ameer report11

Application Of Nano-technology In Civil Engineering

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

Nanomaterial’s can be defined as those physical substances with at least one dimension between

1…150 nm (1 nm = 10–9 m). The nanomaterial’s properties can be very different from the

properties of the same materials at micro (10–6 m) or macro scale (10–6…10–3 m).

The nanoscience represents the study of phenomena and the manipulation of materials at

nanoscale and is an extension of common sciences into the nanoscale.

The nanotechnologies can be defined as the design, characterization, production and

application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanoscale.

Nanotechnology requires advanced imaging techniques for studying and improving the material

behavior and for designing and producing very fine powders, liquids or solids of materials with

particle size between 1 and 100 nm, known as nanoparticles (Gogotsi, 2006).

Currently, the use of nanomaterial’s in construction is reduced, mainly for the following

reasons: the lack of knowledge concerning the suitable nanomaterial’s for construction and their

behavior; the lack of specific standards for design and execution of the construction elements

using nanomaterial’s; the reduced offer of nanoproducts; the lack of detailed information

regarding the nanoproducts content; high costs; the unknowns of health risks associated with

nanomaterial’s.

In order to be able to use in the construction industry the nanomaterial’s at wide scale it is

necessary that the researches to be conducted following the next stages: the choice of

nanomaterial’s with potential use in construction and the study of their characteristics; the

behavior study of the building elements that contain nanomaterial’s under various loads; the

development of specific design and construction standards.

This paper is part of the first stage of research and represents a synthesis of nanomaterials

proper to be used in construction.

Department of Civil Engineering, Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology, Vazhakulam


1.2 Objective of Seminar Report

The foremost aim of this report is to investigate advancement and applications of

nanotechnology in construction and make it more economical and efficient

2. NANOMATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

Because the size of the particles is a critical factor, the material properties significant differ at the

nanoscale from that at larger scales. Physical phenomena begin to occur differently below the

boundary limit: gravity becomes unimportant, electrostatic forces and quantum effects start to

prevail. In the same time, the proportion of atoms on the surface increases relative to those

inside, creating so-called “nano-effect”. All these nano-properties actually affect the materials

behavior at macro-scale and, from this point, the power of nanotechnology is emphasized: if the

elements are proper manipulated at the nanoscale, the macro-properties are affected and new

materials and processes can be developed (Ge&Gao, 2008).

In what follows the most important nanomaterial’s with potential use in construction are

presented.

2.1. The Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are a form of carbon having a cylindrical shape, the name coming from their

nanometer diameter. They can be several millimeters in length and can have one “layer” or wall

(single walled nanotube) or more than one wall (multi walled nanotube) (Lu et al., 2010).

Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family and exhibit extraordinary strength

and unique electrical properties, being efficient thermal conductors. For example, they have five

times the Young’s modulus and eight times (theoretically 100 times) the strength of steel, whilst

being 1/6th the density.

Expected benefits of carbon nanotubes are: mechanical durability and crack prevention in

concrete, enhanced mechanical and thermal properties in ceramics and real-time structural health

monitoring capacity (Mann, 2006).



2.2. Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2)

The titanium dioxide nanoparticles are added to concrete to improve its properties. This white

pigment is used as an excellent reflective coating. or added to paints, cements and windows for

its sterilizing properties. The titanium dioxide breaks down organic pollutants, volatile organic

compounds and bacterial membranes through powerful photocatalytic reactions, reducing air

pollutants when it’s applied to outdoor surfaces. Being hydrophilic gives self cleaning properties

to surfaces to which it is applied, because the rain water is attracted to the surface and forms

sheets which collect the pollutants and dirt particles previously broken down and washes them

off. The resulting concrete surface has a white colour that retains its whiteness very effectively

(Mann, 2006).

2.3. Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles (SiO2)

Nano-SiO2 could significantly increase the compressive strength of concretes containing large

fly ash volume at early age, by filling the pores between large fly ash and cement particles.

Nano-silica decreases the setting time of mortar when compared with silica fume (microsilica)

and reduces bleeding water and segregation by the improvement of the cohesiveness

(Sadrmomtazi & Barzegar, 2010).

2.4. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (Zno)

Zinc oxide is a unique material that exhibits semiconducting and piezoelectric dual properties. It

is added into various materials and products, including plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, rubber,

paints, adhesive, sealants, pigments, fire retardants. Used for concrete manufacturing, ZnO

improves the processing time and the resistance of concrete against water (Broekhuizen &

Broekhuizen, 2009).

2.5. Silver Nanoparticles (Ag)

The nanosilver will affect, in contact with bacteria, viruses and fungi, the cellular metabolism

and inhibit cells growth. The nanosilver inhibits multiplication and growth of bacteria and fungi,

which causes infection, odour, itchiness and sores. The core technology of nanosilver is the

ability to produce particles as small as possible and to distribute these particles very uniformly.



When the nanoparticles are coated on the surface of any material, the surface area is increasing

several million times than the normal silver foil (www.nanosilver.com.my).

2.6. Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles (Al2O3)

Alumina (Al2O3) component reacts with calcium hydroxide produced from the hydration of

calcium silicates. The rate of the pozzolanic reaction is proportional to the amount of surface

area available for reaction. The addition of nano-Al2O3 of high purity improves the

characteristics of concretes, in terms of higher split tensile and flexural strength. The cement

could be advantageously replaced in the concrete mixture with nano-Al2O3 particles up to

maximum limit of 2.0% with average particle sizes of 15 nm, the optimal level of nano- Al 2O3

particles content being achieved with 1.0% replacement (Nazariet al., 2010).

2.7. Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles (Zro2)

Zirconium oxide (or Zirconia) nanopowder or nanoparticles are white high surface area particles

with typical dimensions of 5…100 nanometers and specific surface area in the 25…50 m2/g

range. Nano zirconium shows good aesthetics (translucency), superior physical resistance

(hardness, flexibility, durability), chemical resistance (practically inert) and is a very good

insulator.

2.8. Wolfram (Tungsten) Oxide Nanoparticles (Wo3)

In recent years, tungsten trioxide has been employed in the production of electrochromic

windows, or smart windows. These windows are electrically switchable glass that change light

transmission properties with an applied voltage. This allows the user to tint their windows,

changing the amount of heat or light passing through.

3. NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR CONSTRUCTION

Nanotechnology can generate products with many unique characteristics that can improve the

current construction materials: lighter and stronger structural composites, low maintenance

coatings, better cementitious materials, lower thermal transfer rate of fire retardant and



insulation, better sound absorption of acoustic absorbers and better reflectivity of glass (Lee et

al., 2010).

3.1. Nanotechnologies for Concrete

Concrete is a macro-material strongly influenced by its nano-properties. The addition of nano-

silica (SiO2) to cement based materials can control the degradation of the calcium-silicatehydrate

reaction caused by calcium leaching in water, blocking water penetration and leading to

improvements in durability (Mann, 2006).

Nano-sensors have a great potential to be used in concrete structures for quality control

and durability monitoring. (To measure concrete density and viscosity, to monitor concrete

curing and to measure shrinkage or temperature, moisture, chlorine concentration, pH, carbon

dioxide, stresses reinforcement corrosion or vibration).

Carbon nanotubes increase the compressive strength of cement mortar specimens and

change their electrical properties which can be used for health monitoring and damage detection.

The addition of small amounts (1%) of carbon nanotubes can improve the mechanical

properties of mixture samples of Portland cement and water. Oxidized multi-walled nanotubes

show the best improvements both in compressive strength and flexural strength compared to the

reference samples.

Concrete is one of the most common and widely used construction materials.

Nanotechnology is widely used in studying its properties like hydration reaction, alkali silicate

reaction (ASR) and fly ash reactivity. Alkali silicate reaction is caused due to alkali content of

cement and silica present in reactive aggregates. The use of pozzolona in the concrete mix as a

partial cement replacement can reduce the likelihood of ASR occurring as they reduce the

alkalinity of a pore fluid.

Fly ash not only improves concrete durability and strength but also sustainable factors by

reducing the requirement for cement, however, the curing process of such concrete is slowed

down due to the addition of fly ash and early stage strength is also low in comparison to normal

concrete. Addition of Nano-silica leads to the densifying of the micro and nanostructure resulting



in improved mechanical properties. With the addition of nano-silica part of the cement is

replaced but the density and strength of the fly-ash concrete improves particularly in the early

stages. For concrete containing large volume fly ash, at early age it can improve pore size

distribution by filling the pores between large fly ash and cement particles at Nano scale. The

dispersion/slurry of amorphous nano-SiO2 is used to improve segregation resistance for self-

compacting concrete.

Cracking is a major concern for many structures. University of Illinois Urbana-

Champaign is working on healing polymers, which include a microencapsulated healing agent

and a catalytic chemical trigger. When the microcapsules are broken by a crack, the healing

agent is released into the crack and contact with the catalyst. The polymerization happens and

bond the crack faces. The self-healing polymer could be especially applicable to fix the micro

cracking in bridge piers and columns. But it requires costly epoxy injection.

Research has shown that an anaerobic (one that does not require oxygen)

microorganism incorporated into concrete mixing water results in a 25% increase in 28-day

strength. The Shewanella microorganism was used at a concentration of 105 cells/ml and

nanoscale observation revealed that there was a deposition of sand-cement matrix on its surface.

This led to the growth of filler material within the pores of the cement sand matrix and resulted

in increased strength.

Finally, fiber wrapping of concrete is quite common today for increasing the strength of pre-

existing concrete structural elements. An advancement in the procedure involves the use of a

fiber sheet (matrix) containing nano-silica particles and hardeners. These nanoparticles penetrate

and close small cracks on the concrete surface and, in strengthening applications, the matrices

form a strong bond between the surface of the concrete and the fibre reinforcement.

It is evident from the Fig.3.1 that the SCCNFC (self-consolidating carbon Nano fibre concrete)

column failed at higher loads and with larger deflection than the SCRC (steel confined reinforced

concrete) column. Additionally, the SCCNFC column was much stiffer than the SCRC column

and exhibited higher energy dissipation. SCCNFC can also be used as a type of self- Structural

Health Monitoring system.



Fig. 3.1. Horizontal Force vs. Displacement Curves

Source: http://www.nanotechnologyimages.com

3.2. Nanotechnologies for Steel

The addition of copper nanoparticles reduces the surface unevenness of steel which then limits

the number of stress risers and hence fatigue cracking, leading to increased safety, less need for

monitoring and more efficient materials use in construction subjected to fatigue issues (Mann,

2006).

Vanadium and molybdenum nanoparticles improve the delayed fracture problems

associated with high strength bolts, reducing the effects of hydrogen embrittlement and

improving the steel micro-structure.

The addition of nanoparticles of magnesium and calcium leads to an increase in weld

toughness. The carbon nanotubes have little application as an addition to steel because of their

inherent slipperiness, due to the graphitic nature, making them difficult to bind to the bulk



material (Mann, 2006). Also, the high temperatures involved in the steel elements production

process enhances the vibration of carbon atoms significantly, leading to bond breaking and

defects in the nanotubes structure.

Steel is a major construction material. FHWA together with American Iron and Steel

Institute and the U.S. Navy developed new, low carbon, high-performance steel (HPS) for

bridges in 1992 with higher corrosion-resistance and weld ability by incorporating copper

nanoparticles from at the steel grain boundaries .

SandvikNanoflexTM is new stainless steel developed by SandvikNanoflex Materials

Technology. Due to its high performance, it is suitable for application which requires lightweight

and rigid designs. Its good corrosion, formability and wear resistance can keep life-cycle costs

low

MMFX2 is nanostructure-modified steel, produced by MFX Steel Corp, USA. Compared

with the conventional steel, it has a fundamentally different microstructure- laminated lath

structure resembling “plywood” as shown in Fig. 3.2 Due to the modified nanostructure, MMFX

steel has superior mechanical properties, e.g. higher strength, ductility and fatigue resistance,

over other high-strength steels. These material properties can lead to longer service life in

corrosive environments and lower construction costs. The MMFX2 steel has similar corrosion

resistance to that of stainless steel, but at a much lower cost. So far, the MMFX steel has gained

certification for use in general construction throughout the US.

Carbon nanotubes are over 100 times stronger than steel and only one-sixth of the

weight in addition to its high thermal and electrical conductivities. A CNT composite has

recently been reported to be six times stronger than conventional carbon fibrecomposites .

Additionally, unlike carbon fibers which fracture easily under compression, the

nanotubes are much more flexible and can be compressed without fracturing. CNT composite

reinforced structures have a 50 to 150-fold increase in tensile strength, compared with

conventional steel-reinforced structures.



Fig. 3.2. Nanostructure modified steel reinforcement – TEM picture showing microstructure of nano sheet

of austenite in a carbide free lath of martensite (MMFX Steel Corp. USA [7]).

Source: http://www.nanoarchitectureimages.com

3.3. Nanotechnologies for Wood

Wood is composed of nanotubes or “nanofibrils”. Lignocellulosic surfaces at the nanoscale could

open new opportunities for such things as self-sterilizing surfaces, internal self-repair, and

electronic lignocellulosic devices, providing feedback for product performance and

environmental conditions during service (Mann, 2006).

Highly water repellent coatings incorporating silica and alumina nanoparticles and

hydrophobic polymers are proper to be used for wood.

3.4. Nanotechnologies for Glass

The use of TiO2 nanoparticles to glasses leads to so-called self cleaning technology. Due to the

nanoparticles photocatalytic reactions, the organic pollutants, volatile organic compounds and

bacterial membranes are decomposed. As well, TiO2 being hydrophilic, his attraction to water

forms drops which then wash off the dirt particles decomposed in the previous process.



Fire-protective glass is another application of nanotechnology. This is achieved by using

a clear intumescent layer sandwiched between glass panels (an interlayer) formed of fumed silica

(SiO2) nanoparticles which turns into a rigid and opaque fire shield when heated. The

electrochromic coatings are being developed that react to changes in applied voltage by using a

tungsten oxide layer; thereby becoming more opaque at the touch of a button. Because of the

hydrophobic properties of TiO2, it can be applied in antifogging coatings or in self-cleaning

windows .Nano-TiO2 coatings can also be applied to building exteriors to prevent sticking of

pollutants, and thus reduce a facility’s maintenance costs.

3.5. Nanotechnologies for Coatings And Paintings

Nanotechnology is applied to paints in order to assure the corrosion protection under

insulation since it is hydrophobic and repels water from the metal pipe and can also protect metal

from salt water attack. Others applications refer to coatings that have self-healing capabilities

through a process of “self-assembly protective or anti-corrosion coatings for components; self-

cleaning, thermal control, energy saving, anti-reflection coatings for glass/windows; easy-to-

clean, antibacterial coatings for work surfaces; and more durable paints and anti-graffiti coating

for buildings and structures

In addition to the self-cleaning coatings mentioned above for glazing, the remarkable

properties of TiO2 nanoparticles are put to use as a coating material on roadways in tests around

the world (Mann, 2006).

For example:

Self-cleaning windows have been developed and marketed by Pilkington, St. Gobain Co., and

others . This coating works in two stages. First, using a 'photocatalytic' process, nanosized TiO 2

particles in the coating react with ultra-violet rays from natural daylight to break down and

disintegrate organic dirt. Secondly, the surface coating is hydrophilic, which lets rainwater

spread evenly over the surface and 'sheet' down the glass to wash the loosened dirt away. It can

therefore reduce airborne pollutants when applied to outdoor surfaces. Coating of 7000 ml of

road surface with such a material in Milan in 2002 has led to a 60% reduction in nitrogen oxides

concentration at street level. Research has also demonstrated that bimetallic Nano particles, such



as Fe/Pd, Fe/Ag, or Zn/Pd, can serve as potent reductants and catalysts for a large variety of

environmental contaminants.

Another approach to create self-cleaning surface coating has been the development of 'Lotus

Spray' products by BASF , based on ideas of replicating the spotless lotus leaves by

incorporating silica and alumina nanoparticles and hydrophobic polymers. The product offers 20

times more water-repellent property than a smooth, wax coating. With its applications in the

construction industry, the company aims to develop a product that will retain its lotus effect even

after an abrasion with sandpaper.

Special coatings can also make the applied surface both hydrophobic and oleophobic at the same

time. These could be used for anti-graffiti surfaces, carpets and protective clothing etc.

Researchers in Mexico has successfully developed a new type of anti-graffiti paint DELETUM,

by functionalizing nanoparticles and polymers to form a coating repellent to water and oil at the

same time, as shown in Fig. 3.5

Fig. 3.5 Stratigraphy of Deletum anti-graffiti coating

Source: http://www.nanotechnologyapplications.com

As a result, the coated surface is non-stick or very easy to clean, and able to withstand repeated

graffiti attacks.

Furthermore nanostructured coatings can be used to selectively reflect and transmit

light in different wavebands. Research is focusing on smart and responsive materials able to



sense and adapt to surroundings and change their appearance, such as whose colour changes as a

function of temperature, and cladding which responds to heat and light to minimize energy use in

buildings.

3.6. Nanotechnologies for Thermal Insulation

Micro- and nanoporous aerogel materials are appropriate for being core materials of vacuum

insulation panels but they are sensitive to moisture. As a possible remedy it was produced an

ultra-thin wall insulation which uses a hydrophobic nanoporous aerogel structure.

Another application of aerogels is silica based products for transparent insulation,

which leads to the possibility of super-insulating windows.

Micro- or nanoelectomechanical systems offer the possibility of monitoring and

controlling the internal environment of buildings and this could lead to energy savings.

The superior insulation characteristics of these low densities, highly porous solids are

due to the unique shape and small size (10-100 nm) of its large number of pores. So far, these

new insulating compounds have been used in applications that require excellent thermal

performance, optimum energy efficiency, or minimum insulation thickness.

3.7. Nanotechnologies for Fire Protection

Fire resistance of steel structures is often provided by a coating of spray on cementitious process

which is no more popular because they need to be thick, tend to be brittle and polymer additions

are needed to improve adhesion. However, research into nano-cement (made of nano-sized

particles) has the potential to create a new paradigm in this area of application. This is achieved

by the mixing of carbon nanotubes (CNT’s) with the cementious material to fabricate fiber

composites that can inherit some of the outstanding properties of the nanotubes such as strength.

Polypropylene fibers are also being considered as a method of increasing fire resistance and this

is a cheaper option than conventional insulation. CNT’s can also be used to produce protective

clothing materials because of their flame retardant property.



3.8. Nanotechnologies for Structural Monitoring

Nanotechnology enabled sensors/devices which exhibit 'self-sensing' and 'self-actuating'

capability also offer great potential for developing smart materials and structures. The device

used for air bags in cars is such an example. Nano and Micro electrical mechanical systems

(NEMS & MEMS) sensors range from 10-9 m to 10-5 m which could be embedded into the

structure during the construction process. They can monitor and/or control the environment

conditions (e.g. temperature, moisture, smoke, noise, etc.) and the materials/structure

performance (e.g. stress, strain, vibration, cracking, corrosion etc.) during the structure’s life.

Smart aggregate, a low cost piezoceramic-based multi-functional device, has been applied to

monitor early age concrete properties such as moisture, temperature, relative humidity and early

age strength development. Also it can provide an early indication before a failure of the structure

occurs. Thus the sensors are able to work as self-health monitoring system.

Cyrano Sciences has developed electronic noses based on an array of different polymer

nanometre-thin film sensors. Siemens and Yorkshire Water are developing autonomous,

disposable chips with built-in chemical sensors to monitor water quality and send pollution alerts

by radio.

3.9. Nanotechnologies for Nano-Mineral - Clay

Due to exponential growth of population and availability of limited natural resources, extensive

scientific explorations have been carried out to find out available raw materials those can be

engineered and utilized. It has been found that the most available raw mineral such as clay has a

huge potential to be used in the construction industry both as a building material and as a

foundation for structures. The tremendous developments in the area of “wet” colloid chemical

synthesis of nano-sized and nano-structured materials, which was mimicked by

“biomineralization and hierarchically organized self-assembly”, is giving a new gateway to solve

the environmental and energy problem to maintain social sustainable development in

construction sector. The alternating layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition process was the basic

principle behind the wet synthesis. A variety of nano-structured materials with improved

properties have been further developed by Isayama and Kunitake. Gupta and Maharsia reported

the enhancement of energy absorption in synthetic foams by using nano-clay for sandwich core



application. The study towards the changes in mechanical and micro-structural properties of

cement mortar due to the effect of nano-clay is conducted by Morsy et al . The Nano-fiber nature

of NMK (only cement mortar containing 4% and 8 % NMK, due to their high strength) and their

filler effect in cement mortar was revealed by morphological study through SEM as reported in

Fig. 3.9. In the control specimen, a needle like hydrates were formed around the CSH gel and

deposited CH crystals were distributed in the cement paste. The texture of hydrate products was

found to be denser, compact and with uniform microstructure. It indicates the uniform

distribution of nano-particles in the cement mortar due to their high surface energy during

hydration. The reported study has also cautioned on non-uniform dispersion of nano-particles

which could lead to particles aggregation and development of voids through weak zone.

Fig. 3.9 SEM micrographs of hydrated NMK mortar a) with 0% NMK, b) with 8 % NMK (Courtesy :Morsy )

Source: http://www.sercm.org

4. IMPACTS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY ON CONSTRUCTION

4.1. Merits

1) Compared with conventional TiO2, TiO2 at the nano-scale experiences a 500% increase in

surface area and a 400% decrease in opacity. Current nano-TiO2 production levels have reached

approximately 4 million metric tons at a price of approximately $45/kg to $50/kg vs. $2.5/kg for

conventional TiO2. 2) The CNT market worldwide is expected to grow from $51 million in 2006

to more than $800 million by 2011 (BCC Research 2008).



3) Nano-modified concrete cuts down construction schedules while reducing labor-intensive (and

expensive) tasks. Also it can reduce the cost of repair and maintenance.

4) The paint and coatings industry consists of approximately annual sales of $20 billion (Baer et

al. 2003). Nano-alumina and titania have a four- to six-fold increase in wear resistance, with

doubled toughness and bond strength (Gell 2002).

5) The potential global market of nanocomposites is estimated at $340 billion for the next two

decades (Roco and Bainbridge 2001).

6) The market for fire protection systems totaled approximately $45 billion in 2004 and is

expected to grow to more than $80 billion by 2010 (Helmut Kaiser Consultancy 2008)

7) Self-repairing asphalt, healing and rejuvenating nanoagents for asphalt (Partl et al. 2006), and

self-assembling polymers improve asphalt mix.

8) Nano sensors embedded in infrastructural materials can provide, at minimum cost, fully

integrated and self-powered failure prediction and forecasting mechanisms for high-capital

structures e.g., reservoirs, nuclear power plants, and bridges.

4.2. Demerits

1) Nano particles being very small in size have the potential to negatively affect the respiratory

and digestive tracks and the skin or eye surface thus exposes workers to hazards.

2) Since nanotechnology-related industries are relatively new, the type of worker who is

employed in construction research and development or even some field applications must have

an interdisciplinary background.

3) New policies in the context of nanotechnology will require cooperation between various levels

of government, R&D agencies, manufacturers, and other industries.

4) Small production volumes and high cost remain the main barriers to the use of

nanotechnology (The Royal Society 2004)



5) The time for commercializing a product is long. E.g. the concrete, which can eliminate the

need for reinforcing bars, is projected to be commercialized by approximately 2020.

5. FUTURE PROJECTION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION

There is substantial money flowing into nano-related research from multinational

corporations and venture capital investments . Many of the world's largest companies such as

IBM, Intel, Motorola, Lucent, Boeing, Hitachi, etc. have all had significant Nano-related

research projects going on, or launched their own nanotech initiatives. By 2015, the National

Science Foundation estimates that nanotechnology will have a $1 trillion effect on the global

economy. To achieve this market-sized prediction, industries will employ nearly two million

workers towards advancements in many Nano materials, Nano structures, and Nano systems.

The time needed for commercializing a product is long because industries may prefer monitoring

development in research agencies and laboratories before making substantial investments.

Furthermore, nanotechnology development, particularly in conjunction with biomimetic research

will lead to truly revolutionary approaches to design and production of materials and

structureswith much improved efficiency, sustainability and adaptability to changing

environment

Fig. 5.1 Expected successful implementation of nanotechnology products in construction

Source: http://www.nanotech.net



6. CONCLUSION

Research in nanotechnology that is related to construction is still in its infancy; however,

this paper has demonstrated the main benefits and barriers that allow the effect of

nanotechnology on construction to be defined. Recent years of R&D have shown massive

investments Nano-construction. The activities in Nano related products for the construction

industry are not well marketed and are difficult for industry experts to identify. A large-scale and

visible initiative from nano-science and nanotechnology in the construction area could help seed

construction related nano-technological development. Focused research into the timeous and

directed research into nanotechnology for construction infrastructure should be pursued to ensure

that the potential benefits of this technology can be harnessed to provide longer life and more

economical infrastructure. This paper concludes with a roadmap and strategic action plan on how

nanotechnology can have its biggest impact on the field of civil engineering.

REFERENCE

B. B. Das and Arkadeep Mitra (2014) “Nanomaterials for Construction Engineering”,

International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing, Vol. 2, No. 1,pp:41-46

Syed Sabihuddin (March 2014),” Application of Nanotechnology in Civil Infrastructure”

Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248-9622,

Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.92-95

RADU OLAR (2011) “Nanomaterials And Nanotechnologies for Civil Engineering”

V. Kartik Ganesh “Nanotechnology In Civil Engineering”, European Scientific Journal

November edition vol. 8, No.27 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431

B. Bhuvaneshwari, Saptarshi Sasmal, Nagesh R.Iyer” Nanoscience to Nanotechnology

for Civil Engineering – Proof of Concepts “, Recent Researches in Geography, Geology,

Energy, Environment and Biomedicine.


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