Alfred Szwarc Consultant Ministry of Science and Technology€¦ · depending on ethanol...
Transcript of Alfred Szwarc Consultant Ministry of Science and Technology€¦ · depending on ethanol...
-
USE OF BIO-FUELS IN BRAZIL
Alfred SzwarcConsultant
Ministry of Science and Technology
In-Session Workshop on MitigationSBSTA 21 / COP 10December 9, 2004
Buenos Aires
-
Brazilian experience with fuel grade ethanol started in the 1920’s. Variable ethanol content in gasoline
depending on ethanol availability…until
1973 OIL CRISIS & LOW SUGAR PRICES
PROÁLCOOL PROÁLCOOL BRAZILIAN FUEL ETHANOL PROGRAMBRAZILIAN FUEL ETHANOL PROGRAM
1975
• GASOHOL REGULARLY AVAILABLE SINCE 1977
• NEAT ETHANOL FOR ALCOHOL CARS AVAILABLE COMMERCIALLY SINCE 1979
(over 5 million ethanol fueled vehicles produced in Brazil)
-
FUEL ETHANOL TYPES
95.13 – 95.98Hydrous
99.58 minimumAnhydrous
alcohol content ºGL (at 20 ºC)
Type
Under Brazilian regulations two types of fuel ethanol are produced:
• Anhydrous: blended with automotive gasoline
• Hydrous: used as a neat fuel in vehicles or blended with gasohol by the consumer in FFV
Source: Portaria ANP Nº 126 de 08/08/2002
-
0,02,04,06,08,0
10,012,014,016,0
75/76 80/81 90/91 95/96 2003/04
0,6 3,7
11,512,6
14,7
Brazil: Ethanol production milestones(anhydrous + hydrous)
million m3/ crop season
-
~ 10% of total cultivated land
~ 1% of total land available for agriculture
SUGAR CANE - approx. 5 million ha - 60,000 producers - all-year-round harvest
C-S (80% land)
harvest: april/november
N-NE(20% land)
harvest: sept/march
Source: UNICA
-
Sugar Cane Production
314,9 306,9
257,6
293,1
320,6
357,5
303,1
200220240260280300320340360380
97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04
Crop season
Mill
ion
tons
Brazil: 1997/98 - 2003/04
Source: UNICA
About 50% of sugar cane is used for ethanol production
-
40,00
45,00
50,00
55,00
60,00
65,00
70,00
75,00
80,00
85,00
75 80 90 00 04
t ca
ne/
hec
tare
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
5,00
5,50
6,00
6,50
7,00
7,50
m3/h
ecta
re
t cane/hectare m3 ethanol/hectare
Productivity Gains
Center-South Region
Source: UNICA
-
FERTI-IRRIGATION WITH STILLAGE
ferti-irrigation with stillage helps to reduce use of water& chemical fertilizers and recovers soil fertility
-
bagasse
electricity
The sugarcane industry produces its own thermal & electric energy using bagasse as a fuel in co-generationsystems and it sells theexcess electricity to the publicgrid (presently 600 MW)
Autonomous Energy
Source: UNICA
-
SUGAR & ETHANOL PLANT IN BRAZIL
Bagasse
-
The Brazilian Ethanol Experience
% Ethanol in Gasoline(gasohol)
1977: 4.5%1979: 15%1981: 20%1985: 22%1998: 24%
1999: 20 to 24% SINCE 200220% to 25%
- Brazilian ethanol, gasohol & Flex-Fuel vehicles
- Imported gasohol vehicles and engines
• energy security & diversification
• technology development
• environmental benefits
• balance of payments
• jobs
-
• Vehicle can operate on gasoline or ethanol or any ethanol-gasoline blend without any special requirement
• Consumers’ good acceptance: 2004 sales projections !!!! 300,000 Flex Fuel units
“FLEX FUEL” Vehicles
-
The FLEX FUEL Concept
ENGINE
ECU
CatalyticConverter.
Exhaust
O2 Sensor
Sensor originally used for emission control measures O2 contentin exhaust gas and sends a signal to the Engine Control Unit(ECU) indicating the level of ethanol in the fuel line ! ECU automatically recalibrates spark timing and fuel injection.
-
Source: ANFAVEA / Prepared by ÚNICA Diesel vehicles are not included
Vehicle Market Share in Brazil
Sales Jan/Sept 2004: 35,497 Ethanol 218,320 Flex Fuel 942,993 Gasohol
% SALES OF LDV - DOMESTIC MARKET
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
FLEX FUELETHANOL
GASOHOL
-
Vehicle Emission Reductions Related to Fuel Ethanol Use in Brazil
Lead additives banned since 1990
Reduction of SOx
Reduction of PM (carbon and sulfate particles)
VOC´s with lower toxicity & photochemical reactivity
CO: Higher reduction in older E100 (up to 70%) and gasohol (up to 40%) vehicles in comparison withethnaol-free gasoline
Source: CETESB
-
Ethanol Production & Energy Balance by Feedstock
8.3Sugar Cane (Brazil)1.9Sugar Beet (EU)
1.3 – 1.8Corn (USA)1.2Wheat
Energy Output/Energy InputFeedstock
Source: F.O. Licht, Macedo, I et alii 2004 NREL 2002
0.83Gasoline
-
Sugar CaneSugar Cane and and thethe COCO22 CycleCycle
Ethanol Electric Energy
Neat Ethanol or Blends
Cogeneration
Sugar
COBagasse
Ethanol
Sugar
CO2
SOURCE: ADS
CO2
Sugar Cane Field
Photosynthesis
CO2
-
Greenhouse Effect Mitigation
Under Brazilian production conditions the substitution of ethanol for gasoline & bagasse for fuel oil avoids the emission of:
2.6 t of CO2 equivalent/m3 anhydrous ethanol1.7 t of CO2 equivalent/m3 hydrous ethanol
Source: Macedo, I et alii, 2004
-
1
10
100
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000Ethanol Cumulative Production (thousand m3 )
(Oct
200
2) U
S$ /
GJ
Ethanol prices in Brazil Rotterdam regular gasoline price
trend (Rotterdam gasoline prices) trend (Ethanol prices)
1986
2002
1999
1996
1980
19901993
Gasoline X Ethanol Prices
Source: Goldenberg, J. et alii, Biomass and Bioenergy, 26, 2004
-
New Uses for Ethanol
AVIATION FUEL(100% ethanol airplane by
Embraer. Already certified !!!!production will start in 2005
Ethanol Vaporizer
INDUSTRIAL FUEL 100% ethanol boiler
(boiler can operate also on CNG or LPG)
-
New Uses for Ethanol
DIESEL-ETHANOL BLENDS(Pilot Tests)
SOURCE TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN FOR FUEL CELLS
(Research Level)
Ethanol
Reformer
H2
Truck operating with diesel + 7% ethanol
-
+
SUGAR CANE
SOY BEAN
OR !!!! PEANUTS, SUNFLOWER, CORN, COTTON, PALM TREE......ETC.
Anhydrous Ethanol+Vegetable Oils = RenewableBiodiesel
New Uses for Ethanol: 100% Renewable Biodiesel
transesterification ETHYL ESTER
-
Biodiesel in Brazil
• Since the 1920’s ! initiatives to promote use of vegetable oilsin Brazil
• During the 1980’s: Pró-óleo and OVEG Programs ! limitedresults
• In 2002 MCT implemented the Research & TechnologyDevelopment PROBIODIESEL National Network
• 2003 Interministerial Commision evaluated feasibility of Biodiesel in Brazil and set recommendations for a program
• 2003: first Biodiesel specification (ANP 255/03)
• 2004: permission to use 2% biodiesel + 98% diesel blends (B2)
• December 6 2004: announcement of National Biodiesel Program
-
Vegetable Oil Sources in Brazil
Source: ABIOVE
NORTH REGION
Palm/Babassu/Soybean
CENTER-WEST REGION
Soybean/Castor Oil/Cotton/Sunflower/Palm
SOUTH REGION
Soybean/Rapeseed/Sunflower/ Cotton
SOUTH-EAST REGION
Soybean/Castor Oil/Cotton/ Sunflower
NORTH-EAST REGION
Babassu/Soybean/Castor Oil/ Palm/Cotton/Coconut
soybean oil represents over 95% of present vegetableoil production
-
Vegetable Oil Productivity in Brazil
Sunflower oil(45-55%)800Kg/ha
Soybean oil(18-21%)400Kg/ha
Peanut oil(40-50%)900Kg/ha
Castor oil(45-55%)
1200Kg/ha
Palm oil (Dendê)
(35-45%)
5900 Kg/ha
Source: LADETEL/USP - ABIOVE
Note: values in % indicate oil contentof each feedstock
-
• Biodegradable• Reduces emission of:
– Particulates– Carbon Monoxide– Sulphur oxides– Hydrocarbons– CO2
On a well-to-wheel basis it is estimated that:
biodiesel reduces CO2 emissions by 78% comparedto diesel oil
BIODIESEL – Environmental Aspects
Source: NREL 1998
Benefit is proportional to theamount of biodiesel used
Soybean biodiesel energy balance3.2 output energy/input fossil energy
For diesel oil the ratio is 0.83
-
(million hectares)
Total Area ………………........... 204Area good for agriculture...... 137Area in use for cattle raising... (35)Occupied area (forests & plantations) (12)Available Area for expansion..... 90
BRAZIL: Agribusiness ExpansionBrazil is one of the few countries with great capacity to
expand its agricultural production !!!!opportunitiesfor bio-energy and sustainable development
Expansion area in the“ Brazilian Cerrado” region
Source: EMBRAPA/MAPA
-
Thank You
www.mct.gov.br