All animals need to exchange substances with the environment - … · 2009. 6. 19. · All animals...
Transcript of All animals need to exchange substances with the environment - … · 2009. 6. 19. · All animals...
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�� All animals need to All animals need to exchange substances with exchange substances with the environmentthe environment
�� DiffusionDiffusion
›› Surface areaSurface area
›› Difference in Difference in concentrationconcentration
›› DistanceDistance›› DistanceDistance
�� SURFACE AREA : VOLUMESURFACE AREA : VOLUME
›› Bacteria Bacteria –– 6 000 000/m6 000 000/m
›› Whale Whale –– 0.06/m0.06/m
�� Maximum size limit of Maximum size limit of single cellsingle cell
�� All organisms larger than All organisms larger than size limit are size limit are MULTICELLULARMULTICELLULAR
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Surface area to Surface area to volume ratio volume ratio
gets gets as the as the gets gets smallersmaller as the as the cell gets cell gets largerlarger!!
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�� AvoidanceAvoidance
�� Geometric solutionsGeometric solutions�� Increase surface areaIncrease surface area
�� Decrease effective volumeDecrease effective volume
Increase rate of supplyIncrease rate of supply�� Increase rate of supplyIncrease rate of supply�� High concentration of nutrientsHigh concentration of nutrients
�� Improve nutrient transport withinImprove nutrient transport within
�� Improve efficiency to reduce Improve efficiency to reduce demanddemand�� Division of labor within the cellDivision of labor within the cell
�� Division of labor between cellsDivision of labor between cells
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�� Evolved many times in eukaryotesEvolved many times in eukaryotes
�� Three theoriesThree theories
›› Symbiotic TheorySymbiotic Theory�� Like the Like the endosymbioticendosymbiotic theorytheory
�� Different species are involvedDifferent species are involved�� Different species are involvedDifferent species are involved
›› SyncytialSyncytial TheoryTheory�� Ciliates and slime moldsCiliates and slime molds
�� Commonly occur in multinucleated cellsCommonly occur in multinucleated cells
›› Colonial Theory (Haeckel, 1874)Colonial Theory (Haeckel, 1874)�� Same species are involvedSame species are involved
�� Green algae (Green algae (ChlorophytaChlorophyta) > 7000 species) > 7000 species
�� Model: Model: VolvocineVolvocine series series –– Order Order VolvocalesVolvocales
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�� Unicellular Unicellular
flagellateflagellate
�� IsogamyIsogamy
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�� Small colony (4, 8,16, or 32 cells)Small colony (4, 8,16, or 32 cells)
�� Flat plane, mucilageFlat plane, mucilage
�� No differentiationNo differentiation
�� IsogamyIsogamy
�� Intercellular communicationIntercellular communication
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�� Colony (8, 16, or 32 Colony (8, 16, or 32
cells) in 1 layercells) in 1 layer
�� SphericalSpherical
�� IsogamyIsogamy
�� Anterior cells Anterior cells ��������
larger eyespotslarger eyespotslarger eyespotslarger eyespots
�� Coordinate Coordinate flagellarflagellar
movementmovement
�� Colony dies when Colony dies when
disrupteddisrupted
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�� 16 or 32 cells16 or 32 cells
�� 16 cells 16 cells –– no specializationno specialization
�� 32 32 –– 4 for motility, the rest for reproduction4 for motility, the rest for reproduction
�� HeterogamyHeterogamy –– female gametes not releasedfemale gametes not released
�� Halves are more pronouncedHalves are more pronounced
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�� 32 to 128 cells32 to 128 cells
�� HeterogamyHeterogamy ––female gametes not female gametes not released, in some cases released, in some cases becoming truly nonbecoming truly non--motilemotile
Division of laborDivision of labor�� Division of laborDivision of labor
›› Anterior Anterior vegetative cellsvegetative cells
›› Larger posterior Larger posterior reproductive reproductive cellscells
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�� Spherical colonies (500Spherical colonies (500--50000 cells)50000 cells)
�� Hollow sphere Hollow sphere –– coenobiumcoenobium
�� Cell differentiation: Cell differentiation: somatic/vegetative cells and somatic/vegetative cells and gonidiagonidia
�� 22--50 scattered in the posterior 50 scattered in the posterior ��������reproductivereproductive
�� Female reproductive cells Female reproductive cells �������� daughter daughter coloniescolonies
�� Intercellular communication possibleIntercellular communication possible
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Reproduction in the Volvox
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Anisogamy
Anisogamy/Heterogamy
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�� Unicellular Unicellular �������� colonial lifecolonial life
�� Increase in # of cells in coloniesIncrease in # of cells in colonies
�� Change in shape of colonyChange in shape of colony
Increase in interdependence among Increase in interdependence among �� Increase in interdependence among Increase in interdependence among vegetative cellsvegetative cells
�� Increase in division of labor: vegetative Increase in division of labor: vegetative and reproductive cellsand reproductive cells
�� IsogamyIsogamy �������� anisogamyanisogamy �������� oogamyoogamy
�� Fewer female gametes are producedFewer female gametes are produced
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��Increase in size of the Increase in size of the
organismorganism
Permits cell specializationPermits cell specialization��Permits cell specializationPermits cell specialization
��Increase in surface area to Increase in surface area to
volume ratiovolume ratio
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�� InterdependenceInterdependence
�� ComplexityComplexity
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� http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Gonium/pectorale/sp_2b.jpg
� http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/48212/Gonium2.gif
http://www.ac-� http://www.ac-rennes.fr/pedagogie/svt/photo/microalg/pandorin.jpg
� http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/images/Chlorophyta/Eudorina/elegans/sp_5.jpg
� http://www.fytoplankton.cz/FytoAtlas/thm/0078.jpg