An 11001 Diaphragm Wall

8/10/2019 An 11001 Diaphragm Wall

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the immedia

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2.1 Fa

Several

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soil

ting System

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ave

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wall move

wall movem

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Table 1: M

ment

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lateral wall

ment

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vation height

x/H (%)

No

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ition & chan

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urke (1990)

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es in its

ethod of

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ive soils

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ical

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Monitori

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2.3 Pu

Instrum

3. Ins

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everal purp

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re

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Monitoring of diaphragm wall AN-11001

ENCARDIO-RITE ELECTRONICS PVT. LTD.

Table 2 below summarizes an instrumentation scheme that can be used to monitor deep excavations.

Instruments, like inclinometers, horizontal & vertical extensometers, piezometer, tiltmeters, strain

gages and load cellsalong with surveying methodsare extensively used.

Inclinometers may be placed in boreholes in the soil and/or in piles or diaphragm walls. Load cells on struts

or anchor heads are very useful in checking calculated loads. Strain gages are used in monitoring stress on

struts or in piles and diaphragm walls.

A word of caution - redundancy in instrumentation must be provided to account for damage that may occurduring construction activity. This is very important, especially at critical locations.

Type Instrument Purpose Related problem

Groundwater

table/ piezometric

pressure

Water Standpipe Change in groundwater

level

Seepage and ground

subsidence

Piezometer Change in piezometric

level

Consolidation settlement uplift

or weakening of soil

Lateral

movement

Inclinometer Lateral ground movement

& deflection of retaining

walls

Instability of retaining system

and adjacent structures

Stress/load Vibrating wire strain

gage

Stress along strut member Over-load of struts

Load cell Axial load on strut

Sister bar Stress in rebar of concrete

retaining structure

Over-load of reinforcing bars

Earth pressure

cell/jackout pressure

cell

Earth pressure distribution

on retaining wall

Over-stress of earth retaining

wall

Settlement/heave Surface settlementpoint

Ground surface settlement Movement of surroundingground and damage to

existing utilities

Building/utility

settlement point

Settlement of adjacent

building and utilities

Instability of structures

Settlement gage Continuous settlement of

structures

Extensometer Vertical ground

movements in various

depth zones

Deep ground movement

Tilt/crack Tilt plate/tiltmeter Tilt of structures Instability of structures

Crack meter Cracks on structure

surface

Uneven settlement of

structures

Vibration Vibration sensor Vibration effect to adjacent

properties

Disturbance to foundation

soils and structures

Table 2: Instrumentation for deep excavation


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Table 3 below provides guidelines for the installation of instruments:

Instrument Position Installation

Water Standpipe Along excavation boundaries and within

anticipated groundwater drawdown zone

Not shallower than depth of excavation

Piezometer In compressible layers where

consolidation is anticipated or belowbase of potential uplift structures

At various depths in compressible layer

or expected sensitive location

Inclinometer At most critical location generally mid-

span of excavation boundaries or near

sensitive structures

Embedded in rigid base beyond

movement influence zone but not

shallower than depth of Excavation

Vibrating wire

strain gage

On selected strut members Web of steel member

Load cell On selected strut members Axial

Sister bar On selected reinforcement Axial

Earth/jackout

pressure cell

On selected retaining wall panel Wall surface in contact with soil

Surface settlement

point

Along excavation boundaries and critical

sections perpendicular to excavation

boundary

At 5 m to 10 m spacing and according to

existing site condition

Building/utility

settlement poin t

On selected columns of structures On surface of structural member after

removal of paint and loose plaster

Extensometer Within anticipated stress influence zone Various depth zones

Settlement gauge On selected columns of structures On surface of structural member after


Tilt plate/tilt meter On selected columns of structures On surface of structural member after


Crack meter On surface of selected structural

members

On surface of structural member after


Vibration Sensor At sensitive structure locations Fixed or portable

Table 3: General guideline for installations of these instruments

4. Planning a proper instrumentation scheme

An instrumentation scheme should be properly planned and result oriented. It should provide for safety

during construction activity and if required even after that. The following should be taken into consideration:

4.1 Site and project conditions

Site and project conditions such as type of soil, depth & size of excavation, method of construction and

location/type of structures in zone of influence should to be carefully analyzed during planning of the

instrumentation system.

Instrumentation scheme varies from location to location. It should be carefully decided after review of all

data available for the project and the site.


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4.2 Selection of monitoring instruments

Several types of instruments are available. Only the right type must be used to provide engineers with

correct information on behavior of ground and structure during excavation, taking into consideration

absolute safety during construction. In selection of instruments table 2 provides some guidelines.

4.3 Layout of instrument locations

Selecting proper locations of instruments is as important. Instruments should be installed at the mostcritical and representative locations to accurately monitor influence of excavation on surrounding properties

to determine response of ground & retaining system and to ensure the safety of construction. Table 3

provides guidelines for planning instrumentation locations.

4.4 Technical specifications and method statements

Technical specification should include type of instrument, range, precision and accuracy etc. Method

statements including notes for installation should be properly prepared. It is important that required

specifications are fully complied with and installation is carried out under the supervision of a competent

geotechnical engineer. Initial instrumentation data should be properly recorded and reflected in later

interpretation works.

4.5 Checking and maintenance procedure

Instruments must be maintained in good working condition throughout the monitoring period in order to

ensure validity and accuracy of monitoring readings, especially during long periods of monitoring or

frequent applications. Regular checking and calibration at specified intervals should be carried out to verify

instrument specifications including those of sensors, read-out loggers and reference points used in the

monitoring works.

4.6 Frequency of monitoring

Monitoring frequency must be properly planned based upon sequence of construction and type of

measurement. For example, more frequent monitoring is needed for inclinometers during excavation inview of its sensitivity to excavation sequences, e.g. excavation and installation, pre-loading and removal of

struts and the importance of movement magnitudes to site safety.

Representative initial readings of all installed instruments must be properly established prior to

commencement of major site activities to ensure reliable reference for future comparison.

4.7 Control values and action plan

Two typical control values namely alert level and action level are commonly adopted during deep

excavation. These are determined by designer based on result of analysis and his professional judgment.

4.8 Data processing and interpretationTimely analysis of instrument readings by competent geotechnical engineers is essential for control of

safety during construction and instituting effective prevention measures (if required) for minimizing

detrimental effects and possible failure in deep excavation. Employment of an independent specialist

organization for Instrumentation and Monitoring is highly recommended.

Verification of instrument readings during monitoring stage by constantly checking top level of water

standpipes, top level and co-ordinates of inclinometer casing, reference benchmark for settlement survey

and surface protection to instruments is an essential part of any instrumentation and monitoring program.


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Reproduced below are some typical instrumentation results at a Project in Abu Dhabi, UAE:

Typical monitoring results: inclinometer in D-wall

Typical monitoring results: standpipe piezometer inside excavation area


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Typical monitoring results: extensometer outside D-wall

Typical monitoring results: Anchor load cell for ground anchors


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Typical monitoring results: t ilt meter for adjacent structures


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Typical monitoring results: building settlement point

Typical monitoring results: multilevel piezometer outs ide D-wall


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Interpretation of the above data aims at:

Ensuring construction is carried out safely and to provide data for modifying construction procedure, if

necessary.

Ensuring that adjacent structures are safe during and after construction.

Providing data for evaluating situation should some structure be endangered and preparing

contingency measures should action be needed to safeguard these structures.

Providing data for taking remedial measures should some structure suffer from damage and evaluating

effectiveness of such measures.

Providing data for clarifying responsibility in legal cases.

Proving data for back analyses for refining design procedures and enhancing construction technology.

5. Case studies

5.1 Office and residential tower, Abu Dhabi, UAE

The office and residential tower will have 27 levels.

Instrumentation has been provided to monitor behavior ofdiaphragm wall and settlement caused due to dewatering and

deep excavation. Toe level of D-wall is -20 m and final

excavation level is -12 m. Instrumentation scheme for

monitoring works is as follows:

Description Depth/

position

Monitoring

frequency

Qty.

Inclinometer 20 m

Daily during

excavation (if not

critical) after

excavation weekly

20

Anchor bolt

load cell(1000 KN)

2.5 m from

cappingbeam

10

Strain gage First layer of

strutting

10

Excavation level at -10 m

Inclinometer installed in

diaphragm wallAnchor Load cell for

ground anchor

Strain gages for struts


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Monitori

ENCARD

5.2 Co

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Abu D

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Tilt plat

Crack g

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ng of diaphr

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gant and be

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bu Dhabi,

ey building

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le limits, th

ibed below:

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.5 m from W

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utside D-wal

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14/20



5.3 Jumeirah village, Dubai, UAE

Jumeirah Village encompasses more than 6,000 spaciously constructed villas and town houses set amidst

luscious landscaping and unsurpassed leisure and lifestyle amenities to provide a great living experience

for its residents. For monitoring lateral movement and load on diaphragm wall at JOURI 5 and JOURI 6

(part of Jumeirah village development), client specified installation of inclinometers and strain gages. Toe

level of D-wall was at -19.0 m and excavation level was at -15.50 m. List of instruments used is as follows:

Description Depth/Position Monitoring Frequency Qty.

Inclinometer 19 mWeekly

4

Embedment strain gage At four levels in d-wall panel 16

Strutting works on site Inclinometer in D-wall

Load Cel l on strut

Stain gage on pipe strut (close view)

Load Cell on strut (close view)

Stain a e on i e s trut


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5.4 Al Quds Tower, Doha, Qatar

The 101 floors, 420 m tower project presents a real challenge for the creation of an innovative and

magnificent human habitat as one of the greatest landmarks of Doha.The target is to host more than 2,000

inhabitants in an icon building that could be symbolically linked with Al Quds through an analogy with the

Dome of the Rock at Jerusalem. The Arabic name of Jerusalem is Al Quds or Baitul Maqdis. The golden

Dome of Rock at Jerusalem is one of the most important and ancient monument of Islamic culture.

According to Islam, it is the place where prophet Muhammad ascended to God in the heavens and

symbolically the Al Quds Tower would do the same.

The foundation works includes a diaphragm wall all around the structure. The toe level of diaphragm wall isat -30 m. Excavation level is up to -24 m. A large quantity of instruments as per specification of designers

were supplied and installed during excavation/foundation works and behavior of diaphragm wall was

closely monitored.

The site is surrounded by a number of high rise buildings. Before constructing the diaphragm wall and the

start of excavation, a pre-construction condition survey of all the buildings in the zone of influence was

undertaken.

The foundation and the diaphragm walls were constructed by of Ammico Contracting Co. W.L.L.

Instrumentation for the diaphragm wall was provided by the Encardio-rite Group of Companies.

Monitoring of st rain gage at Jouri 5Layout plan of Jumeirah Village

Inclinometer in diaphragm wall


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Description of instruments supplied:

Instruments Qty.

Inclinometer- 30 m 20

Jack out pressure cell 15

Anchor bolt load cell 12

Sister bar 30

Tilt plate 10

Portable tilt meter 1

Crack meter- 50 mm 10

Typ ical installation of anchor bolt load cell Readings from portable readout

Typical installation of jackout pressure cell

A

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17/20

Monitori

ENCARD

5.5 Co

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er, Doha,

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and offer a

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Description

ubai

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nts supplied

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18/20



outside excavation using water standpipes and monitoring of pumping activities in pump wells within

excavation using water level indicators.

Description Depth/Position Monitoring

Frequency

Qty.

Inclinometer in diaphragm wall 47 m

Dailyduringexcavation(ifnotcritical)after

excavationweekly

9

Inclinometer in ground 52 m 2Strut load cell (2000 kN) On layer A struts below

concourse level (2 no. on each

strut)

6

Spot weldable strain gage On layer A struts below

concourse level (2 no. on each

strut)

14

Water standpipe (including

existing standpipes &

observation wells for pumping

tests)

Outside excavation 36

Pump wells With-in excavation 17Surface settlement po ints Outside excavation/ on utilities 211

Building settlement points On surrounding buildings 21

Diaphragm wall 3-D deformation

monitoring

On diaphragm wall below

concourse level

14

The observed data was processed and uploaded on clients server both in graphical and numerical formats

Inclinometer readings being takenStrut load cell


19/20

Monitori

ENCARD

on a da

contain

(MCV)

weekly

Weekly

during t

any inst

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station

calibrati

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6. Concluding remarks

It is seen that Instrumentation and monitoring plays an important role at both design and construction

stages. The construction of high rise buildings and other structures through deep excavation is well

benefited from the instrumentation and monitoring program. The data observed from monitoring

instrumentation as described above, provides verification of design assumptions. It also helps to manage

the construction in a safe and controlled manner, protecting adjacent buildings/structures. The researches

carried out, based on the instrument readings obtained during ongoing excavation works, have greatlyenhanced the construction technology in several parts of the world.

Based on our successful experience, it is recommended that:

1. In construction projects of significant size, particularly those involving deep excavations in densely

populated area, sufficient emphasis be given to instrumentation and monitoring.

2. More importantly, specialists must be engaged in processing, interpreting and utilizing the data

obtained.

3. Web based remote Data Monitoring Services (WDMS) from Encardio-rite makes instrument data

available online. The service can be judicially used for monitoring displacement & ground water

pressure in the diaphragm wall or in its vicinity, or to provide relevant information related to safetyof construction works and associated buildings, to various authorized personnel like engineer,

client, consultants, project manager etc.

Encardio-rite WDMS consists of a data collection agent, a data base server and a web server

software hosted on a high integrity server machine that periodically collects data from remote

EDAS-10 data loggers, which can be geographically spread over a large area, over cell phone

network. The web server then makes this data available over the internet so that a user can view

the logged data using a suitable web browser like Microsoft Internet Explorer from virtually

anywhere in the world.

The WDMS allows the user to view the data from any transducer connected to the remote

datalogger over a selected time period in either a tabular spread sheet type format or as a graph. Agraphic like a map, ground plan or a photograph can be put on the opening screen marked with

installed sensors. The WDMS can also be programmed to send SMS alert messages to selected

users as soon as any sensor data crosses its predefined alarm levels.

Encardio-rite provides a complete range of geotechnical and structural instrumentation along with technical

support to the construction industry in form of installation, monitoring, method statements, manuals,

application notes, etc. such that it can benefit and improve its quality of work and competitiveness.

An 11001 Diaphragm Wall

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