ALMANAC FOR ARCHITECTUREby LAURA SA THER

THE COOPER UNION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AND ARTIRWIN S. CHANIN SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE2009-2010

1 9 9 0THE TEST OF IMAGINA-TION ULTIMATELY, IS NOT THE TERRITORY OF ART OR THE TERRI-TORY OF MIND BUT THE TERRITORY UNDERFOOT. WENDELL BERRY

1

9

4

3

THE BUILDING

AS ARCHITECTURE

IS

BORN OUT

OF THE

HEART OF

MAN,

PERMANENT CONSORT

TO THE

GROUND,

COMRADE TO THE TREES, TRUE REFLECTION OF

MAN IN THE REALM OF HIS OWN SPIRIT. HIS

BUILDING IS THEREFORE CONSECRATED SPACE

WHEREIN HE

SEEKS REFUGE,

RECREATION

AND REPOSE FOR THE BODY BUT ESPECIALLY

THE MIND. SO OUR MACHINE-AGE BUILDING

NEED NO MORE LOOK LIKE MACHINERY THAN

MACHINERY NEED

LOOK LIKE

A BUILDING.

FRANK

LLOYD

WRIGHT

2 0 0 7I HAVE ASSEMBLED A SAMPLING OF WORK THAT ALL SHARE A KIND OF PRODUCTIVE NIHILISM THAT IS USED INTHESERVICEOFCREATINGAPERTICULARSPECIALEFFECTANDTHATISSOMETHINGLIKENOTHINGORSOMETHINGNEXTTONOTHINGITSDONEBYAFORMOFSUBTRACTIONORABSTRUCTIONORINTERFERRANCEINAWORLDTHATWENORMALLYSLEEPWALKTHROUGHTHIS IS A KIND OF RESPONSETOTHEOV E R S A T U R A T I O N O F N E W T E C H N O L O G I E S WE ARE VERY INTERESTED IN CRE-ATING NATURE, I DON'T KNOW WHY.LIZ DILLER2 0 0 9WHAT WE HAVE ARE TWO COMPLETELY OPPOSITE STRAINS, BOTH WITH VERY ELOQUENT AND IMPRESSIVE PRACTI-TIONERS. BOTH IDEOLOGIES READ THE SAME PHENOMENA IN COMPLETELY CON-TRADICTORY TERMS: ONE AS A LINE OF REASONABLENESS AND THE OTHER AS A LINE OF DISASTROUS MANIPU-LATION AND WRONGNESS. THE CON-FUSION AT THE CURRENT MOMENT IS GENERATED BY THE TENSION BETWEEN THESE TWO LINES. WE ARE NOT ABLE TO DISENTANGLE THEM OR UNDER-STAND WHEN ONE OF THE TRADITIONS SPEAKS AND WHEN THE OTHER SPEAKS. THIS POLARITY IS STILL OPERATING AND HAS BEEN FOR A LONG TIME.

UNFORTUNATELY, THE SUM TOTAL OF CURRENT ARCHITECTURAL KNOWLEDGE HASN'T GROWN BE-YOND THIS OPPOSITION. THAT IS WHERE THE MARKET ECONOMY AND THE EVOLUTION OF AR-CHITECTURAL CULTURE HAVE BEEN EXTREME-LY IRRESPONSIBLE IN LETTING KNOWLEDGE SIMPLY DISAPPEAR BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT PREOCCUPATIONS. I STILL THINK THAT AR-CHITECTURAL DIALECTICS ARE BETWEEN BUILD-INGS LIKE FALLING WATER AND FARNSWORTH HOUSE, AND ARE THEREFORE NOT DEEP ENOUGH.REM KOOLHAAS

LEFT BLANK FOR A WORK EX-P R E S S I N G M O D E R N F E E L I N G .

1 9 6 5

LIFE IS RIGHT AND THE

ARCHITECT IS WRONG.

LE CORBUSIER

1

9

4

4

I DO NOT

WISH TO IMPLY

THAT

MONUMENTALITY

CAN

BE ATTAINED

SCIENTIFICALLY OR THAT THE WORK

OF THE

ARCHITECT

REACHES

ITS

GREATEST SERVICE TO HUMANITY BY

HIS PECULIAR GENIUS TO GUIDE A

CONCEPT TOWARD A MONUMENTALITY.

I MERELY DEFEND, BECAUSE I AD-

MIRE, THE ARCHITECT WHO POSESSES

THE WILL TO GROW WITH THE MANY

ANGLES

OF

OUR

DEVELOPMENT.

LOUIS

KAHN

1

8

3

1

ONE

SHALL

DESTROY

THE

OTHER.

... THE PRESENTIMENT THAT HU-

MAN

THOUGHT, IN CHANGING ITS

FORM, WAS ABOUT TO CHANGE ITS

MODE OF EXPRESSION;

THAT THE

LEADING IDEA OF EACH GENERATION

WOULD NOT ALWAYS BE INSCRIBED

IN THE SAME FASHION, WITH THE

SAME MATERIAL;

THAT THE

BOOK

OF STONE, SO SOLID AND DURABLE,

WAS ABOUT TO GIVE PLACE TO AN-

OTHER, STILL

MORE SUBSTANTIAL

AND DURABLE, - THE BOOK OF PAPER.

VICTOR HUGO

1 9 5 3

ONLY YESTERDAY ONE SPOKE OF THE ETERNAL FORMS OF ART, TODAY ONE SPEAKS OF ITS DYNAMIC CHANGE. NEI-THER IS RIGHT. BUILDING ART IS BEHOLDEN NEITHER TO THE DAY NOR TO ETERNITY, BUT TO THE EPOCH. ONLY A HISTORICAL MOVEMENT OFFERS IT SPACE FOR LIV-ING AND ALLOWS IT TO FULFILL ITSELF. BUILDING ART IS THE EXPRESSION OF WHAT HISTORICALLY TRAN-SPIRES. AUTHENTIC EXPRESSION OF AN INNER MOVEMENT.

WITH INFINITE SLOWNESS ARISES THE FORM THE BIRTH OF WHICH IS THE MEANING OF THE EPOCH. NOT EVERYTHING THAT HAPPENS TAKES PLACE IN FULL VIEW. THE DECISIVE BATTLE OF THE SPIRIT ARE WAGED IN INVISIBLE BATTLEFIELDS.

MIES VAN DER ROHE

1 9 7 7THE TRUE AMBI-TION OF THE ME-TROPOLIS IS TO CREATE A WORLD TOTALLY FABRI-CATED BY MAN, I.E. TO LIVE INSIDE FANTASY. REM KOOLHAAS

1 9 8 6FOR FIVE CENTURIES THE HUMAN BODY`S PROPORTIONS HAVE BEEN A DATUM FOR ARCHITECTURE. BUT DUE TO DEVELOPMENTS AND CHANGES IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY, AND PSYCHOANALYSIS, THE GRAND AB-STRACTION OF THE MAN AS THE MEA-SURE OF ALL THINGS, AS AN ORIGI-NARY PRESENCE, CAN NO LONGER BE SUSTAINED, EVEN AS IT PERSISTS IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF TODAY.

PETER EISENMAN

1 9 5 7THE RANGE OF THE CAMERA LENS IS A SMALL ANGLE FOCUSING ATTENTION ON THE PARTICULAR AND DESTORTING THE OVERALL.JAMES STERLING

1 9 6 2WHAT YOU SHOULD TRY TO ACCOM-PLISH IS BUILT MEANING. SO GET CLOSE TO THE MEANING AND BUILD.ALDO VAN EYCK

1 9 5 7NOTHING MUST INTRUDE TO BLUR THE STATEMENT OF HOW A SPACE IS MADE.LOUIS KAHN

1 9 4 5

WE ARE RIGHT TO LOVE THE MACHINE BUT WE MUST NOT LET IT EXTINGUISH THE FIRE ON OUR HEARTH.

JOSEPH HUDNUT

1

9

0

6

THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF

ALL ARCHITECTURE IS THAT THE

FORM MUST FIT THE FUNCTION:

THAT IS, A BUILDING MUST BE

ADAPTED TO THE USES TO WHICH

IT IS TO BE PUT AND SHOULD EX-

PRESS THOSE USES IN ITS FORM.

FRANK

LLOYD

WRIGHT

1 9 7 1THE CARRYING OUT OF A SOCIAL OR-GANIZATION OF LABOR BY MEANS OF PLANNING ELIMINATES THE EMPTY SPACE IN WHICH THE CAPITAL EX-PANDED DURING ITS GROWTH PERIOD. IN FACT, NO REALITY EXISTS ANY LONGEROUTSIDE THE SYSTEM ITSELF: THE WHOLE VISUAL RELATIONSHIP WITH REALITY LOOSES IMPORTANCE AS THERE CEASES TO BE ANY DISTANCE BETWEEN THE SUBJECT AND THE PHENOMENON.

1 9 7 0THE ARGUMENTS AND POINTS OF VIEW ARE WITHIN THE WORK, WITHIN THE DRAWINGS; IT IS HOPERD THAT THE CONFLICTS OF FORM WILL LEAD TO CLAR-ITY WHICH CAN BE USEFUL AND PERHAPS TRANSFERABLE.JOHN HEJDUK

1 9 9 8THEY HAVE FALSELY BEEN INTERPRETED AS UTO-PIAS, THEY ARESIMPLY VISUAL POEMS. POEMS THAT WERE CARRIED BY THE IMPULSES OF A FASCINATION WITH TECHNOLOGY AS AN ENIG-MATIC PHENOMENON OF MAGNIFICENT STRUCTURES RAIMUND ABRAHAM

1 9 9 8WELIVEATATIMEWHENWEHAVEPERHAPSNEVERBEENCLOSERTOACTUALLYEXPERIENCINGTHEAPOCALYPSETHEAPOCALYPSEISNOTTHISWONDERFULEVENTWHERETHEHEAVENSCOMEDOWNANDTHEEARTHISSWALLOWEDUPINSTEADTHEAPOCALYPSEISAVERYSLOWPROCESSMUCHLIKECANCERANDITISHAPPENINGEVERYDAYTHEONLYWAYEACHOFUSCANFUNCTIONISIFWERECOGNIZEITPRESENCEANDSTILLSUCCEEDINMAKINGBEAUTIFULTHINGS.RAIMUND ABRAHAM

1

9

2

1

WHAT WOULD

HAPPEN IF

HE WERE

TO INVENT

A PERFECTLY

RA-

TIONAL SYSTEM

IN CONTRADIC-

TION TO

THE LAWS

OF NATURE,

AND TRIED

TO PUT

HIS THEO-

RETIC CONCEPTIONS

INTO PRAC-

TICE IN THE WORLD AROUND HIM?

HE WOULD

COME TO

A FULL

STOP AT

THE FIRST

STEP.

LE

CORBUSIER

ANDREA BRONZI

CONTENT

WIND, WHERE THE CENTER OF THE STORM IS ALWAYS EMPTY

WIND IN A COURTYARD HOUSE, WHERE ARCHITECTURE HAS NOT FORGOTTEN THE ART OF DELICATE MASTERING OF NATURAL ELEMENTS INTO SPACE

WATER, WHERE MOVEMENT IS A COMPOSITE OF EMBRACING TRANSFORMATION

WATER IN A COURTYARD HOUSE, WHERE ARCHITECTURE HAS NOT BEEN FORGOTTEN IN ITS OWN WORDS AND ARGUMENTS

SUNSHINE, LIGHT, HEAT, FIRE, COLOR

SUN IN A COURTYARD HOUSE, WHERE ARCHITECTURE HAS ALLOWED ITSELF TO BE CONSUMED BY NATURE

EARTH, GROUND, GROWING, GRAVITY

EARTH IN A COURTYARD HOUSE, WHERE PARADOXES AND LIKENESSES BETW EEN NATURE AND HUMAN NATURE BECOMES VISIBLE AND QUESTIONABLE

COMPOSITE, GLOBALIZATION AND REINCARNATION WHERE THE COURTYARD STANDS OUT AS A MONUMENT TO ARCHITECTURES CONNECTION WITHNATURAL ELEMENTS, COMMUNITY AND THE INDIVIDUAL, WHERE IT HOVERS IN THE TRANSITION BETWEEN HERMETIC AND FLAMBOYANT, OPEN AND CLOSE, INSIDE AND OUTSIDE

SITE, WHERE CONCLUSIONS ARE CONFRONTED

NINTH MONTH.] SEPTEMBER 2009. [30 DAYS.LOCATION: CAIRO, EGYPT, 30-08 N, 31-24E, 210 FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL

DOFM

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moon

moonrises sets

h. m.h. m.16 25 2 24

16 58 3 19

17 28 4 14

17 56 5 09

18 25 6 05

18 54 7 01

19 26 7 58

20 01 8 58

20 4110 00

21 2811 04

22 2212 08

23 2413 09

14 06

24 3114 56

1 4115 40

2 5016 20

3 5817 56

5 05 17 30

6 11 18 04

7 16 19 39

8 20 19 17

9 23 19 58

10 2520 43

11 2321 33

12 1722 25

13 0523 20

1347

14 2424 16

14 58 1 11

15 28 2 06

temper-ature

f.74-91

74-92

76-91

72-91

74-91

75-91

76-93

77-91

76-94

74-90

71-95

78-95

75-89

73-90

73-93

75-91

74-90

74-100

75-89

73-89

74-91

73-89

72-87

69-88

70-91

69-92

70-92

73-92

73-89

72-85

events in the egyptian calendar year

RAMADAN

RAMADAN

RAMADAN

RAMADAN

RAMADAN

RAMADAN

RAMADAN

RAMADAN

RAMADAN

COPTIC NEW YEAR, RAMADAN

RAMADAN

RAMADAN

RAMADAN

RAMADAN

RAMADAN

RAMADAN

motnh of hethara begins; feast of het-hert

autum equinox; honors to het-hert

ritual of the the netjeru of the two land

honors offered to atum

the going forth of aset (isis)

wasir (osiris) goes forth to abydos; purification of the hearts of the netjeru; feast of hapi: creatiing of the nile

munrises sets

h. m.h. m.5 31 6 17

5 31 6 15

5 32 6 14

5 32 6 13

5 33 6 12

5 33 6 11

5 34 6 09

5 35 6 08

5 35 6 07

5 36 6 06

5 36 6 04

5 37 6 03

5 37 6 02

5 38 6 01

5 38 5 59

5 39 5 58

5 39 5 57

5 40 5 56

5 41 5 54

5 41 5 53

5 42 5 52

5 42 5 51

5 43 5 49

5 43 5 48

5 44 5 47

5 44 5 46

5 45 5 44

5 46 5 43

5 46 5 42

5 47 5 41

humid-ity%

29-78

35-78

36-94

27-83

26-78

24-78

29-78

35-78

18-74

28-78

20-73

16-65

31-78

4-78

29-78

33-78

38-78

16-78

30-78

31-73

29-74

30-69

35-78

28-78

23-83

16-83

29-88

22-88

35-78

74-93

wind speedmph.

6-15

7-13

7-12

6-12

6-13

6-14

6-12

6-20

8-17

8-16

6-12

9-20

7-15

8-17

10-15

7-13

7-13

6-20

9-13

5-12

5-15

7-17

8-17

9-18

10-18

11-21

9-15

5-14

5-13

5-13

precipi-tation

in.0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

GENERAL WIND DATA

MILES PER HOUR

GALE TORNADO

MODERATE TORNADO

SIGNIFICANT TORNADO

SEVERE TORNADO

DEVASTATING TORNADO

INCREDIBLE TORNADO

INCONCEIVABLE TORNADO

HURRICANE LEVEL 1

COUGH

SNEEZE

NYC ANNUAL AVERAGE WIND

WIND TURBINE SPEED TOLERANCE

0 100 200 300 400 500

HURRICANE LEVEL 2

HURRICANE LEVEL 3

HURRICANE LEVEL 4

HURRICANE LEVEL 5

INSTALLED WIND ENERGY PRODUCTION CAPACITY MW

AVERAGE ELEC-TRICITY CON-SUMP TION W PER CAPITA

COUNTRY

USA

GERMANY

SPAIN

CHINA

INDIA

ITALY

FRANCEUK

DENMARKPORTUGALREST OF WORLD

TOTAL WORLD

2000 20081998 2004%

3305.4

5104.6

5218.2

6017.6

4168.8

682.4

1516.0

4299.5

5597.7

10381.7

20.8

25 170

3305.4

3305.4

16 693

12 210

23 903 19.8

2 862

3 180

3 404

9.667

3 736

9 615

16 754 13.9

10.1

18.039 47.693 120 798 100.0

8.0

3.1

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.4

13.8

3 241

3305.4

WIND HARVESTING

malqaf : old egyptian badgir : persian wind catcher: in hot arid zones, a difficulty is found in combining the three functions of the ordinary window: light, ventilation, and view. if windows are used to provide for air movement indoors, they must be very small, which reduces room lighting. increasing the size to permit sufficient lighting and an outside view lets in hot air as well as strong offensive glare. therefore, it is necessary to satisfy the three functions ascribed to the window separately.

to satisfy the need forventilation alone, the malqaf or wind-catch was invented. this device is a shaft rising high above the building with an opening facing the prevailing wind. it traps the wind from high above the building where it is cooler and stronger, and channels it down into the interior of the building. the malqaf thus dispenses with the need for ordinary windows to ensure ventilation and air movement. the malqaf is also useful in reducing the sand and dust so prevalent in the winds of hot arid regions. the wind it captures above the building contains less solid material than the wind at lower heights, and much of the sand which does enter is dumped at the bottom of the shaft.

ARCHITECTURAL WIND HARVESTING

MALQAF’S IN DIFFERENT SHAPES AND SIZES

HASSAN FATHY, HOUSE IN EGYPT WITH MALQAF AND COURTYARDS, 1965

TENTH MONTH.] OCTOBER 2009. [31 DAYS.LOCATION: ZURICH, SWITZERLAND, 46.91N, 7.46E, 1670 FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL

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w

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w

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f

s

moon

moonrises setsh. m. h. m.17 49 4 25

18 06 5 32

18 24 6 39

18 44 7 49

19 07 9 02

19 36 10 16

20 12 11 31

20 59 12 43

21 58 13 48

23 08 14 42

15 24

00 26 15 58

1 46 16 25

3 05 16 48

4 25 17 09

5 41 17 30

6 58 17 52

8 15 18 16

9 31 18 45

10 44 19 20

11 51 20 03

12 50 20 55

13 38 21 53

14 17 22 55

13 47 23 00

14 12

14 34 00 05

14 53 1 10

15 10 2 16

15 28 3 22

15 47 4 31

temper-ature

f.42-72

40-67

37-67

38-64

34-66

48-75

52-85

59-67

53-56

55-56

49-63

44-56

42-56

33-50

25-46

29-48

37-56

33-48

29-50

31-54

38-57

39-61

39-55

37-58

50-59

46-62

35-61

34-61

37-61

33-51

31-59

events in the swiss calendar cear

SAINT LEODEGAR

SAINT GALL

BUNDNER ERNTEDANKFEST

WENDELINSTAG

DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME ENDS

sunrises setsh. m. h. m. 7 30 19 13

7 31 19 11

7 33 19 09

7 34 19 07

7 35 19 03

7 37 19 03

7 38 19 01

7 39 18 59

7 41 18 57

7 42 18 55

7 44 18 53

7 45 18 51

7 46 18 49

7 48 18 47

7 49 18 46

7 51 18 44

7 52 18 42

7 53 18 40

7 55 18 38

7 56 18 36

7 58 18 35

7 59 18 33

8 01 18 31

8 02 18 29

7 04 17 28

7 05 17 26

7 06 17 24

7 08 17 23

7 09 17 21

7 11 17 20

7 12 17 18

humid-ity%

37-100

37-100

32-100

44-100

42-100

43-100

23-100

78-100

94-100

38-100

58-100

58-94

47-100

41-100

31-100

30-100

62-100

62-100

44-100

43-100

48-93

59-100

82-100

62-100

75-100

48-100

42-100

55-100

56-100

68-100

59-100

wind speedmph.2-5

3-13

3-12

3-12

4-8

4-12

3-8

2-7

3-10

5-17

7-13

10-20

3-8

7-15

5-13

4-20

8-13

3-12

3-12

7-14

3-10

3-8

2-5

4-12

5-8

5-12

2-8

3-9

4-9

4-14

2-5

precipi-tationin.0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.28

0.02

0.12

0.01

0.04

0.02

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.08

0.04

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.12

0.00

0.04

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

THE WATER ON EARTH IS THE SAME WATER, SAME AMOUNT IT HAS BEEN SINCE THE BIRTH OF THE PLANET 4.7 BILLION YEARS AGO.

TOTAL WATER SUPPLY ON EARTH

TOTAL FRESH WATER SUPPLY FLOW IN GROUND

AVERAGE CONSTANT EXISTING WATER VAPOUR

TOTAL WATER SUPPLY IN GLACIERS AND ICECAPS

ANNUAL PRECIPITATION ON LAND

ANNUAL EVAPORATION BY TRANSPIRATION FROM LAND

ANNUAL PRECIPITATION ON WATER

ANNUAL EVAPORATION FROM WATER

TOTAL WATER SUPPLY IN OCEANS

TOTAL WATER SUPPLY IN FRESHWATER

TOTAL WATER SUPPLY IN DRINKING WATER

TOTAL WATER CONTENT OF HUMAN BODY

870 000 000

1 370

84 000

152 240 000

74 000

461 000

280 000

3 125 000

97

2.59

LESS THAN 1

66

100

CUBIC MILES %

THE EARTH IS 260000000000 CUBIC MILES

GENERAL WATER DATA

AVERAGES MINUTES DAYS MONTHS YEAR

AVERAGE RESIDENCE TIME OF WATER IN OCEANS

AVERAGE RESIDENCE TIME OF WATER IN GLACIERS

AVERAGE RESIDENCE TIME OF WATER IN SEASONAL SNOW-COVER

AVERAGE RESIDENCE TIME OF WATER IN SOIL MOISTURE

AVERAGE RESIDENCE TIME

OF WATER IN SHALLOW

GROUNDWATER

AVERAGE RESIDENCE TIME OF WATER IN DEEP GROUNDWA-TER

AVERAGE RESIDENCE TIME OF WATER IN LAKES

AVERAGE RESIDENCE TIME OF WATER IN RIVERS

AVERAGE RESIDENCE TIME OF WATER IN ATMOSPHERE

AVERAGE TIME SPENT PER SHOWER IN NYC

10 000

3 200

100-200

50-100

20-100

2-6

1-2

2-6

9

3

AVERAGE TIMEFOR RAIN TO TRAVEL FROM CLOUD TO GROUND

4-50

COUNTRY RENEWABLE WATER RE-SOURCESGM3/YEAR

WATER SCAR-CITY%

WATER SELF-SUFFICIENCY

%

WATER IM-PORT DEPEN-DENCY

%

1 YEAR

WATER CONSUMED PER PERSON GALLONS

USA 3069.40 23 81 19

AUSTRALIA 492.00 5 82 18

ITALY 191.30 70 49 51

JAPAN 430.00 34 36 64

MEXICO 457.22 31 70 30

NORWAY 382.00 2 39 61

FRANCE 203.70 54 63 37

GERMANY 154.00 82 47 53

BRAZIL 8233.00 3 92 8

PERU 1913.00 1 77 23

PHILIPPINES 479.00 24 89 11

UK 147.00 50 30 70

INDIA 1896.66 52 98 2

CHINA 2896.57 30 93 7

KENYA 30.20 70 90 1

GHANA 53.20 46 96 4 NIGERIA 286.20 87 98 2

BURKINA FASO 12.50 136 98 2

ANGOLA 184.00 7 88 12

CAMBODIA 476.11 4 97 3

ETHIOPIA 110.00 39 99

HAITI 14.03 48 99 1

RUSSIA 4507.25 6 84 16

PARAGUAY 336.00 2 98 2

MOZAMBIQUE 216.11 9 100 0

VENEZUELA 1233.17 2 74 26

HYDROPOW-ER PRODUC-TION TRILLION BTU

152 2869

130

105

99 842

806

95

80 1173

73 548

53

50 3425

47

42

39

34 1116

22

14

12

12

9

1722

528

2

9

9

9

9

LAKE

CLOUD

OCEAN

TRANSPIRATION

PRECIPITATION

EVAPORATION

PRECIPITATION

PERCOLATION

ICE

CLOUD

LAND

VAPOR TRANSPORTATION, WATER TRANSFORMATION

A ROOF IS USED FOR SHELTER, FOR COVER FROM THE ELEMENTS, FOR PROTECTION AND COMFORT, FOR DIRECTING AND COLLECTING RAIN, SNOW, WIND AND LIGHT. BY DOING

ALL THESE THINGS, THE ROOF CAN FORM A KIND OF MICROCLIMATE ONE STEPREMOVED FROM THE EXTERNAL CLIMATE.

IN THE HEIDI WEBER PAVILLION, THE TRADITIONAL SWISS SLOPE OF THE ROOF HAS BEEN USED AS A MEGASTRUCTURE

ROOF COVERING AN INTEPENDENT HOUSE AND ACTING AS SHELTER FOR A

VERTICAL COURTYARD BETWEEN THE ROOF

AND THE BUILDING.

ARCHITECTURAL WATER HARVESTING

ROOFS IN DIFFERENT SHAPES AND SIZES

LE CORBUSIER, PAVILLION, ZURICH, SWITZERLAND, 1964

SOME GRECO-ROMAN HISTORIANS AS-

SERT THAT DURING THE ROMAN SIEGE

OF SYRACUSE FROM 214 TO 212 B.C.,

AT THE HEIGHT OF THE SECOND PUNIC

WAR, ARCHIMEDES USED BRONZE MIR-

RORS TO FOCUS SUNLIGHT ON RO-

MAN SHIPS AND SET THEM ON FIRE.

HEATING

COOKING

INDUSTRIAL

LIGHTING

WAR

ANCIENT GREEKS AND ROMANS SAW GREAT BENEFIT IN WHAT WE NOW REFER TO AS PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN -THE USE OF ARCHITECTURE TO MAKE USE OF THE SUN'S CAPACITY TO LIGHT AND HEAT INDOOR SPACES. THE GREEK PHILOSOPHER SOCRATES WROTE: IN HOUSES THAT LOOK TOWARD THE SOUTH, THE SUN PENETRATES THE PORTICO IN WINTER.

HOT WATER REPRESENTS THE SEC-OND LARGEST ENERGY CONSUMER IN AMERICAN HOUSEHOLDS.SOLAR COLLECTORS, USUALLY PLACED ON THE ROOF OF A HOME OR BUSINESS, ABSORB THE SUN'S ENERGY TO HEAT WATER THAT IS THEN STORED IN A WATER TANK. THE EFFICIENCY OF THE COLLECTORS CAN BE AS HIGH AS 87 PERCENT, MEANING VERY LITTLE SOLAR ENERGY IS LOST IN THE PROCESS.

MANY COUNTRIES ARE ENCOURAG-ING INCREASED USE OF SOLAR HOT WATER TECHNOLOGY. WORLDWIDE INSTALLATIONS GREW 14 PERCENT IN 2005, LED BY CHINA WITH ALMOST 80 PERCENT OF TODAY'S WORLDWIDE MARKET. ON A PER-PERSON BASIS, ISRAEL LEADS THE WAY WITH 90 PER-CENT OF ALL HOMES TAKING ADVAN-TAGE OF THE TECHNOLOGY.

THE SOLAR COOKER CAN BE USED BOTH IN THE RURAL AND URBAN AR-EAS;IN THE RURAL SECTOR IT SAVES VIL-LAGE WOMEN FROM HAVING TO TRUDGE FOR MILES IN SEARCH OF SCRAPS OF FIREWOOD AND SPEND-ING THEIR LIFETIME IN SMOKE-FILLED KITCHENS;IN THE URBAN SECTOR IT SAVES EN-ERGY ON KEROSENE AND LPG AND MAKES COOKING EAS

IF MATERIALS ARE SCARCE, BUILD OV-ENS MADE FROM PAPIER MACHE HELD TOGETHER WITH WHEAT PASTE. THIS CAN THEN BE PAINTED TO MAKE IT WATERPROOF. IF SUFFICIENT PAPER IS NOT AVAILABLE, TRY USING CORN HUSKS OR SOME OTHER CROP RESI-DUE.

GALLON CANS OF DRIED MANURE OR SOIL CAN BE PASTEURIZED TO 150 DEGREES TO KILL WILD SEEDS AND IN-SECT EGGS. PLANT MATERIAL INFECTED WITH INSECTS, NEMATODES, OR VI-RUSES CAN BE COOKED AND DRIED IN A SOLAR OVEN AND MADE SAFE TO RE-TURN TO THE GARDEN OR COMPOST HEAP. METAL INSTRUMENTS CAN BE STERILIZED AS WELL AS CERAMIC POTS AND WOOD-EN FLATS.

FROM THE EARLIEST CAVES, DAYLIGHT INFORMED THE LIVES OF THE INHABIT-ANTS, INITIALLY BETWEEN NIGHT AND DAY, BUT AS THE DWELLING EVOLVED, BY MEANS OF OPENINGS AND WIN-DOWS LETTING LIGHT IN.

WINDOWS HAVE ALWAYS LED TO IN-NOVATION, AND THIS CAN BE SEEN IN THE STAINED GLASS WINDOWS OF THE GREAT GOTHIC CATHEDRALS, WHERE WHOLE WALLS OF GLASS WERE MADE POSSIBLE BY STRUCTURES SUCH AS THE FLYING BUTTRESS.

DAYLIGHT REMAINED THE PRIMARY MEANS OF LIGHTING FOR ALL TYPES OF BUILDINGS UNTIL THE 20TH CEN-TURY, WHEN FOR VARIOUS REASONS, THE PRIMARY ROLE OF DAYLIGHT WAS BEGINNING TO BE QUESTIONED.

IN 1861, FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN AU-GUST MOUCHET PROPOSED AN IDEA FOR SOLAR-POWERED STEAMENGINES. IN THE FOLLOWING TWO DECADES, HE AND HIS ASSISTANT, ABEL PIFRE, CONSTRUCTEDTHE FIRST SOLAR POWERED ENGINES AND USED THEM FOR A VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS. THESEENGINES BECAME THE PREDECESSORS OF MODERN PARABOLIC DISH COL-LECTORS.

PHOTO VOLTAIC, PV:THE SUN'S WAVES HIT A PHOTOVOL-TAIC CELL AND EXCITES THE ELEC-TRONS WITHIN LAYERS OF THE CELL. THE EXCITED ELECTRONS JUMP BACK AND FORTH, CREATING ELECTRIC-ITY. THIS ELECTRICITY IS CAPTURED BY WIRES RUNNING THROUGH THE PV CELLS AND SENDS THE ELECTRICITY INTO YOUR HOME.

CONSENTRATED SOLAR POWER, CSP:SOLAR POWER USES MIRRORS TO FO-CUS THE SUN'S RAYS AT A THIN PIPE CONTAINING EITHER WATER OR SALT. THE RAYS BOIL THE WATER OR TURN THE SALT MOLTEN AND THE ENERGY IS EXTRACTED BY USING THE HEAT TO POWER TURBINES.

IN AN EXPERIMENT PERFORMED IN MAY 2009, POWER WAS BEAMED AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES FROM A TRANSMITTER ATOP HALEAKALA, A MOUNTAIN ON THE HAWAIIAN IS-LAND OF MAUI, TO A RECEIVER ON NEIGHBORING ISLAND OF HAWAII, A DISTANCE OF 148 KILOMETERS. THAT DISTANCE NOT ONLY SET A NEW RECORD, BUT ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT POWER COULD BE TRANSMIT-TED ACROSS A DISTANCE ROUGHLY EQUIVALENT TO THE DEPTH OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE

SOLAR CELLS HAVE THE CAPABILITY OF CAPTURING AN ALMOST INFINITE AMOUNT OF ENERGY. MORE EFFEC-TIVE SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTION WITH THE CAPABILITY OF LARGE STOR-AGE LEVELS COMBINED WITH THE TECHNOLOGY TO BRING THIS POWER TO BEAR ON A POINT SOURCE WOULD BE A VERY EFFECTIVE WEAPON.

ELEVENTH MONTH.]NOVEMBER 2009 [30 DAYS.LOCATION: BARCELONA, SPAIN, 41.23N, 2.9E, 200 FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL

dofm

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moon

moonrises sets

h. m. h. m.17 07 6 17

17 39 726

18 18 8 37

19 07 7 48

20 0510 55

21 1211 55

22 2500 45

23 39 1 26

14 00

00 5214 30

2 0414 56

3 1415 22

4 2315 28

5 3216 16

6 4116 48

7 5917 25

8 5518 08

9 5518 58

10 4719 54

11 3220 53

12 0921 53

12 4022 54

13 0723 54

13 31

13 5400 53

14 16 1 53

14 40 2 54

15 05 3 58

15 35 5 05

16 10 6 15

temper-ature

f.60-69

59-68

57-69

89-68

54-62

46-60

46-66

50-55

46-62

37-60

53-68

48-68

46-66

48-68

50-71

42-75

50-68

48-68

56-62

53-64

53-64

51-69

42-66

41-64

41-62

48-66

46-60

41-62

41-55

44-53

events in the spanish calendar year

ALL SAINTS DAY

olive and olive oil festival, andalucia

olive and olive oil festival, andalucia

olive and olive oil festival, andalucia

asturias turnip festival

sunrises sets

h. m. h. m.7 45 18 13

7 46 18 12

7 47 18 11

7 49 18 10

4 50 18 08

7 51 18 07

7 52 18 06

7 53 18 05

7 54 18 04

7 56 18 03

7 57 18 02

7 58 18 01

7 59 18 00

8 00 17 59

8 02 17 59

8 03 17 58

8 04 17 57

8 05 17 56

8 06 17 56

8 07 17 55

8 08 17 54

8 10 17 54

8 11 17 53

8 12 17 52

8 13 17 52

8 14 17 51

8 15 17 51

8 16 17 51

8 17 17 50

8 18 17 50

humid-ity%

68-94

32-88

33-55

29-55

34-61

39-76

32-88

44-54

30-62

27-67

43-82

52-88

49-94

64-100

38-94

34-93

59-100

52-94

72-94

59-94

64-88

34-94

35-76

40-87

59-93

45-80

48-93

34-87

66-87

40-62

wind speedmph.

5-10

13-39

14-29

11-22

11-24

7-18

12-32

21-40

14-29

4-16

6-13

4-9

5-12

3-7

3-12

3-9

4-9

4-8

3-9

3-6

3-6

6-18

5-14

3-9

4-8

5-12

3-8

6-14

4-9

14-33

precipi-tation

in.0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

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0.00

GENERAL LIGHT INFORMATION

SUN RADIATION 174PW

SPACE

ATMOSPHERE

CLOUDS

HORIZON

10 PWREFLECTED BY ATMOSPHERE

35 PWREFLECTED BY CLOUDS

7 PWREFLECTED AT SURFACE

12 PWCONDUC-TION AND RISING AIR

40 PWLATENT HEAT IN WATER VAPOUR

89 PWABSORBED BY LAND AND OCEAN

111 PWRADIATION FROM AT-MOSPHERE TO SPACE

10 PWRADIATION FROM EARTH TO SPACE

26 PWRADIATION ABSORBED BY ATMOSPHERE

SUN RADIATION

MIDNIGHT 3 AM 6AM 9 AMN

N70

N60

N50

N40

N30

N20

N10

0

NOON 3PM 6PM 9PM MIDNIGHT

SHADOW

MOON PROFILE - BASIC BUNAR INFORMATION

AGE: 4.5 BILLION YEARS OLD

MASS: 73'490'000'000'000'000 MILLION KG

SHAPE: EGG-SHAPED

FAMILY: MEMBER OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM, SATELLITE OF EARTH

ACTIVE RELATIONSHIPS: ORBITS AROUND THE EARTH

DISTANCE FROM EARTH: 384'467 KM

TRAVELING BY CAR: 130 DAYS

TRAVELING BY ROCKET: 13 HOURS

TRAVELING BY LIGHT SPEED: 1.52 SECONDS

DIAMETER: 3476 KM (1/4 OF THE EARTH’S)

DRIVING AROUND BY CAR: 4 DAYS

GRAVITY ACCELERATION: 1.62M/SEC2 (1/6 OF EARTH'S)

REVOLUTION PERIOD: 27.3217 DAYS

MEAN SYNODIC PERIOD

(NEW MOON TO NEW MOON): 29.530588861 DAYS

MEAN ORBITAL VELOCITY: 1'023 KM/SEC

EFFECTS: THE MOONS ORBIT CAUSES THE TIDAL CHANGES ON EARTH

TIDE: SOURCE OF LIFE FOR A GREAT VARIETY OF OCEAN CREATURES

WOOD

GLASS

GYPSUM

STEEL

STEEL WOOL

FLESH

PAPER

BEESWAX

COTTON

SILK

WOOL

NYLON

POLYESTER

NOMEX

KEVLAR

0°C 100° 300° 400° 500° 600° 700°200°

GRANITE

MARBLE

BRICK

800° 900° 1000° 1100° 1200° 1300° 1400° 1500°

BURNING POINT

MELTING POINT TO BURN-ING POINT

DECOMPOSI-TION POINT

HIGHER MELT-ING AND BURNING POINT THAN 1500

FIRE

"THE DIAGONAL WALL TOWARDS THE TERRACE WAS MADE OF TWO PARALELL WALL SHIELDS OF LIGHT, OPAQUE GLASS AND ILLUMINATED FROM THE INSIDE. THEY CREATED A WALL HIGHSHINING BODY THAT NOT SO MUCH LIT UP THE PAVILLION IN THE DARK AS ILLUMINATED IT." THOMAS PAVEL THE WALLS IN THE BARCELONA PAVILLION ARE LIBERATED FROM EACH OTHER AND FLOAT AS PLANES IN SPACE UPON WHICH LIGHT ACT, SHINE THROUGH, ON, BETWEEN AND FORM COMPLEXITIES OF SPATIAL CONTITIONS.

COURTYARDS FLOAT BETWEEN INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR AND INFUSE THE SPACE WITH RICH MATERIAL QUALITIES, SOLID, OPAQUE, TRANSPARANT, SHINING,

SHADED OR ILLUMINATED.

ARCHITECTURE AND LIGHT

WALLS AND HOLES IN DIFFERENT SHAPES AND SIZES

MIES VAN DER ROHE, PAVILLION, BARCELONA, SPAIN, 1929

TWELFTH MONTH.]DECEMBER 2009.[31 DAYS.LOCATION: YINCHUAN, CHINA, 38.42N, 106.61E, 3600 FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL

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MOON

moonrises setsh. m. h. m.15 38 5 56

16 30 7 07

17 32 8 14

18 43 9 13

19 59 10 02

21 14 10 53

22 28 11 17

23 39 11 47

12 45

00 48 12 41

1 56 13 08

3 03 13 37

4 10 14 10

5 16 14 49

6 18 15 34

7 15 16 25

8 05 17 22

8 47 18 21

9 23 19 21

9 54 20 21

10 20 21 20

10 44 22 18

11 07 23 17

11 29

11 53 00 17

12 19 1 19

12 50 2 24

13 27 3 32

14 13 4 43

15 10 5 52

16 18 6 55

temper-ature

f.26-46

31-51

26-52

34-49

23-48

23-45

34-38

29-41

26-36

28-41

31-46

30-40

27-45

31-39

30-38

28-40

20-38

22-38

17-36

17-32

11-34

16-40

22-41

20-36

22-30

23-30

20-34

15-37

19-43

20-38

15-36

events in the chinese calendar year

dongzhi festival, winter solstice

sunrises setsh. m. h. m. 7 12 16 48

7 13 16 48

7 14 16 48

7 15 16 48

7 16 16 48

7 17 16 48

7 18 16 48

7 19 16 48

7 20 16 48

7 21 16 48

7 22 16 48

7 22 16 48

7 23 16 48

7 24 16 48

7 25 16 48

7 25 16 49

7 26 16 49

7 26 16 49

7 27 16 50

7 28 16 50

7 28 16 51

7 29 16 51

7 29 16 52

7 30 16 52

7 30 16 53

7 30 16 53

7 31 16 54

7 31 16 55

7 31 16 56

7 32 16 56

7 32 16 57

humid-ity%

48-85

17-76

14-71

10-60

9-50

25-69

41-48

52-86

60-84

26-68

31-76

32-74

39-81

48-82

27-76

15-71

10-42

12-59

4-34

13-60

20-61

25-66

7-35

5-19

17-34

4-23

11-43

16-56

5-56

7-37

7-34

wind speedmph.2-4

4-11

5-9

4-18

4-7

3-7

2-7

2-4

2-4

2-9

4-9

3-7

2-4

3-9

2-4

2-9

2-7

8-16

2

1-4

2-4

4-11

4-9

5-13

4-9

3-7

2-4

2-4

2-4

3-7

2-4

precipi-tation

in.0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.02

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.02

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

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0.00

IN OSLO, AIR POLLUTION FROM

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE TRANSPORT

HAS INCREASED BY APPROXIMATELY

10% SINCE 2000, CONTRIBUTING

TO MORE THAN 50% OF TOTAL CO2

EMISSIONS IN THE CITY. WITH NOR-

WAY’S AMBITIOUS TARGET OF BEING

CARBON NEUTRAL BY 2050 OSLO CITY

COUNCIL BEGAN INVESTIGATING AL-

TERNATIVES TO FOSSIL FUEL-POWERED

PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND DECIDED ON

BIOMETHANE.

BIOMETHANE IS A BY-PRODUCT OF

TREATED SEWAGE. MICROBES BREAK

DOWN THE RAW MATERIAL AND RE-

LEASE THE GAS, WHICH CAN THEN BE

USED IN SLIGHTLY MODIFIED ENGINES.

PREVIOUSLY AT ONE OF THE SEWAGE

PLANTS IN THE CITY HALF OF THE GAS

WAS FLARED OFF, EMITTING 17,00

TONNES OF CO2. FROM SEPTEMBER

2009, THIS GAS WILL BE TRAPPED AND

CONVERTED INTO BIOMETHANE TO

RUN 200 OF THE CITY'S PUBLIC BUSES.

20091964

FACTS ABOUT GOBAR* GAS

COW DUNG GAS IS 55-65% METH-

ANE, 30-35% CARBON DI- OXIDE,

WITH SOME HYDROGEN, NITROGEN

AND OTHER TRACES. ITS HEAT VALUE IS

ABOUT 600 B.T.U.'S PER CUBIC FOOT.

A SAMPLE ANALYZED BY THE GAS

COUNCIL LABORATORY AT WATSON

HOUSE IN ENGLAND CONTAINED 68%

METHANE, 31% CARBON DIOXIDE AND

1% NITROGEN. IT TESTED AT 678 B.T.U.

THIS COMPARES WITH NATURAL

GAS’S 80% METHANE, WHICH YIELDS

A B.T.U. VALUE OF ABOUT 1,000.

ABOUT ONE CUBIC FOOT OF

GAS MAY BE GENERATED FROM ONE

POUND OF COW MANURE AT 75 F.

THIS IS ENOUGH GAS TO COOK A

DAY’S MEALS FOR 4-6 PEOPLE.

ABOUT 225 CUBIC FEET OF GAS

EQUALS ONE GALLON OF GASOLINE.

THE MANURE PRODUCED BY ONE COW

IN ONE YEAR CAN BE CONVERTED TO

METHANE WHICH IS THE EQUIVALENT

OF OVER 50 GALLONS OF GASOLINE.

GAS ENGINES REQUIRE 18 CUBIC

FEET OF METHANE PER HORSE- POWER

PER HOUR.

*HINDI FOR COW DUNG.

EARTH GENERAL INFORMATION

THE HISTORY OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY USE TRACES BACK

TENS OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS AROUND THE GLOBE. IN

TIMES PRE-DATING MODERN WESTERN CIVILIZATION, IN-

DIGENOUS PEOPLES USED HOT WATER FROM SPRINGS

FOR COOKING, CLEANING, AND BATHING. THESE SPRINGS

SERVED AS A SOURCE OF WARMTH AND THEIR MINERALS

AS A SOURCE OF HEALING. ARCHEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

SHOWS THAT THE FIRST HUMAN USE OF GEOTHERMAL

RESOURCES IN NORTH AMERICA OCCURRED MORE THAN

10,000 YEARS AGO WITH THE SETTLEMENT OF PALEO-INDI-

ANS AROUND HOT SPRINGS.

THE FIRST KNOWN COMMERCIAL USE OF GEOTHERMAL EN-

ERGY IN THE UNITED STATES OCCURRED IN HOT SPRINGS,

ARKANSAS, WHERE, IN 1830, ASA THOMPSON CHARGED

ONE DOLLAR EACH FOR THE USE OF THREE SPRING-FED

BATHS IN A WOODEN TUB.

IN 1892, THE WORLD'S FIRST DISTRICT HEATING CAME ON-

LINE IN BOISE, IDAHO, EVENTUALLY GROWING TO SERVE

200 HOMES AND 40 DOWNTOWN BUSINESSES. THERE ARE

NOW 17 GEOTHERMAL DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS IN THE

UNITED STATES AND DOZENS MORE AROUND THE WORLD.

IN THE EARLY 1900S, THE FIRST INSTANCE OF GEOTHERMAL

ELECTRIC POWER EMERGED. IN ITALY, PRINCE PIERO GINORI

CONTI INVENTED THE FIRST GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT IN

1904 AT THE LARDERELLO DRY STEAM FIELD AND IT IS STILL

IN OPERATION TODAY. THE FIRST GEOTHERMAL ELECTRIC-

ITY PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES WERE OPERATED IN 1960

AT THE GEYSERS IN SONOMA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. THEY

PRODUCED 11 MEGAWATTS (MW) OF NET POWER AND

OPERATED SUCCESSFULLY FOR MORE THAN 30 YEARS. TO-

DAY, 69 GENERATING FACILITIES ARE IN OPERATION AT 18

SITES AROUND THE COUNTRY.

BY THE MID-90S, THE DOE IDENTIFIED OVER 9000 THERMAL

WELLS AND SPRINGS AND 271 COMMUNITIES CONNECTED

TO GEOTHERMAL ENERGY.

MODERN NON-ELECTRICAL USE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

CONTINUES. FOR INSTANCE, BEGINNING IN THE 1960'S

THE MAORIS OF NEW ZEALAND HAVE USED GEOTHERMAL

ENERGY FOR COOKING. FRANCE AND MANY OTHER EURO-

PEAN UNION NATIONS ARE USING GEOTHERMALLY HEATED

WATER TO HEAT THOUSANDS OF HOMES.

0

IOWA IDAHO

RURAL LANDSCAPES

INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY PRICES $1000

COMMODITY

INDIGENOUS CATTLE MEAT

COW MILK, WHOLE, FRESH

MAIZE

INDIGENOUS CHICKEN MEAT

SOYBEANS

INDIGENOUS PIGMEAT

WHEAT

COTTON LINT

HEN EGGS, IN SHELL

INDIGENOUS TURKEY MEAT

TOMATOES

GRAPES

POTATOES

RICE, PADDY

LETTUCE AND CHICORY

SUGAR BEET

ORANGES

APPLES

STRAWBERRIES

ALMONDS, WITH SHELL

THE 20 MOST IMPORTANT FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES IN USA 2007

PRODUCTION (MT)

22351900

22270180

20891120

18512250

14910080

9065243

7698642

6207813

3991918

3443293

3360895

2961579

2773520

1882144

1482449

1468909

1292919

1217161

1202746

1089775 1043266

1133703

4237730

7357000

31912000

4360400

8999230

20373267

6384090

14185180

3150400

5308000

4181810

55822700

8952000

72860400

15871000

84189067

10807000

331175072

CULTIVATION

OBJECT

napkin

traffic ticket

banana/orange peel

cotton rag

apple core

wood

newspaper

carry-out food bag

rope

human body

cigarette butt

wool clothing

plastic coated paper

plastic bag

plastic film container

nylon fabric

leather

human bone

styrofoam cup

rubber boot sole

tin can

aluminum can

plastic beverage container

disposable diaper

monofilament fishing line

glass bottle

weeks

1-3

2-4

2-5

MONTHS

1-5

2

3-5

3-6

4-8

3-14

YEARS

1

1-5

1-5

5

10-20

20-30

30-40

30-50

40-50

50

50-80

50-100

80-200

450

450

600

1 000 000

DECOMPOSITION TIME OF VARIOUS OBJECTS

CHINESE CAVE DWELLINGS ARE UNIQUE NOT ONLY IN THEIR FEATURES AND DESIGN, BUT ARE ALSO SOCIO-ECO-NOMICALLY, ENVIRONMENTALLY AND PEDAGOGICALLY UNIQUE. THEY ARE CONFINED TO NORTH AND NORTH-WESTERN CHINA WHERE THE LOESS (YELLOW) SOIL IS DISTRIBUTED. AR-CHEOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN THIS AREA INDICATE THAT MAN BY 3000 BC HAD ALREADY USED THE LOESS SOIL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAVE DWELLINGS

FOR HABITATION.

STUDYING, ANALYZING AND UNDERSTANDING THE VERNACULAR EXPERIENCE OF SOIL BEHAV-IOR IS OF EXTREME IMPORTANCE FOR OUR FU-TURE EARTH-SHELTERED SPACE. THERE ARE TWO BASIC RULES THAT NEED TO BE UNDERSTOOD CONCERNING THERMAL BEHAVIOR WITHIN THE SOIL AND THE ADVANTAGES THAT SOIL OF-FERS IN ITS TURN. THESE RULES ARE NOT FULLY COMPREHENDED BY MANY ARCHITECTS, CON-SEQUENTLY THEIR MODERN DESIGNS LACKS THE EFFICIENCY AND OPTIMALITY THAT SUCH A STUDY CAN OFFER. THESE TWO RULES ARE: (1) THE SOIL IS AN EFFICIENT THERMAL INSULATOR DIURNALLY, YET (2) ITS PRIMARY SIGNIFICANCE IS AS A SEASONAL HEAT RETAINER.

CHINA CONSTITUTES AP-

PROXIMATELY 9.6 MILLION

SQUARE KILOMETERS, ABOUT

ONE-FIFTEENTH OF THE

EARTH’S LAND SURFACE, AND

IS THE THIRD LARGEST COUN-

TRY IN THE WORLD GEO-

GRAPHICALLY.

THE GENERAL ESTI-MATE OF THE CHI-NESE CAVE DWELL-ING POPULATION IS BETWEEN THIRTY TO FORTY MILLION PEOPLE.

DESIGN AND THERMAL PERFORMANCE, GIDEON S. GOLANY, 1990

ARCHITECTURE OF DIGGING

CAVES IN DIFFERENT SHAPES AND SIZES

CAVE DWELLINGS, YINCHUAN, CHINA, CA. 1800

FIRST MONTH.] JANUARY 2010. [31 DAYS.LOCATION: OSLO, NORWAY, 59.47N, 10.42E, 30 FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL

OSLO IN JANUARY,SNOW, COLD, LONG SHADOWS, INTENSE SUNLIGHTFOR A FEW HOURS, IF THE SKY IS CLEAR. WHEN THE GROUND IS WHITE, THE EFFECT OF THE ANGLE OF THE SUN WITH THE REFLECTION OF THE LIGHT IN THE SNOW CAN MAKE IT HARD TO SEE. OSLO IN JANUARY IS A SHORTENED, INTENSIFIED EXPERIENCE OF OSLO IN JUNE, WHEN THE SUN IS CONSTANTLY PRESENT AND LIGHT AGAIN CAN BECOME OVERWHELMING, UNLESS THE SKY CLOSES AND EVERYTHING TURNS GREY AND COLD.ARCHITECTURALLY FACING THE ELEMENTS IN THESE EXTREME CONDITIONS IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO DIRECTLY COOP-ERATE WITH NATURAL ELEMENTS OF EXTREME MOOD SWINGS. BY LOOKING AT THE DETAILS OF SEASONAL CONDI-TIONS AND THEIR ARCHITECTURAL IMPLICATIONS, A CALENDER OF SPECIFICALLY DEFINED SPACES CAN BE INSERTED INTO THE LANDSCAPES OF WILD OR URBAN QUALITY, IN A SPAN OF SPATIAL PERFORMANCE AND QUALITY REACH-ING THE NATURAL CONDITIONS OF WHERE IT IS TO BELONG. THE ALMANAC FOR ARCHITECTURE IS A FRAGMENT ASPIRING TO INSTIGATE GLOBAL MOOD SWINGS IN ARCHITECTURE. AS EACH PIECE OF ARCHITECTURE OR POTENTIAL ARCHITECTURE IS TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION, IT IS VIEWED AS A UNIT SPECIFIC TO ITS LOCATION, BUT GLOBAL IN ITS APPLICATION. WITHIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF SEPARATE KEY ELEMENTS, WHERE THEY COME FROM AND WHY, THEIR USE CAN BE ADOPTED TO ANY NUMBER OF LOCATIONS AS SEASONAL EVENTS IN ARCHITECTURAL TERMS. THE ALMANAC IS A CONSTANTLY DEVELOPING CATALOGUE FOR APPROPRIATION, ITS FINAL GOAL IS TO CONTAIN THE COMPLETE COLLECTION OF ARCHITECTURES FOR PRODUCTIVE EARTHLY DELIGHTS.

PREVAILING WIND:NORTH-EAST HOURS OF DAYLIGHT:6 HOURS OF SUNLIGHT:2 TEMPERATURE:-4.3C

PROPOSAL