Alternative Antriebe Und Kraftstoffe in Der Logistik
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Transcript of Alternative Antriebe Und Kraftstoffe in Der Logistik
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Noche
Fakultät für IngenieurwissenschaftenAbteilung Maschinenbau
Transportsysteme und -logistikKeetmanstraße 3-9
47058 Duisburg
Telefon: 0203 379-2785Telefax: 0203 379-3048E-Mail: [email protected]
Alternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik Compare purification process of raw methane to achieve gas quality
standards for gas network usage in Germany
M.Sc Christian Jenne
Group :Gopala Krishna Nagulapalli, Ubaid Ur Rahman, Md Alamin
Text
Content
03.09.2014Compare purification process of raw methane
2Alternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
1. Introduction
2. Quality standards for gas usage in Germany
3. Need of purification process
4. Major Technologies for purification
5. Comparing the technology
6. Conclusion
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1.Introduction
03.09.2014
3
• Natural Gas (Methane)?
• Origin and Background
• Why methane Gas?
I. Regional development
II. Eco-friendliness
III. Material flow at local level
IV. Stabilization of the energy system
V. Versatility of application
Alternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Compare purification process of raw methane
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1.Introduction (Cont.)
18.04.23
4
VI. Methane gas releases 25% less CO2 when used than Oil,
30-35% less than Coal
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Introduction (Cont….)
18.04.23
5
Bio/Methane gas applications and usage (Germany)•Industrial Uses
•Domestic uses
•Distributed Generation
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Introduction (Cont….)
18.04.23
6
Natural Gas usage in Germany (Some facts)In 2010 (99,500,000,000 Cubic meters)
•More than 70% Import
•Only 15% is from own
•Mostly from Russia (38%)
•Others from Norway
•Netherland
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2.Quality standards for gas usage in Germany
7Advance Planning and Scheduling
Technical definitions
•Gross calorific value (GCV)
•Wobbe Index (WI)WI= GCV/(√d*) *d is the relative density of natural gas
compared to air
Gas Properties
DVGW-Code G260 (Gas quality)
• Wobbe Index 13,6-15,7 kWh/m³ (group H)
• Calorific value 8,4-13,1 kWh/m³
Alternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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2.Quality standards for gas usage in Germany(cont.)
8Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
MJ/ ,15˚c standard
atmosphere
Gross calorific Value Wobbe Index
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Denmark 40,2 46,0 51,9 55,8
Belgium 36,9 43,7 46,7 53,1
Ireland 36,5 47,2 45,7 54,7
Germany 28,58 44,67 43,63 53,47
Spain 34,95 45,18 45,67 N/A
The Netherlands 36,50 43,61 45,5 54,03
Italy 36,2 43,6 47,1 52,5
Quality specifications for pipeline natural gas
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2.Quality standards for gas usage in Germany(cont.)
18.04.23
9
Gas Standards
DVGW-Code G260 (Gas quality)
• Wobbe Index 13,6-15,7 kWh/m³ (group H)
• Calorific value 8,4-13,1 kWh/m³
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2.Quality standards for gas usage in Germany(cont.)
18.04.23
10
DVGW code G260 specification requirements
Name Symbol Unit Group L Group H
Wobbe Index Ws,n kWh/m3 10.5 to 13.0 12.8 to 15.7
MJ/m3 37.8 to 46.8 46.1 to 56.5
Nominal Wobbe Index value kWh/m3 12.4 15.0
MJ/m3 44.6 54.0
Variation range for local
distribution area
kWh/m3 +0.6 +0.7
kWh/m3 -1.4 -1.4
Gross Calorific value Hs,n kWh/m3 8.4 to 13.1
MJ/m3 30.2 to 47.2
Relative Density dn 0.55 to 0.75
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2.Quality standards for gas usage in Germany(cont.)
18.04.23
11
Use of biogas in German gas Grids
•"DVGW" Worksheets
•Biofuel Quota Ordinance (BiokraftQuG)
•Biofuel Sustainability Ordinance (Biokraft-NachV)
•The German Biogas Register
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3.Need of purification process
12Advance Planning and Scheduling
Major processes in natural gas processing plant
•Gas-oil separators
•Condensate separators
•Dehydrators
•Acid gas removal units
•Nitrogen extractor or Nitrogen rejection unit
•Demethanizer
•Fractionators
Alternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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3.Need of purification process (Cont.)
13Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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4. Major Technologies for purification
14Advance Planning and Scheduling
1. Absorption• Physical absorption: Pressurized water scrubbing• Chemical absorption: amine scrubbing
2. Adsorption: Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)3. Membrane technology: Gas permeation4. Cryogenic separation
Alternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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4. Major Technologies for purification (conti.)
15Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Absorption :Physical absorption: Pressurized water scrubbing: •Removal of H2S and CO2•Most common solvent used is water for physical and for chemical amine • Efficiency of scrubbing depends on the solubility which depends on
•Pressure•Temperature• pH of water
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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4. Major Technologies for purification (conti.)
16Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Absorption :Physical absorption: Pressurized water scrubbing:
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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4. Major Technologies for purification (conti.)
17Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Absorption :Chemical absorption: Amine scrubbing: •Removal of H2S and CO2•Most common solvent used is amine for chemical • Efficiency of scrubbing depends on the solubility which depends on
•Pressure•Temperature• pH of water
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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4. Major Technologies for purification (conti.)
18Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Absorption :Chemical absorption: Amine scrubbing:
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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4. Major Technologies for purification (conti.)
19Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Adsorption :Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)•Adsorbents such as activated carbon and molecular sieves are used•Selectivity of adsorbtion is based on different molecular weight and molecular size• Adsorption is carried out at high pressure •Desorption is carried out at lower pressure
Advantages of PSA process•Simple & seamless operation•Consistent purity of gas is achieved•Clean process requiring very less floor area•Dry product gas is produced
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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4. Major Technologies for purification (conti.)
20Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Adsorption :Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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4. Major Technologies for purification (conti.)
21Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Membrane technology: Gas permeation•Permeability of components through membrane depends•on partial pressure•High pressure is required•Some CH4 losses occur
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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4. Major Technologies for purification (conti.)
22Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Membrane technology: Gas permeation
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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4. Major Technologies for purification (conti.)
23Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Cryogenic separation:•Boiling point:
•CH4 : (-)160°C•CO2 : (-)79°C
• Separation of CO2 by converting to liquid form by way of cooling the biogas to Critical Temperature at Critical Pressure• Expensive, and hence not practical
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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4. Major Technologies for purification (conti.)
24Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Cryogenic separation
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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5. Comparing the Technology
25Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Parameter Water scrubbing Organic physical
scrubbing
Amine scrubbing PSA Membrane
technology
typical methane
content in
biomethane [vol%]
95,0-99,0 95,0-99,0 >99,0 95,0-99,0 95,0-99,0
methane recovery
[%]
98,0 96,0 99,96 98 80-99,5
methane slip [%]
2,0 4,0 0,04 2,0 20-0,5
typical delivery
pressure [bar(g)]
4-8 4-8 0 4-7 4-7
electric energy
demand [kWhel/m³
biomethane]
0,46 0,49-0,67 0,27 0,46 0,25-0,43
heating demand and
temperature level
- medium
70-80°C
high
120-160°C
- -
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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5. Comparing the Technology (conti..)
26Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Parameter Water scrubbing Organic physical
scrubbing
Amine scrubbing PSA Membrane
technology
desulphurisation
requirements
process dependent yes yes yes yes
consumables
demand
antifouling agent,
drying agent
organic solvent (non-
hazardous)
amine solution
(hazardous,corrosive
)
activated carbon
(non-hazardous)
consumables
demand
partial load range
[%]
50-100 50-100 50-100 85-115 50-105
number of reference
plants
high low medium high low
typical investment
costs [€/(m³/h)
biomethane]
for 100m³/h
biomethane
10.100 9.500 9.500 10.400 7.300-7.600
typical operational
costs [ct/m³
biomethane]
for 100m³/h
biomethane
14.3 13.8 14.4 12.8 10.8-15.8
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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6. Conclusion
27Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Biogas upgrading is beneficial but its market is still relatively very small. In European region at present around 137 bio methane plants that employ main technologies: water scrubbing (WATS), pressure swing adsorption (PSA), chemical scrubbing (CHEMS), physical scrubbing (PHYS) and membrane separation (MEMS), Cryogenic separation
The most preferable technology is WATS with almost 40 % share, followed by PSA and CHEMS (both around 25 % share). The lowest share has MEMS with around 4 %. All five technologies are able to produce biome thane with required purity.
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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6. Conclusion (conti..)
28Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Fig : Amount of biogas upgrading plants in Europe
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014
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6. Conclusion (conti..)
03.09.2014
29Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Fig: The types biogas upgrading technologies used in Europe
Compare purification process of raw methane
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6. Conclusion (conti..)
03.09.2014
30Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Water
Scrubbing
Absorption PSA Membrane
Separation
Cryogenic High Low
Gas Quality High High High High High High High
Gas Quantity High High Medium Low Medium High Low
Volume
Compact
Medium Medium No Yes No Medium Yes
Methane
efficiency
High High Medium Low High High Low
Emissions Low Low Medium Medium Low Low Medium
Waste
streams
Conti
nuous
Conti
nuous
Batch Batch Conti
nuous
Conti
nuous
Batch
Green best for small scale, Red best for large scale, Blue for both
Compare purification process of raw methane
Alternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik
Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014