasing degree in this field in the future, and no museum worker will ever grudge any effort which can possibly assist his less fortunate fellows. CON s IDBRAT I ON s SUR LE STL4GE D'ÉTUDES OUT participant au stage d'études international de l'Unesco sur le r61e des musées T dans l'éducation a eu l'impression, à l'issue des travaux, qu'une tdche considé- rable venait d'iitre accomplie, mais que, pourtant, il lui était impossible de mettre en évidence des résultats pratiques et concrets. Aucun musée nouveau n'avait été fondé, aucun département d'éducation créé dans un musée déjà existant; on n'avait conclu aucun nouvel accord de collaboration entre les autorités des musées et celles de l'enseignement, ni fait connaìtre de méthode éducative nouvelle. Le manque de résultats matériels immédiats tourmente souvent ceux qui sont appelés à prouver le bien-fondé de réunions internationales de ce genre. Les raisons toutefois en sont claires. La mise en application des programmes pratiques élabores au cours de telles assemblies demande un certain temps; d'autres facteurs, d'autres influences se font L'UNESCO par RALPH LEWIS

Transcript of An Appraisal of the Unesco Seminar

Page 1: An Appraisal of the Unesco Seminar

while films or other illustrations can be projected on a screen temporarily set up in the hospital ward.

In the scope of the present article it has been possible to touch only on the general principles of museum education with handicapped children. The important thing is that in many countries its value is being recognized and teachers of handicapped schools are ready to make use of the museum opportunities afforded. Much interest- ing research could be carried out within the different groups of handicapped, extending the inquiry to children who are, possibly temporarily, maladjusted for reasons of health or environment and those who through anti-social action are detained in corrective institutions.

Taking the children to the museum has been emphasized as the major way in which the children can benefit and, as a corollary, in the case of some handicapped children, taking the museum by means of a selection of objects, to the school. There are, however, many other ways in which the museum can do the handicapped chld a service, by giving him a feeling that his disability is no let or hindrance to participat- ing to the full in general children's activities. This can be done for erample by catering for his leisure. Obvious methods are the introduction of Saturday morning calks and educational film programmes geared to the mental level of the children attending. Many large museums also stage public exhibitions of children's work, especially paintings and handcrafts, and here the handicapped children can be invited to make a contribution to a common effort. At the museum with n7hich the writer is most familiar an annual Art Competition each June is attended by some 6,000 children from schools over a wide area, handicapped schools being also well represented.

These are but a few of the many ways in which a museum can fulfil its purpose of being a community centre for all sections of the citizens it serves. If it succeeds by such methods in developing in the handcapped child a sense of responsibility and participation in communal enterprise it is surely fulfilling one of the primary aims of education.

While the problem of the museum and the handicapped has been discussed from the point of view of the children who stand to benefit most, it should not be forgotten that many of the lessons learned are equally applicable to handicapped adults. This has been demonstrated in recent years in work with the war-maimed. Travelling displays of museum material dealing with the arts and science, brought to a section of the public who cannot visit the museum, can be of great value, whle occupational therapy treatment which makes use of paintings, weaving and basketry, lias an obvious link with the museum.

In conclusion, while the use of museums by the handicapped is still to a large extent at the experimental stage, enough has already been achieved to validate the conviction that valuable work will be carried out to an increasing degree in this field in the future, and no museum worker will ever grudge any effort which can possibly assist his less fortunate fellows.

CON s IDBRAT I ON s SUR LE STL4GE D'ÉTUDES

OUT participant au stage d'études international de l'Unesco sur le r61e des musées T dans l'éducation a eu l'impression, à l'issue des travaux, qu'une tdche considé- rable venait d'iitre accomplie, mais que, pourtant, il lui était impossible de mettre en évidence des résultats pratiques et concrets. Aucun musée nouveau n'avait été fondé, aucun département d'éducation créé dans un musée déjà existant; on n'avait conclu aucun nouvel accord de collaboration entre les autorités des musées et celles de l'enseignement, ni fait connaìtre de méthode éducative nouvelle. Le manque de résultats matériels immédiats tourmente souvent ceux qui sont appelés à prouver le bien-fondé de réunions internationales de ce genre. Les raisons toutefois en sont claires. La mise en application des programmes pratiques élabores au cours de telles assemblies demande un certain temps; d'autres facteurs, d'autres influences se font

L'UNESCO

par RALPH LEWIS

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I. On pourra d'ailleurs se faire une idée de la place tenue au stage d'études par ce seul aspect du travail des musées en consultant les documentc prbparb pour la Conférence préliminaire Unesco- ICOM réunie à Paris le 5 novembre 1951 en vue de jeter les bases des travaux du stage, de méme qu'en prenant connaissance des nombreuses contributions apportees aux débats par les experts et par les sta- giaires, des rapports que les participants présentent actuellement à leurs gouvernements et aux diverses institutions et organisations professionnelles inré- ressees, et du rapport officiel du stage $etudes.

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jour dans l'intervalle, de sorte que toute relation de cause à effet tend à devenir com- plexe. On peut donc avoir foi dans le succès d'un stage d'études international sans être à même de prouver que celui-ci ait provoqué à lui seul l'action spécifique souhaitée.

Mais on peut, en un autre sens, discerner d'importants résultats du récent stage d'études. En premier lieu, celui-ci a fait beaucoup réfléchir au rôle des musées dans l'éducation. Le thème avait été mûrement étudié comme introduction aux travaux bien avant la convocation de la réunion : la même concentration de pensée a dominé les travaux du sedge d'études et elle est restée active. Un grand nombre de muséo- logues et d'éducateurs se penchent dès maintenant sur la question pour l'examiner méthodiquement; beaucoup sont conduits à réfléchir à l'action éducative des musées en entendant les domptes rendus oraux des stagiaires ou en lisant des rapports sur leurs travauxl.

Le stage a eu pour autre résultat de préciser les idées sur l'utilisation des musées à des fins éducatives. Beaucoup d'idées qu'avait suscitées le thème même du stage d'études ont été soumises aux participants au cours des séances. A l'occasion des débats ou d'entretiens individuels, les experts et les stagiaires furent amenés à soutenir leurs points de vue quant aux normes, aux théories et aux méthodes, pour les comparer à celles qui sont appliquées dans d'autres régions du monde. Ils durent définir, évaluer, et parfois modifier leurs conceptions. Ainsi des Cléments fondamentaux communs se dégagèrent progressivement avec assez de clarté pour pouvoir Etre incorporés, à la fin du stage d'études, dans une série de résolutions. Les divergences, pour autant qu'on en pouvait juger, se présentaient dans certains cas comme de judicieuses adap- tations à des conditions locales particulières, et dans d'autres comme une accentua- tion inappropriée de tel ou tel facteur de l'éducation au musée.

Ce stage d'études de l'Unesco conduira très vraisemblablement à un ensemble de vues plus solidement coordonné que cela n'a été le cas jusqu'ici sur les rapports du musée et de l'enseignement. De plus le stage d'études a accompli une tâche impor- tante dans le propre domaine de l'enseignement. Les participants ont recueilli les résultats d'une information abondante sur l'action éducative des musées, et ils les trans- mettront eux-mêmes aux musées et aux écoles dans de nombreux pays. I1 y a là toute une documentation permettant de résoudre directement des problèmes actuels dans les institutions oh seront revenus les stagiaires et d'en faire bénéficier indirectement d'autres institutions par l'enseignement ou par les lesons pratiques. Les travaux du stage ont porté sur une définition des fonctions propres au musée, sur l'établissement de critères d'exactitude et de qualité, sur la mise au point de méthodes de coopéra- tion entre le musée et l'école, sur le moyen de former des spécialistes se destinant à l'enseignement au musée et à l'étude des techniques d'application des activités éduca- tives. Outre la documentation positive qu'il a permis d'établir sur ces divers points, le stage a indiqué plusieurs voies dans lesquelles les recherches et les expériences pour- raient être poursuivies de fason profitable.

I1 convient de dire sans ambiguïté dans quelle mesure le stage d'études a contribué à la compréhension internationale si l'on veut éviter toute vaine récrimination. Au cours des entretiens qu'ils ont eus avec leurs collègues étrangers, les stagiaires ont constaté, parfois avec surprise, qu'ils pouvaient améliorer les moyens d'appliquer leurs idées et leurs méthodes en adaptant dans certains cas à leurs points de vue les solutions pra- tiques des autres, et ils ont compris que dans certains pays l'éducation par le musée continuait à revêtir des formes différentes pour répondre à des conditions particulières. De telles découvertes ont fait naître du respect pour les opinions et les réalisations des techniciens de musée des autres pays. Fait encore plus important que ces résultats, acquis sur le plan personnel, on a prouvé clairement que les musées de toutes les disciplines et de tous les pays ont tant en commun que non seulement ils peuvent tirer profit d'une collaboration, mais qu'ils sont vraiment interdépendants. Là encore, le stage d'études a ouvert les voies à un échange international continu d'opinions et de documents aussi bien entre les stagiaires eux-mêmes qu'entre leurs institutions respectives. Tous les stagiaires ont pu faire la connaissance de collègues étrangers auxquels il leur sera possible de s'adresser pour obtenir un appui ou des informations et avec lequels ils pourront échanger des idées nouvelles et discuter de progrès récents. De ce fait l'influence du stage d'études continuera à favoriser la coopération inter- nationale indispensable aux musées.

Certaines des conclusions auxquelles les dicussions ont abouti seront sans aucun

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oute adoptées par de nombreux musées avec les changements et les réalisations qui en résulteront. On a reconnu - et insisté à maintes reprises sur ce fait - que c’est sur des objets originaux que doit reposer le travail éducatif des musées. Divers parti- cipants se sont rendu compte que de nombreuses activités inscrites à leur programme d‘éducation n’avaient guère de rapport avec les objets composant les collections de leurs musées. En certains cas, les programmes seront donc revisés d’un point de vue critique. Certes les musées intéressés ne réduiront pas leurs activités, mais ils les modi- fieront de manière à tirer le meilleur parti possible des objets originaux qu’ils possèdent. On a également pu constater que parfois les collections étaient fort bien présentées du point de vue didactique, mais ptcliaient sous le rapport des spécimens, soit que ceux-ci fussent de qualité médiocre, soit qu’ils fussent 6crasés sous le poids de la documenta- tion explicative : étiquettes, illustrations, graphiques ou maquettes. On effectuera des rtformes non pas en supprimant la documentation explicative, mais en accordant plus d‘importance aux objets originaux dans la présentation de l’exposition. D’autre part, quelques stagiaires se sont aperps que leur musée s’inspirait de critères extrèmement sévères pour le choix des spécimens, mais qu’ils négligeaient de complkter leur présen- tation au public en ne recourant ni à des services tducatifs, ni à une documentation explicative. 11 est à prévoir que, dans ces institutions, on s’attachera à développer le système des visites scolaires, qu’on redoublera d’efforts en ce qui concerne l’applica- tion des programmes d’éducation des adultes fondés sur les objets de collections, et qu’on réinstallera les collections en se préoccupant tout autant de l’interprétation que de la présentation. De telles modifications n’auront rien de spectaculaire, mais elles permettront, si elles sont nienées à bien, d’affermir à la base l’ceuvre du musée.

Le stage peut également apporter des modifications profitables en ce qui concerne l’interprétation plus complète des spécimens. Un objet original de bonne qualité a une signification positive, une place dans l’histoire, une valeur esthétique. I1 peut ètre pré- senté au visiteur sous ces différents points de vue, leur importance relative variant tvidemment, selon que le musée est consacré à la science, à l’histoire ou aux beaux- arts. Les discussions qui ont eu lieu conduiront sans doute à tirer parti beaucoup plus fréquemment aussi bien des qualités esthétiques des spécimens des sciences que des caractères conférés aux euvres d‘art par l’hstoire ou le milieu. I1 sera nécessaire, dans cet ordre d’idées, de procéder à des essais, en tenant compte plus attentivement qu’on ne l’a fait jusqu’ici des préoccupations, des besoins et des capacités des visiteurs du musée.

Les stagiaires ont consacré beaucoup de temps à l’examen des aspects pratiques de l’action éducative des musées, notamment à l’égard des écoles, et c’est dans ce domaine que se produiront les réalisations les plus inimkdiatement apparentes. Le but à atteindre est d‘amener les écoles à utiliser davantage les musées et à le faire de faSon plus efficace. Une liaison plus étroite entre le musée et l’école, à l’échelon administratif, permettra de reconnaître beaucoup plus généralement quels services peuvent ètre demandés aux musées. Les directeurs de musée découvriront les points des programmes scolaires où leur intervention sera le plus utile; de son côté, le personnel enseignant acquerra la notion de l’aide précise que le musée peut lui apporter. Par l’esprit et par la formation des maîtres on donnera de plus en plus aux visites scolaires le caractère d’expériences effectives. En certains cas, les écoles contribueront au développement des musées, ou même créeront leur propre musée afin de s’assurer l’assistance unique que des insti- tutions de ce genre peuvent leur fournir. De leur c¿jté, les musées qui n’exercent pas d’activités éducatives en organiseront au profit des écoles. Enfin, il est à prévoir que de nouveaux musées et services seront établis, surtout dans les régions insuffisamment développées, où de telles institutions sont encore rares. Les stagiaires ont recherché les méthodes permettant de prévoir, de fonder et de construire dans ces pays de petits musées locaux adaptis à leurs besoins.

La conception minutieuse, la direction éclairée, la saine technique qui se sont affir- mées dans cette coordination des théories et de l’expérience garantissent l’heureuse contribution que ce stage apporte à l’euvre internationale des musées.

(Tsk-hit di! Pmghis.)

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A N APPRAISAL OF THE UNESCO SEMINAR

by RALPH LEWIS

I. Some indication of the amount of thought which the Seminar brought to bear on a single important aspect of museum work is giren by the papers prepared for the joint Unesco-IcoLr Preli- minary Conference which met in Paris, 5 Novem- ber 1951. to lay the groundwork for the Seminar and by the dozens of papers read by specialists and participants at the Seminar, and the reports which participants are now submitting to their Govern- ments, to institutions and professional organiza- tions, as well as the Official Report of the Seminar.

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VERYONE who took part in the Unesco international seminar on the role of E museums in education seemed to feel at the end that much had been accom- plished. Yet none could have pointed out concrete, practical results. No new museums had been established, no educational departments had been added to existing museums, no new agreements had been worked out for collaboration between museums and school authorities, no new educational methods had been announced. This lack of immediate, tangible results must frequently plague those who have to justify such international meetings. The reason is clear, however. Considerable time is necessary to put into effect practical programmes of work growing out of such meetings, and in the interval other factors and influences are active so that the causal relationship normally becomes complex. One may have well grounded faith in the success of an international seminar without being able to prove that it alone caused specific desired action.

In other directions too, important effects of the recent museum Seminar may be seen. In the first place, it generated a good deal of thought on the role of museums in education. Concentrated thinking began in preparation for the Seminar well before the meetings were convened; it was a dominant aspect of the sessions; and it con- tinues afterward as a consequence. An impressive number of professional museum workers and educators have already been marshalling and ordering their ideas on the problem and many more are being led to think about museum education as they come in contact with written and oral reports from the Seminar.]

Another consequence was the refinement of ideas about the educational use of museums. Much of the thought generated by the Seminar was laid before the parti- cipants during the sessions. Through formal and informal discussions, individual specialists and participants were forced to hold up their standards, theories and methods for comparison with those current in other parts of the world. They were driven to define, evaluate and either defend or modify their ideas. The basic common elements gradually became clear enough to be embodied in a set of resolutions at the conclusion of the Seminar. The divergences appeared, to a discernible degree, as wise adaptations to different local conditions in some instances and as improper emphasis on the various factors of museum education in others.

It seems very likely that the Unesco Seminar produced a core of more soundly organized ideas on the relation of museums to education than had hitherto existed. The Seminar also accomplished a major educational task. The participants were given a remarkable amount of information on the educational work of museums; these people in turn become agents through which the information is transmitted to museums and schools in many countries. It is being applied directly to actual situations in the institutions to which the participants returned and is being passed on to others through instruction and demonstration. The contribution of the Seminar includes the defining of proper functions, establishing of standards of accuracy and quality, devising of methods of organizing co-operation among museums and schools, and of ways to train workers in museum education and in techniques of operating sound museum educational activities. In addition to trans- mitting factual material, the Seminar pointed out various promising lines for continued inquiry and experimentation.

The Seminar’s contribution to international understanding needs to be clearly stated if loose claims are to be avoided. Participants through contact with their colleagues from other countries discovered, at times to their surprise, ways in which their own ideas and methods could be improved by adapting the practices of others, and found good reasons why others persisted in clinging to different patterns of museum education because they fitted special conditions. Such discoveries bred enduring respect for the opinions and accomplishments of museum workers in other countries. A corollary which overshadows these personal results was the demonstration that museums of all types and all lands have so much in common that

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they not only can work together with mutual profit, but are in a real sense inter- dependent. The Seminar also established channels for continued international exchange among the individual participants and their institutions. Each participant came to know fellow workers abroad from whom to ask help and information and with whom to share new ideas and developments. As these channels are used, the influence of the Seminar will continue to promote the international co-operation which museums need.

Certain conclusions reached in the discussions undoubtedly will be applied to the educational work of many museums with resulting changes and developments. It was recognized and repeatedly emphasized that original objects are the proper basis for the educational work of museums. Some participants came to realize that the educational programme in their own institutions included a wide variety of interesting activities many of which bore little relation to museum collections. In some cases programmes will be re-examined more criticaLly. It is to be expected that these museums will not diminish their activities but will alter them to make primary use of the original objects in their collections. Similarly, exhibits in some museums were observed to be excellent from the didactic standpoint, but to be weak in specimens. The weakness lay partly in the poor quality of objects shown and partly in the over- balancing of specimens by supporting material such as labels, pictures, diagrams or models. Changes here will be marked by an increased respect for original objects in the design of the exhibitions, not by a retreat from teaching displays. On the other hand, there were participants who saw that their museums maintained superlative standards in the choice of specimens on display but neglected to supplement them sufficiently either by educational services to the public or by explanatory exhibition. Among these institutions one may look for the increase of instructive activity for visiting school classes, a greater effort to provide adult educational programmes based on the collections and the reinstallation of exhibitions to interpret the objects as well as display them. Such changes will hardly be spectacular, but if they are made, they will represent a fundamenta1 strengthening of museum work.

Another way in which the influence of the Seminar may well bring changes is in the more complete interpretation of museum specimens. An original object of fine quality has factual meaning, historical relationships and aesthetic significance. All these aspects may be interpreted to the visitor, with varying emphasis, of course, whether the object is in a museum of science, history or art. T h s is not common practice at present, but out of the Seminar discussions will come serious attempts to utilize the aesthetic qualities of scientific specimens as well as the historica1 and factual aspects of works of art. Experimentation will be necessary, with closer attention to the total interests, needs and capabilities of museum visitors.

Much time during the Seminar was given to the practical aspects of museum educa- tional activities, particularly in relation to schools, and the most apparent applications will be in this area. The end result should be great increase in the amount and effective- ness of the use which schools make of museums. Closer liaison between museums and schools at the administrative level will bring wider recognition of the services museums can provide. Museums will discover the parts of the curriculum which they can supplement most usefully and schools will become aware of the specific help museums can give. Through research and the training of teachers, class visits to museums will become increasingly effective experiences. In some situations schools will foster museum development or even create their own museums in order to obtain the unique assistance museums offer. In other cases museums which have been with- out active educational programmes will extend their work to the schools. The estab- lishment of new museums and services may come particularly in less developed regions which now have few of them. Attention was given in the Seminar to methods of planning, founding and building up small, local museums with the special needs of these places in mind.

In exploring the practical details of organizing programmes and specialized ser- vices the Seminar kept constantly in focus the conception of original objects on exhibi- tion as the foundation of education in museums. The careful planning, fine leadership and sound technique manifest in this successful co-ordination of principle and practice account for the promising contribution the Seminar is making to museum work on an international scale.