ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN URBAN TRANSPORT (PART 2) Eddy Versonnen

ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND THEIR APPLICATION

IN URBAN TRANSPORT

(PART 2)

Eddy Versonnen

[email protected]

KdG University College Antwerp

mailto:[email protected]

AIR QUALITYGREENHOUSE EFFECT

- THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT- GREENHOUSE GASES- DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS- USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS- USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS- WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY- HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER

KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen


Experiments with bio-energy

USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS:


Basic principle: Make fuels out of bio-mass• Mostly bio-mass from plants• Plants store solar-energy by photosynthesis under the physical form of carbon

compounds• In theory renewable fuels are CO2 neutral: the CO2 caused by the combustion of

bio-fuels has been taken out of the air by the plants while they were growing• In reality some energy is needed for the production of renewable fuels out of

bio-mass, but the use of it surely makes a CO2 reduction possible

(watch out: fertilizing leads to N2O!)

USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS:


USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: • Renewable fuels (wood) are the first fuels used by men.• Fossil fuels were formed out of bio-mass a few million years ago. • Different kinds of Renewable Fuels:

– Biodiesel– Pure Plant Oil (PPO)– Bio-methanol– Bio-ethanol– Biogas– Bio-methane– Bio-Hydrogen– ...


USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: ADVANTAGES:• Renewable• A lot of CO2 reduction• Liquid bio-fuels are easy to handle• Some bio-fuels can be used in conventional combusting engines with small

adaptations• ‘Revival’ of the European agriculture


USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: DISADVANTAGES:

• Different studies preconceive that there is not enough cultivated land available to produce enough renewable fuels.

• An ethical question: use the available cultivated land for the production of food or for the production of energy

• Not necessary sustainable and renewable energy: for example cutting down the rain forest

• None or hardly any impact on the poisonous emission components

USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: - Bio-Diesel (Plant Oils)

* FAME: Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Obtained from Rape Seed, Soybean, ..* World Production: 5 400 000 tons (4 000 000 in EUROP)* EU Commission: Blends of: 2010: > 5,75% Bio-Diesel 2020: > 10% Bio-Diesel with Fossil Diesel* Using Bio-Diesel substantially reduces Emissions of Unburned Hydrocarbons (CH) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Sulphate Particular Matter* Emissions of NOX increases


USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: - Biodiesel (Plant Oils)

* Can be used in Conventional Diesel Engines* Bio-Diesel Blends higher than B20 can cause problems with Natural Rubber Components Damage to Seals and Hoses of the Fuel System


USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: - Biodiesel: PPO (Pure Plant Oils)

* PPO tends to solidify at low temperature* Vehicle Modification to heat the fuel* 5% to 8% less Power* If PPO gets mixed with the lubricating Oil It reacts with the Oil This creates “Sludge” Change Oil more often


USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: - Bio-Ethanol

* Obtained from Sugar or Starch in Crops and other Agriculture Produce Grain Starches Sugar beats Maïs* 30% CO2 Reduction

Conventional Bio-Ethanol

Cellulosic Bio-Ethanol

* Derived from any Cellulose or other Renewable Bio-mass Forrestary Waste Municipal Waste * 80% CO2 Reduction



* World Production: 40 000 000 tons Mostly in Brazil and USA 1 500 tons in Europe* EU Commission: Blends of 2010: > 5,75% Bio-Ethanol 2020: > 10% Bio-Ethanol with Gasoline



* All Gasoline Vehicles can operate on gasoline/ethanol blends up to 10% Ethanol 18 - 29% CO2 Reduction (Compared with Gasoline)

* E5: 5% Bio-Ethanol in Gasoline (EU)* E10: 10% Bio-Ethanol in Gasoline (USA)* E25: 25% Bio-Ethanol in Gasoline (Brazil)



FFV (Flexible Fuel Vehicle)

* Capable of operating on 85% Bio-Ethanol and 15%Gasoline Or any Blend in between* E85: 85% Bio-Ethanol in Gasoline (USA, Sweden)

* With 113 Octane Rating: E85 Is the highest Performance Fuel on the Market Keeps High-Compression Engines running smoothly


WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY:




Advantages:• No CO2 emission• No emissions• Inexhaustible• No geographical concentration

Disadvantages• No constant production: no solar energy when the sun is

not shining, ...• Not directly usable for transport applications• Hard to store


- Battery - Electric

* Energy Storage in the Chemical Energy of the Batteries.* Zero Emission: no Emissions while being driven.* Disadvantages: Costs Speed Driving Range




* Lead - Acid Batteries: Reduced Capacity if discharged beyond 75% on regular basis.* Better Choice but more expensive are: NiMH Batteries Lithium Batteries




* New developments: ELLICA (Japan) Lithium Batteries 0 to 100 km/h in 4 s Maximum Speed: 400 km/h Autonomy: 320 km



- Solar Cars

* Electrical Vehicle powered by Solar Panels* Not a practical Form of Transportation


HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:


Well to Wheel Efficiency (vehicle km per ha)



Hydrogen- The lightest chemical element on earth- Most existing chemical element in the universe- It almost never exists as a free element on earth, but most of the time in a chemical bond

* Water (H2O): chemical bond with oxygen

* Fossil fuels: chemical bond with carbon (C) (‘hydrocarbons’, for instance CNG: ~CH4)



Production methods:- ‘Steam reforming’ of CNG- In general from any fossil fuel (for example coal)- Microbial from waste etc.- By using Electricity for the Electrolyses of Water (2H2O 2H2+O2 ) This Electricity can be produced by: * Wind Energy * Solar Energy * Nuclear Energy

Hydrogen: a new fuel?- City Gas = coal – gas- Up to 60% Hydrogen



H2: most energy per kg



- Internal Combustion Engines * Combustion with oxygen from the ambient air

2H2+O2 2H2O + heat

- Fuel Cells * Electro-Chemical reaction with oxygen from the

ambient air2H2+O2 2H2O + e-

Zero Emission:

- No emission while being driven

Two different Applications:

HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: * Hydrogen is an Energy Carrier, not an Energy Source (like a Battery) * Hydrogen can be stored more easy than Electricity




Hydrogen as an energy buffer



Hydrogen as an Energy Buffer• Hydrogen can be used to store energy which is provided by door fluctuating

sustainable sources as:– Wind Energy– Solar Energy– Hydroelectric Energy

Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier• Manageable way to store electricity on board of a vehicle

– Vehicles running on hydrogen– Hydrogen as an alternative Energy Carrier for road transport

HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: - Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines

* Slightly Modified Version of the Traditional Gasoline Internal Combustion Engine




Hydrogen: Advantages



European CommissionEUR 20719 EN – Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells – A vision of our future

Hydrogen Energy and Fuel CellsVision of our future by the EuropeanCommission



Hydrogen: Challenges

• Storage: H2 is a very light gas: 14 times lighter than air

• 1 kg of Hydrogen contains as much energy as 3.6 litres of gasoline

• At ambient pressure and temperature: - 3.3 m³ of Hydrogen contains as much energy as 1 litre of gasoline (a tank with 50 litres of gasoline contains as much energy as 165 m³ of Hydrogen)

HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: Hydrogen Storage

* Compressed Gas 350 - 700 bar* Special Tanks reinforced with carbon fibres* 9 litres of compressed Hydrogen (700 bar) is equivalent to 1 litre of gasoline


HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: Hydrogen Storage LH2

* Liquid Gas -253°C* A super isolated Tank protects the Liquid Hydrogen from heat* After 3 days a critical pressure is reached* 4 litres of Liquid Hydrogen is equivalent to 1 litre of gasoline




* In solid state, adsorbed in metal hydrides

* In the future: Storage in Carbon Nanotubes This will have important repercussions concerning the weight and the volume of the Hydrogen Storage

Hydrogen: Storage



Hydrogen: Challenges

* Production: Big investments in sustainable energy are necessary to replace a small fraction of the worldwide oil consumption by Hydrogen

* Transport: Same challenges as for Hydrogen storage Advantage: the existing network to transport natural gas can be used for the transportation of Hydrogen. (with small adaptations)

* The cost-price must be reduced:– Production cost– Storage (expensive tanks)– Internal Combustion Engines– Fuel Cells



As with any other energy carrier: safety risk

Characteristics: * Wide flammability: mixtures between 4 and 75% Hydrogen and air are inflammable (gasoline in air is inflammable between 1 and 7.6%) * Low ignition energy * Much lighter than air * Very diffuse: spreads out very fast * Colourless flame * Few radiant heat

Hydrogen: Safety



Safety: Hydrogen versus Gasoline

* Left: Hydrogen powered vehicle

After 3 seconds

After 1 minutes

After 1min30

* Right: Gasoline powered vehicle



Research at KdG University College

Internal Combustion Engines running on Hydrogen• HCNG – bus running on a mixture of 20% Hydrogen and 80% CNG, stored under

pressure• Opel Combo running on Hydrogen* VW Caddy demonstration vehicle running on Hydrogen

Future plans concerning Hydrogen• Developing a specialised motor management system• Maritime Internal Combustion Engine 6.2l V8 running on Hydrogen• Fork-lift truck running on Hydrogen

Adaptation of an Internal Combustion Engine to run on Methanol

HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: HCNG - Engines

* Hydrogen can be used in different blends with CNG in in Internal Combustion Engines.* This is an essential step to the 15% HCNG Hydrogen 27% CO2

based Reduction Transportation of the Future




Potential of Internal Combustion Engines running on Hydrogen

• More powerful than Internal Combustion Engines running on gasoline

• Higher efficiency than Diesel engines

• The most stringent emission standards achievable, without complicated after treatment of the exhaust gasses

• Flex-fuel is possible

Reduced costs

• Well known technology

• Adaptation of existing Internal Combustion Engines for Hydrogen

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION


ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN URBAN TRANSPORT (PART 2) Eddy Versonnen

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Transcript of ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN URBAN TRANSPORT (PART 2) Eddy Versonnen