Ajss Psychology Rev - Answer Sheet

Practice Mid-TermPlease answer all questions

1 Social psychology is

A) the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

B) the scientific study of how people act.

C) the scientific study of how people love and hate.

D) the scientific study of how people understand and conflict with one another.

2 The text states that values

A) enter the picture with our choice of research topics.

B) are unimportant in the study of social psychology.

C) do not influence the type of people attracted to various academic disciplines.

D) tell us which ones are right.

3 Hindsight bias

A) is conducive to an underestimation of our own intellectual powers.

B) shows that common sense is nearly always scientifically wrong.

C) is the tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome.

D) is the tendency to see the objective situation incorrectly.

4 The procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion is

A) survey research.

B) equal sample.

C) controlled sample.

D) random sample.

5 Which is false according to the text. The American and British Psychological Associations

A) protect people from harm and significant discomfort.

B) tell potential participants enough about the experiment to enable their informed consent.

C) fully explain the experiment before preceding.

D) treat information about the individual participants confidentially.

6 Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information is

A) self-esteem

B) self-reference effect.

C) self-schema.

D) self-concept.

7 Self-esteem is

A) the total of our possible selves.

B) the sum of all our self-schemas.

C) the total sum of our thoughts about ourselves.

1

D) a person's overall evaluation of oneself.

8 Loewenstein and Schkade's research on determining how we will feel shows the following is true.

A)People underestimate how much their well-being would be effected by winning the state lottery.

B) People overestimate how much their well-being would be affected by losing weight.

C) Given devastating news, people do not cope well.

D) After adapting to good news, people feel as elated as they anticipated.

9 Which of the following is not true for people who have a sense of efficacy and feelings of control?

A) more alert

B) less activity

C) achieve more

D) cope better

10 The act of expressing oneself in ways designed to create a favorable impression is

A) self-presentation.

B) self-monitoring.

C) self-handicapping.

D) egocentric role-playing.

11 The theory of correspondent inferences states

A)people infer that other people's intentions and dispositions correspond to our intentions and dispositions.

B)people infer that other people's intentions and dispositions correspond to the group's intentions and dispositions.

C) people infer that other people have similar values.

D) people infer that other people's intentions and dispositions correspond to their actions.

12 Correspondence bias is

A) an illusory correlation.

B) counterfactual thinking.

C) fundamental attribution error.

D) hindsight error.

13 Memory construction allows us to

A) revise our own histories.

B) think automatically.

C) replicate reality.

D) see the truth of the situation.

14 Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't is

A) hindsight bias.


C) denial paradox.

D) inferential analysis.

15 The perception of a relationship where none exists is

2

A) belief assimilation phenomenon.

B) illusory correlation.

C) the Kulechov effect.

D) distinctiveness fallacy.

16 In response to external circumstances ___________________ people adjust their behavior.

A) intelligent

B) depressed

C) self-conscious

D) unintelligent

17 A variation of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is the

A) bogus technique.

B) low-ball technique.

C) self-monitoring technique.

D) justification technique.

18 The term brainwashing describes what happened to American POWs during which war?

A) World War I

B) World War II

C) Korean War

D) Vietnam War

19 According to self-perception theory, behavior shapes attitudes

A) when attitudes are strong and consistent.

B) only in the area of legislation.

C) in self-monitoring people.

D) when attitudes are weak and ambiguous.

20 According to the text, which of the following are true of self-perception and cognitive dissonance theories?

A) Self-perception theory has more support and evidence.

B) Evidence exists to support both theories.

C) Cognitive dissonance theory has more support and evidence.

D) They are mutually exclusive; therefore one has to be correct.

21 According to the text, norms are

A) a set of roles.

B) models of social behavior.

C) prescriptions for proper behavior.

D) laws governing social behavior.

22 The characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female is

A) gender norm.

B) gender role.

C) gender assignment.

3

D) gender.

23 Across the globe, men are how many times more likely to murder men than women murder women?

A) 5

B) 20

C) 10

D) 25

24 According to the text, gender difference does not exist in

A) vocabulary.

B) sexual initiative.

C) murder rate.

D) conversation style.

25 According to the text, you are more likely to smoke if

A) your parents smoke.

B) your brother smokes.

C) your sister smokes.

D) your friends smoke.

26 Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure is

A) compliance.

B) cohesiveness.

C) obedience.

D) acceptance.

27 Sherif's study using autokinetic phenomenon suggest

A) compliance.

B) acceptance.

C) obedience.

D) reactance.

28 When Milgram moved his experiment from Yale to Bridgeport, the number of people who complied

A) decreased from 63 percent to 25 percent.

B) decreased from 63 percent to 13 percent.

C) decreased from 63 percent to 48 percent.

D) remained about the same.

29 Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations is

A) nominal influence.

B) informational influence.

C) normative influence.

D) indirect influence.

30 Increasing the size of a group from 2 to _____is likely to produce the greatest increase in conformity.

4

A) 5

B) 10

C) 25

D) 100

31 According to the text, from 1978-1991 support for the marijuana's legalization among new collegians dropped from

A) 50 to 21 percent.

B) 65 to 39 percent.

C) 81 to 56 percent.

D) 41 to 11 percent.

32 Communicators who talk fast and are straightforward are likely to be perceived as

A) manipulative.

B) credible.

C) untrustworthy.

D) attractive.

33 The effect of fear-arousing communication is

A) fear renders the communication ineffective.

B) a low level of fear is effective, but a high level is counter productive.

C) generally the more fear people feel, the more effective the communication.

D) effective only with women.

34 The process by which media influence occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others, is called

A) channels of communication.

B) the media effect.

C) the opinion leaders phenomenon.

D) the two-step flow of communication.

35 Which age group is most open to a cult's message?

A) under 25

B) between 21 and 25

C) between 25 and 35

D) over 35

36 People working simultaneously and individually on a noncompetitive task are called

A) social facilitators.

B) coactors.

C) group.

D) collective.

37 According to the text, the presence of others improved people's efficiency at

A) doing complex multiplication problems.

B) learning a foreign language.

5

C) learning nonsense words.

D) crossing out designated letters.

38 The loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension is called

A) the singleton effect.

B) the group awareness effect.

C) deindividuation.

D) group polarization.

39 According to the text, if a minority judges blue slides to be green

A) it has no effect on the judgments of the majority.

B) females but not males of the majority will occasionally agree.

C) members of the majority will occasionally agree.

D) males but not females of the majority will occasionally agree.

40 Groupthink is happening when members desire

A) control.

B) freedom.

C) harmony.

D) power.

Your Results:The correct answer for each question is indicated by a .

1 CORRECT Social psychology is

A)the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

B)the scientific study of how people act.

C)the scientific study of how people love and hate.

D)the scientific study of how people understand and conflict with one another.

2 CORRECT The text states that values

A)enter the picture with our choice of research topics.

B)are unimportant in the study of social psychology.

C)do not influence the type of people attracted to various academic disciplines.

D)tell us which ones are right.

3 INCORRECT Hindsight bias


B)shows that common sense is nearly always scientifically wrong.

C) is the tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome.


6

4 INCORRECT The procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion is

A)survey research.

B)equal sample.

C)controlled sample.

D)random sample.

5 INCORRECT Which is false according to the text. The American and British Psychological Associations

A)protect people from harm and significant discomfort.

B)tell potential participants enough about the experiment to enable their informed consent.

C)fully explain the experiment before preceding.

D)treat information about the individual participants confidentially.

6 INCORRECT Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information is

A)self-esteem

B)self-reference effect.

C)self-schema.

D)self-concept.

7 INCORRECT Self-esteem is

A)the total of our possible selves.

B)the sum of all our self-schemas.

C)the total sum of our thoughts about ourselves.

D)a person's overall evaluation of oneself.

8 INCORRECT Loewenstein and Schkade's research on determining how we will feel shows the following is true.

A)People underestimate how much their well-being would be effected by winning the state lottery.

B)People overestimate how much their well-being would be affected by losing weight.

C)Given devastating news, people do not cope well.

D)After adapting to good news, people feel as elated as they anticipated.

9 INCORRECT Which of the following is not true for people who have a sense of efficacy and feelings of control?

A)more alert

B) less activity

C)achieve more

7

D)cope better

10 CORRECT The act of expressing oneself in ways designed to create a favorable impression is

A)self-presentation.

B)self-monitoring.

C)self-handicapping.

D)egocentric role-playing.

11 INCORRECT The theory of correspondent inferences states

A)people infer that other people's intentions and dispositions correspond to our intentions and dispositions.

B)people infer that other people's intentions and dispositions correspond to the group's intentions and dispositions.

C)people infer that other people have similar values.

D)people infer that other people's intentions and dispositions correspond to their actions.

12 INCORRECT Correspondence bias is

A)an illusory correlation.

B)counterfactual thinking.

C)fundamental attribution error.

D)hindsight error.

13 CORRECT Memory construction allows us to

A)revise our own histories.

B)think automatically.

C)replicate reality.

D)see the truth of the situation.

14 INCORRECT Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't is

A)hindsight bias.

B)counterfactual thinking.

C)denial paradox.

D) inferential analysis.

15 INCORRECT The perception of a relationship where none exists is

A)belief assimilation phenomenon.

B) illusory correlation.

8

C)the Kulechov effect.

D)distinctiveness fallacy.

16 INCORRECT In response to external circumstances ___________________ people adjust their behavior.

A) intelligent

B)depressed

C)self-conscious

D)unintelligent

17 INCORRECT A variation of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is the

A)bogus technique.

B) low-ball technique.

C)self-monitoring technique.

D) justification technique.

18 INCORRECT The term brainwashing describes what happened to American POWs during which war?

A)World War I

B)World War II

C)Korean War

D)Vietnam War

19 INCORRECT According to self-perception theory, behavior shapes attitudes

A)when attitudes are strong and consistent.

B)only in the area of legislation.

C) in self-monitoring people.

D)when attitudes are weak and ambiguous.

20 INCORRECT According to the text, which of the following are true of self-perception and cognitive dissonance theories?

A)Self-perception theory has more support and evidence.

B)Evidence exists to support both theories.

C)Cognitive dissonance theory has more support and evidence.

D)They are mutually exclusive; therefore one has to be correct.

21 INCORRECT According to the text, norms are

A)a set of roles.

9

B)models of social behavior.

C)prescriptions for proper behavior.

D) laws governing social behavior.

22 INCORRECT The characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female is

A)gender norm.

B)gender role.

C)gender assignment.

D)gender.

23 INCORRECT Across the globe, men are how many times more likely to murder men than women murder women?

A)5

B)20

C)10

D)25

24 CORRECT According to the text, gender difference does not exist in

A)vocabulary.

B)sexual initiative.

C)murder rate.

D)conversation style.

25 INCORRECT According to the text, you are more likely to smoke if

A)your parents smoke.

B)your brother smokes.

C)your sister smokes.

D)your friends smoke.

26 INCORRECT Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure is

A)compliance.

B)cohesiveness.

C)obedience.

D)acceptance.

27 INCORRECT Sherif's study using autokinetic phenomenon suggest

10

A)compliance.

B)acceptance.

C)obedience.

D)reactance.

28 INCORRECT When Milgram moved his experiment from Yale to Bridgeport, the number of people who complied

A)decreased from 63 percent to 25 percent.

B)decreased from 63 percent to 13 percent.

C)decreased from 63 percent to 48 percent.

D)remained about the same.

29 INCORRECT Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations is

A)nominal influence.


C)normative influence.


30 CORRECT Increasing the size of a group from 2 to _____is likely to produce the greatest increase in conformity.

A)5

B)10

C)25

D)100

31 CORRECT According to the text, from 1978-1991 support for the marijuana's legalization among new collegians dropped from

A)50 to 21 percent.

B)65 to 39 percent.

C)81 to 56 percent.

D)41 to 11 percent.

32 INCORRECT Communicators who talk fast and are straightforward are likely to be perceived as

A)manipulative.

B)credible.

C)untrustworthy.

D)attractive.

11

33 INCORRECT The effect of fear-arousing communication is

A)fear renders the communication ineffective.

B)a low level of fear is effective, but a high level is counter productive.

C)generally the more fear people feel, the more effective the communication.

D)effective only with women.

34 INCORRECT The process by which media influence occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others, is called

A)channels of communication.

B)the media effect.

C)the opinion leaders phenomenon.

D)the two-step flow of communication.

35 CORRECT Which age group is most open to a cult's message?

A)under 25

B)between 21 and 25

C)between 25 and 35

D)over 35

36 INCORRECT People working simultaneously and individually on a noncompetitive task are called

A)social facilitators.

B)coactors.

C)group.

D)collective.

37 INCORRECT According to the text, the presence of others improved people's efficiency at

A)doing complex multiplication problems.



D)crossing out designated letters.

38 INCORRECT The loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension is called

A)the singleton effect.

B)the group awareness effect.

C)deindividuation.

12

D)group polarization.

39 INCORRECT According to the text, if a minority judges blue slides to be green


B)females but not males of the majority will occasionally agree.

C)members of the majority will occasionally agree.

D)males but not females of the majority will occasionally agree.

40 INCORRECT Groupthink is happening when members desire

A)control.

B)freedom.

C)harmony.

D)power.

Chapter 1Learning ObjectivesAfter completing your study of this chapter you should be able to:

1.Define social psychology and give examples of the discipline's central concerns.

2.Identify similarities and differences between social psychology and the other disciplines that study human nature.

3.Indicate how the personal values of social psychologists penetrate their work.

4.Discuss the nature and implications of the "hindsight bias" for social psychology.

5.Explain the general nature and purpose of a theory.

6.Describe two major research methods used in social psychology and state the advantages and disadvantages of each.

7.Identify ethical standards that govern social-psychological research.

Mutliple Choice Quiz

13

Please answer all questions

1 Social psychology is





2 Social psychology _______________________ than personality psychology.

A)has more famous theorists

B)focuses on the differences between individuals more

C)has a shorter history

D)focuses on the private internal functioning between individuals more

3 The text states that social psychology

A)is the most important perspective in viewing and understanding ourselves.

B)is one important perspective from which we can view and understand ourselves.

C)is the real explanation that lets us understand and view ourselves.

D)is an inclusive perspective from which we can view and understand ourselves.

4 The text states that values





5 Social representations are

A)the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people.

B)objective situations.

C)object representations of real world actions.

D)our most important and most unexamined convictions.

6 Naturalist fallacy is

A)the error of defining what is good in terms of what is observable.

14

B)a flawed scientific description.

C)that all psychology can be defined through nature.

D)the error of defining what is normal is observable.

7 Hindsight bias

A)is conducive to an underestimation of our own intellectual powers.


C)is the tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome.

D)is the tendency to see the objective situation incorrectly.

8 A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events is

A)hypothesis.

B)theory.

C)research topic.

D)direction to research.

9 The study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables is

A)experimental research.

B)correlational research.

C)field research.

D)interpretative research.

10

The procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion is

A)survey research.

B)equal sample.


D)random sample.

11

The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates is a(n)

A)dependent variable.

B)hypothesis.

C)control.

D)independent variable.

15

12

The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a(n)

A)ethics of experimentation.

B)random assignment.

C)mundane realism.

D)informed consent.

13

Mundane realism is

A)performing the experiment in the real world.

B)when the experiment is boring and repetitive.

C)the degree to which an experiment is similar to everyday conditions.

D)the experimenter's biases in the experiment.

14

An experiment would have experimental realism if it

A)absorbs and involves its participants.

B)is carried out in the field.

C)was similar to everyday situations.

D)tested an everyday hypothesis.

15

Experimenters standardize their instructions to subjects in order to

A)minimize demand characteristics.

B)insure accuracy in the results.

C)appear neutral to the group.

D)compare different groups.

16

Which is false according to the text. The American and British Psychological Associations





17

Informed consent is

16

A)American Psychological Association guideline.

B)an ethical principle.

C)law in the United States and Britain.

D)a legal term used in experimental research.

18

An experimenter manipulates what variable?

A)control

B)independent

C)dependent

D)experimental


1 CORRECT Social psychology is





Feedback: Correct.

2 INCORRECT

Social psychology _______________________ than personality psychology.

A)has more famous theorists

B)focuses on the differences between individuals more

C)has a shorter history

D)focuses on the private internal functioning between individuals more

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is social psychology has a shorter history than personalitypsychology.

3 INCORRECT

The text states that social psychology

A) is the most important perspective in viewing and understanding ourselves.

B) is one important perspective from which we can view and understand ourselves.

C)is the real explanation that lets us understand and view ourselves.

D) is an inclusive perspective from which we can view and understand ourselves.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is one important perspective from which we can view and understand ourselves.

4 CORRECT The text states that values



17



Feedback: Correct.

5 INCORRECT

Social representations are

A)the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people.

B)objective situations.

C)object representations of real world actions.

D)our most important and most unexamined convictions.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is our most important and most unexamined convictions.

6 CORRECT Naturalist fallacy is

A)the error of defining what is good in terms of what is observable.

B)a flawed scientific description.

C)that all psychology can be defined through nature.

D)the error of defining what is normal is observable.

Feedback: Correct.

7 INCORRECT

Hindsight bias



C)is the tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome.


Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is the tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome.

8 CORRECT A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events is

A)hypothesis.

B)theory.

C)research topic.

D)direction to research.

Feedback: Correct.

9 INCORRECT

The study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables is

A)experimental research.

B)correlational research.

C)field research.

D) interpretative research.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is correlational research.

1 INCORRECT

The procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion is

18

0A)survey research.

B)equal sample.


D)random sample.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is random sample.

11

INCORRECT

The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates is a(n)

A)dependent variable.

B)hypothesis.

C)control.

D) independent variable.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is independent variable.

12

INCORRECT

The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a(n)

A)ethics of experimentation.

B)random assignment.

C)mundane realism.

D) informed consent.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is random assignment.

13

INCORRECT

Mundane realism is

A)performing the experiment in the real world.

B)when the experiment is boring and repetitive.

C)the degree to which an experiment is similar to everyday conditions.

D)the experimenter's biases in the experiment.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is the degree to which an experiment is similar to everyday conditions.

14 CORRECT

An experiment would have experimental realism if it

A)absorbs and involves its participants.

B) is carried out in the field.

C)was similar to everyday situations.

D)tested an everyday hypothesis.

Feedback: Correct.

15 CORRECT

Experimenters standardize their instructions to subjects in order to

A)minimize demand characteristics.

19

B) insure accuracy in the results.

C)appear neutral to the group.

D)compare different groups.

Feedback: Correct.

16

INCORRECT

Which is false according to the text. The American and British Psychological Associations





Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is fully explain the experiment before preceding.

17

INCORRECT

Informed consent is

A)American Psychological Association guideline.

B)an ethical principle.

C)law in the United States and Britain.

D)a legal term used in experimental research.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is an ethical principle.

18

INCORRECT

An experimenter manipulates what variable?

A)control

B) independent

C)dependent

D)experimental

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is independent variable.

20

Across1) an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events3) the experimental factor that a researcher manipulates 9) the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people andtransmitted from one generation to the next.12) the error of defining what is good in terms of what is observable. For example: What’s typical isnormal; what’s normal is good.

Down2) degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants.3) an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them tochoose whether they wish to participate.4) the variable being measured, so-called because it may depend on manipulations of the independentvariable.5) research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory.6) the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.7) the tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen howsomething turned out. Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.8) degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations.10) survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance ofinclusion.11) a testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.

21


1.Define conformity and explain the difference between "compliance" and "acceptance."

2.Describe the findings of three classic studies on conformity.

3.Identify circumstances that are conducive to conformity.

4.Explain why people conform.

5.Indicate how personality and cultural background are related to conformity.

6.Explain why people sometimes resist social pressure.

Mutliple Choice QuizPlease answer all questions

22

1 A change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure is

A) compliance.

B) conformity.

C) acceptance.

D) reactance.

2 Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing is

A) compliance.

B) acceptance.

C) obedience.

D) reactance.

3 Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure is

A) compliance.

B) cohesiveness.

C) obedience.

D) acceptance.

4 Sherif's study using autokinetic phenomenon suggest

A) compliance.

B) acceptance.

C) obedience.

D) reactance.

5 An accomplice of the experimenter is

A) confederate.

B) partner.

C) colleague.

D) associate.

6 In Asch's study of conformity involving the length of lines, naïve participants conformed ___ of the time

A) 20 percent

B) 47 percent

C) 37 percent

D) 61 percent

7 According to the text, the most famous and controversial experiments of social psychology are

A) Asch's conformity experiments.

B) Milgram's obedience experiments.

C) Smith and Dunn's reactance experiments.

D) Berg's compliance experiments.

8 When Milgram moved his experiment from Yale to Bridgeport, the number of people who complied

A) decreased from 63 percent to 25 percent.

B) decreased from 63 percent to 13 percent.

23

C) decreased from 63 percent to 48 percent.

D) remained about the same.

9 The training of tortures by the military junta in Greece illustrates

A) the compliance effect.

B) cohesiveness effect.

C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

D) reactance phenomenon.

10 In a study at Penn State, what percentage of students said they would ignore sexist statements?

A) 5 percent

B) 12 percent

C) 32 percent

D) 51 percent

11 According to the text, people will nearly always voice their convictions if

A) if two other people have done so.

B) if one other person has done so.

C) if more than two people have done so.

D) none of the above.

12 The extent to which members of a group are bound together is

A) unity.

B) harmony.

C) cohesiveness.

D) agreement.

13 Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations is

A) nominal influence.


C) normative influence.


14 Conformity that results from accepting evidence about reality provided by others is

A) informational influence.

B) nominal influence.

C) direct influence.

D) normative influence.

15 A motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is

A) dissonance.

B) pride.

C) self-worth.

D) reactance.

24

16 Milly comes from a Black family, has two brothers, and was born in New York. One parent is a teacher and the other is a postman. If you asked Milly to tell us about herself, she would most likely say she

A) has two brothers.

B) comes from a Black family.

C) born in New York.

D) one parent is a teacher.

17 Which country had the highest conformity percentage when Asch's conformity experiment was conducted overseas?

A) Lebanon

B) Hong Kong

C) the Bantu of Zimbabwe

D) Brazil

18 Increasing the size of a group from 2 to _____is likely to produce the greatest increase in conformity.

A) 5

B) 10

C) 25

D) 100


1 INCORRECT A change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure is

A)compliance.

B)conformity.

C)acceptance.

D)reactance.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is conformity.

2 CORRECT Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing is

A)compliance.

B)acceptance.

C)obedience.

D)reactance.

Feedback: Correct.

3 INCORRECT Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure is

A)compliance.

B)cohesiveness.

C)obedience.

D)acceptance

25

.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is acceptance.

4 INCORRECT Sherif's study using autokinetic phenomenon suggest

A)compliance.

B)acceptance.

C)obedience.

D)reactance.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is acceptance.

5 CORRECT An accomplice of the experimenter is

A)confederate.

B)partner.

C)colleague.

D)associate.

Feedback: Correct.

6 INCORRECT In Asch's study of conformity involving the length of lines, naïve participants conformed ___ of the time

A)20 percent

B)47 percent

C)37 percent

D)61 percent

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is 37 percent.

7 INCORRECT According to the text, the most famous and controversial experiments of social psychology are

A)Asch's conformity experiments.

B)Milgram's obedience experiments.

C)Smith and Dunn's reactance experiments.

D)Berg's compliance experiments.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is Milgram's obedience.

8 INCORRECT When Milgram moved his experiment from Yale to Bridgeport, the number of people who complied

A)decreased from 63 percent to 25 percent.

B)decreased from 63 percent to 13 percent.

C)decreased from 63 percent to 48 percent.

D)remained about the same.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is decreased from 63 percent to 48 percent.

26

9 INCORRECT The training of tortures by the military junta in Greece illustrates

A)the compliance effect.

B)cohesiveness effect.

C)the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

D)reactance phenomenon.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

10 CORRECT In a study at Penn State, what percentage of students said they would ignore sexist statements?

A)5 percent

B)12 percent

C)32 percent

D)51 percent

Feedback: Correct.

11 INCORRECT According to the text, people will nearly always voice their convictions if

A) if two other people have done so.

B) if one other person has done so.

C)if more than two people have done so.

D)none of the above.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is if one other person has done so.

12 INCORRECT The extent to which members of a group are bound together is

A)unity.

B)harmony.

C)cohesiveness.

D)agreement.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is cohesiveness.

13 INCORRECT Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations is

A)nominal influence.


C)normative influence.


Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is normative influence.

14 CORRECT Conformity that results from accepting evidence about reality provided by others is

A) informational influence.

B)nominal influence.

C)direct

27

influence.

D)normative influence.

Feedback: Correct.

15 INCORRECT A motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is

A)dissonance.

B)pride.

C)self-worth.

D)reactance.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is reactance.

16 INCORRECTMilly comes from a Black family, has two brothers, and was born in New York. One parent is a teacher and the other is a postman. If you asked Milly to tell us about herself, she would most likely say she

A)has two brothers.

B)comes from a Black family.

C)born in New York.

D)one parent is a teacher.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is comes from a Black family.

17 INCORRECT Which country had the highest conformity percentage when Asch's conformity experiment was conducted overseas?

A)Lebanon

B)Hong Kong

C)the Bantu of Zimbabwe

D)Brazil

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is the Bantu of Zimbabwe.

18 CORRECT Increasing the size of a group from 2 to _____is likely to produce the greatest increase in conformity.

A)5

B)10

C)25

D)100

Feedback: Correct.

28

Across5 an accomplice of the experimenter.6 conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing. Obedience is acting in accord with a direct order.

Down1 conformity based on a person’s desire to fulfill others’ expectations, often to gain acceptance.2 conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure.3 (1) a motive to protect or restore one’s sense of freedom. Reactance arises when someone threatens our freedom of action. (2) The desire to assert one’s sense of freedom.4 a change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure.

29


1.Identify the two paths to persuasion.

2.Describe communicator characteristics that contribute to effective communication.

3.Explain how the content of the message influences its effectiveness.

4.Describe the effects of different channels of communication.

5.Identify characteristics of the audience that influence susceptibility to persuasion.

6.Discuss the persuasion principles utilized in cult indoctrination.

7.Explain how people may resist persuasion.

Mutliple Choice Quiz

30

Please answer all questions

1 According to the text, from 1978-1991 support for the marijuana's legalization among new collegians dropped from

A) 50 to 21 percent.

B) 65 to 39 percent.

C) 81 to 56 percent.

D) 41 to 11 percent.

2 Persuasion that occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts is

A) channel route persuasion.

B) peripheral route persuasion.

C) rational route persuasion.

D) central route persuasion.

3 Persuasion that occurs when people are influenced by incidental clues is

A) indirect route persuasion.

B) channel route persuasion.

C) peripheral persuasion.

D) incidental route persuasion.

4 A delayed impact of a message that occurs when we remember the message but forget a reason for discounting it is

A) discounting effect.

B) forgetting effect.

C) channel effect.

D) sleeper effect.

5 Communicators who talk fast and are straightforward are likely to be perceived as

A) manipulative.

B) credible.

C) untrustworthy.

D) attractive.

6 Having qualities that appeal to an audience is

A) credibleness.

B) attractiveness.

C) the primary effect.

D) the central effect.

7 People who argue against their own self-interest

A) are viewed as distorting the truth.

B) are effective with an unintelligent audience but not an intelligent one.

C) are viewed as inconsistent and thus lose their influence.

D) are viewed as more credible.

31

8 The effect of fear-arousing communication is

A) fear renders the communication ineffective.

B) a low level of fear is effective, but a high level is counter productive.

C) generally the more fear people feel, the more effective the communication.

D) effective only with women.

9 Of the following, which has been shown to influence the impact a discrepant message has on an audience?

A) communicator attractiveness

B) communication channel

C) communicator credibility

D) the gender of the audience

10 Other things being equal, information presented first that usually has the most influence is called

A) first channel effect.

B) primacy effect.

C) first time effect.

D) courtroom effect.

11 Information presented last that sometimes has the most influence is called

A) delayed first-time effect.

B) reverse effect.

C) recency effect.

D) second message effect.

12 The way a message is delivered is called

A) effectiveness phenomenon.

B) channel of communication.

C) advertising phenomenon.

D) the style effect.

13 The process by which media influence occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others, is called

A) channels of communication.

B) the media effect.

C) the opinion leaders phenomenon.

D) the two-step flow of communication.

14 The mass media's influence is most effective on

A) deeply held beliefs.

B) political values.

C) matters of objective fact.

D) minor issues.

32

15 According to the text, which group is more trusting in relation to cults?

A) lower-class Caucasian youths

B) upper-class youths

C) lower-class Black youths

D) middle-class Caucasian youths

16 Exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available is called

A) the weak attack phenomenon.

B) the strong attack phenomenon.

C) attitude inoculation.

D) attitude protection.

17 Which age group is most open to a cult's message?

A) under 25

B) between 21 and 25

C) between 25 and 35

D) over 35


1 INCORRECT According to the text, from 1978-1991 support for the marijuana's legalization among new collegians dropped from

A)50 to 21 percent.

B)65 to 39 percent.

C)81 to 56 percent.

D)41 to 11 percent.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is 50 to 21 percent.

2 CORRECT Persuasion that occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts is

A)channel route persuasion.

B)peripheral route persuasion.

C)rational route persuasion.

D)central route persuasion.

Feedback: Correct.

3 CORRECT Persuasion that occurs when people are influenced by incidental clues is

A) indirect route persuasion.

B)channel route persuasion.

C)peripheral persuasion.

D) incidental route persuasion.

Feedback: Correct.

4 CORRECT A delayed impact of a message that occurs when we remember the message but forget a reason for discounting it is

33

A)discounting effect.

B)forgetting effect.

C)channel effect.

D)sleeper effect.

Feedback: Correct.

5 CORRECT Communicators who talk fast and are straightforward are likely to be perceived as

A)manipulative.

B)credible.

C)untrustworthy.

D)attractive.

Feedback: Correct.

6 CORRECT Having qualities that appeal to an audience is

A)credibleness.

B)attractiveness.

C)the primary effect.

D)the central effect.

Feedback: Correct.

7 CORRECT People who argue against their own self-interest

A)are viewed as distorting the truth.

B)are effective with an unintelligent audience but not an intelligent one.

C)are viewed as inconsistent and thus lose their influence.

D)are viewed as more credible.

Feedback: Correct.

8 CORRECT The effect of fear-arousing communication is

A)fear renders the communication ineffective.

B)a low level of fear is effective, but a high level is counter productive.

C)generally the more fear people feel, the more effective the communication.

D)effective only with women.

Feedback: Correct.

9 CORRECT Of the following, which has been shown to influence the impact a discrepant message has on an audience?

A)communicator attractiveness

B)communication channel

C)communicator credibility

D)the gender of the audience

34

Feedback: Correct.

10 CORRECT Other things being equal, information presented first that usually has the most influence is called

A)first channel effect.

B)primacy effect.

C)first time effect.

D)courtroom effect.

Feedback: Correct.

11 CORRECT Information presented last that sometimes has the most influence is called

A)delayed first-time effect.

B)reverse effect.

C)recency effect.

D)second message effect.

Feedback: Correct.

12 CORRECT The way a message is delivered is called

A)effectiveness phenomenon.

B)channel of communication.

C)advertising phenomenon.

D)the style effect.

Feedback: Correct.

13 INCORRECT The process by which media influence occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others, is called

A)channels of communication.

B)the media effect.

C)the opinion leaders phenomenon.

D)the two-step flow of communication.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is the two-step flow of communication.

14 INCORRECT The mass media's influence is most effective on

A)deeply held beliefs.

B)political values.

C)matters of objective fact.

D)minor issues.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is minor issues.

15 INCORRECT According to the text, which group is more trusting in relation to cults?

A) lower-class Caucasian youths

35

B)upper-class youths

C) lower-class Black youths

D)middle-class Caucasian youths

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is middle-class Caucasian youths.

16 CORRECT Exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available is called

A)the weak attack phenomenon.

B)the strong attack phenomenon.

C)attitude inoculation.

D)attitude protection.

Feedback: Correct.

17 INCORRECT Which age group is most open to a cult's message?

A)under 25

B)between 21 and 25

C)between 25 and 35

D)over 35

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is under age 25.

36

Across5 the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.6 believability. A credible communicator is perceived as both expert and trustworthy.7 information presented last sometimes has the most influence. Recency effects are less common than primacy effects.

Down1 exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come1 they will have refutations available.2 other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence.3 having qualities that appeal to an audience. An appealing communicator (often someone similar to the audience) is most persuasive on matters of subjective preference.4 a delayed impact of a message. Occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it.6 a group typically characterized by (1) distinctive ritual and beliefs related to its devotion to a god or a person1 (2) isolation from the surrounding “evil” culture, and (3) a charismatic leader. (A sect, by contrast, is a spin off from a major religion.)


1.Define a group.

2.Discuss how we are affected by the presence of others.

3.Identify the conditions under which social loafing is likely to occur.

4.Describe the psychological state of "deindividuation."

37

5.Define and explain group polarization.

6.Discuss the causes, symptoms, and prevention of "groupthink."

7.Identify the factors that strengthen minority influence and describe effective leadership.

Mutliple Choice QuizPlease answer all questions

1 Two or more people who interact with and influence one another are called

A) coactors.

B) a group.

C) social facilitators.

D) groupthink.

2 People working simultaneously and individually on a noncompetitive task are called

A) social facilitators.

B) coactors.

C) group.

D) collective.

3 According to the text, the presence of others improved people's efficiency at

A) doing complex multiplication problems.



D) crossing out designated letters.

4 When people are present, we tend to

A) perspire less.

B) have a higher heart beat.

C) breathe slower.

D) have lower blood pressure.

5 The concern for how others are evaluating us is

A) self-protection evaluation.

B) ego evaluation.

38

C) evaluation apprehension.

D) social evaluation.

6 Which of the following is not true for groups?

A) Group members work less hard on additive tasks.

B) Group members perceive themselves as working just as hard in the group or individually.

C) A group situation decreases evaluation concerns.

D) Individual effort increases as the size of the group increases.

7 According to the text, in the Soviet Union, peasants' private plots accounted for ____ percent of the land and _____ percent of the food output.

A) 10, 22

B) 1, 27

C) 2, 18

D) 13, 22

8 The loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension is called

A) the singleton effect.

B) the group awareness effect.

C) deindividuation.

D) group polarization.

9 People in groups loaf less when

A) the task is routine.

B) they are with strangers.

C) the task is challenging.

D) they are in an unfamiliar setting.

10 Deindividuation shows that a group experience that diminishes self-consciousness also tends to

A) disconnect their behavior from their attitudes.

B) decrease their emotional arousal.

C) increase their feelings of self-esteem.

D) increase their sensitivity to social expectations.

11 Studies of risky shift eventually led to the formulation of

A) social facilitation theory.

B) group polarization hypothesis.

C) the reactance effect.

D) the diffusion of responsibility effect.

12 A false impression of how other people are feeling is a

A) pluralistic ignorance.

B) invalid social comparison.

C) cognitive dissonance.

D) social influence.

39

13 Group discussion

A) weakens the initial dominant point of view.

B) enhances pluralistic ignorance.

C) weakens informational influence.

D) enhances risk taking.

14 Which of the following is not a symptom of groupthink?

A) an illusion of invulnerability

B) free riders

C) self-censorship

D) rationalization

15 Who would be considered coactors?

A) two people playing tennis

B) four women in a reading circle

C) 20 people in a 10K race

D) two children playing checkers

16 According to the text, if a minority judges blue slides to be green


B) females but not males of the majority will occasionally agree.

C) members of the majority will occasionally agree.

D) males but not females of the majority will occasionally agree.

17 According to the text, a minority member who ___________ is persuasive.

A) argues realistically

B) has defected from the majority

C) wavers

D) appears impatient

18 The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group is called

A) leadership.

B) group dynamics.

C) social control.

D) social facilitation.

19 Groupthink is happening when members desire

A) control.

B) freedom.

C) harmony.

D) power.

20 Which of the following would be considered a group as defined by the text?

A) 100 people waiting for an airplane to land

40

B) six people at a taxi stand

C) 30 people watching a movie

D) two people taking water samples


1 CORRECT Two or more people who interact with and influence one another are called

A)coactors.

B)a group.

C)social facilitators.

D)groupthink.

Feedback: Correct.

2 CORRECT People working simultaneously and individually on a noncompetitive task are called

A)social facilitators.

B)coactors.

C)group.

D)collective.

Feedback: Correct.

3 CORRECT According to the text, the presence of others improved people's efficiency at

A)doing complex multiplication problems.


C)learning nonsense words.

D)crossing out designated letters.

Feedback: Correct.

4 CORRECT When people are present, we tend to

A)perspire less.

B)have a higher heart beat.

C)breathe slower.

D)have lower blood pressure.

Feedback: Correct.

5 CORRECT The concern for how others are evaluating us is

A)self-protection evaluation.

B)ego evaluation.

C)evaluation apprehension.

D)social evaluation.

Feedback: Correct.

41

6 CORRECT Which of the following is not true for groups?

A)Group members work less hard on additive tasks.

B)Group members perceive themselves as working just as hard in the group or individually.

C)A group situation decreases evaluation concerns.

D) Individual effort increases as the size of the group increases.

Feedback: Correct.

7 INCORRECT According to the text, in the Soviet Union, peasants' private plots accounted for ____ percent of the land and _____ percent of the food output.

A)10, 22

B)1, 27

C)2, 18

D)13, 22

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is 1, 27.

8 CORRECT The loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension is called

A)the singleton effect.

B)the group awareness effect.

C)deindividuation.

D)group polarization.

Feedback: Correct.

9 INCORRECT People in groups loaf less when

A)the task is routine.

B)they are with strangers.

C)the task is challenging.

D)they are in an unfamiliar setting.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is the task is challenging.

10 CORRECT Deindividuation shows that a group experience that diminishes self-consciousness also tends to

A)disconnect their behavior from their attitudes.

B)decrease their emotional arousal.

C)increase their feelings of self-esteem.

D) increase their sensitivity to social expectations.

Feedback: Correct.

11 INCORRECT Studies of risky shift eventually led to the formulation of

A)social facilitation theory.

B)group polarization hypothesis.

C)the reactance effect.

D)the diffusion of responsibility effect.

42

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is group polarization hypothesis.

12 CORRECT A false impression of how other people are feeling is a

A)pluralistic ignorance.

B) invalid social comparison.

C)cognitive dissonance.

D)social influence.

Feedback: Correct.

13 INCORRECT Group discussion

A)weakens the initial dominant point of view.

B)enhances pluralistic ignorance.

C)weakens informational influence.

D)enhances risk taking.

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is enhances risk taking.

14 CORRECT Which of the following is not a symptom of groupthink?

A)an illusion of invulnerability

B)free riders

C)self-censorship

D)rationalization

Feedback: Correct.

15 CORRECT Who would be considered coactors?

A)two people playing tennis

B)four women in a reading circle

C)20 people in a 10K race

D)two children playing checkers

Feedback: Correct.

16 CORRECT According to the text, if a minority judges blue slides to be green


B)females but not males of the majority will occasionally agree.

C)members of the majority will occasionally agree.

D)males but not females of the majority will occasionally agree.

Feedback: Correct.

17 CORRECT According to the text, a minority member who ___________ is persuasive.

A)argues realistically

B)has defected from the majority

C)waver

43

s

D)appears impatient

Feedback: Correct.

18 CORRECT The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group is called

A) leadership.

B)group dynamics.

C)social control.

D)social facilitation.

Feedback: Correct.

19 CORRECT Groupthink is happening when members desire

A)control.

B)freedom.

C)harmony.

D)power.

Feedback: Correct.

20 INCORRECT Which of the following would be considered a group as defined by the text?

A)100 people waiting for an airplane to land

B)six people at a taxi stand

C)30 people watching a movie

D)two people taking water samples

Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is two people taking water samples.

ACROSS1 “The mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to overriderealistic appraisal of alternative courses of action .“ -lrvingJanis (1971).

44

5 two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as “us8 (1) original meaning-the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present (2) current meaning-strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses owing to the presence of others.10 the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group.

DOWN2 a false impression of how other people are thinking, feeling, or responding.3 the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable.4 co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity5 group-produced enhancement of members’ preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members’ average tendency, not a split within the group.6 loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension, occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.7 evaluating one’s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself to others.9 people who benefit from the group but give little in return.

Practice MidTerm Exam(See related pages)

1While sociology studies __________, social psychology focuses on __________.

A) people in groups; individuals

B) societies; groups

C) how individuals affect each other; differences among individuals

D) society; behavior

2When Jill attended a convention recently, she behaved in a manner that seemed totally out of character for her. Social psychologists would likely attribute her inconsistent behavior to

A) previously inhibited personal attitudes.

B) her repressed personality.

C) deeply rooted biological factors.

D) social influences.

45

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0073531898/sitemap.html?Qui

3As a social psychologist, Jack will most likely be aware that

A) social psychology is a collection of findings about social behavior.

B) social psychologists are highly objective.

C) social psychologists are influenced by their values.

D) values are more likely to differ across cultures than over time.

4"Aha!" declared Robert. "I knew all along that better educated soldiers suffer fewer adjustment problems than less educated soldiers." Robert is exhibiting the

A) foresight bias.

B) hindsight bias.

C) self-serving bias.

D) confirmation bias.

5Researchers hypothesize that people who drive SUVs are bullies. Researchers set up a hidden camera by a four-point stop sign and observe what kind of car/driver is more likely to stop fully and/or not yield to the other driver's right-of-way. What kind of study is this?

A) a laboratory experiment

B) field research

C) a case study

D) a correlational study

6Researchers examined the effects of the number of bystanders on people's likelihood of helping a stranger in distress. Either alone or in the company of others, a subject witnessed an individual in need of help. Researchers then measured how likely the subject was to help the distressed individual. In this example, the number of bystanders would be the

A) independent variable.

B) dependent variable.

C) random variable.

D) confounding variable.

7Researchers were interested in the relationship between the amount of aggressive media watched and observable acts of aggressive behavior by children towards others. They separated subjects into three groups: group one watched 5 hours a week of aggressive media; group two watched 10 hours a week of aggressive media; and group three watched 15 hours of aggressive media. Researchers then polled the parents or teachers on the child's observable aggressive behavior. In this example, aggressive behavior would be the



C) random variable.


8Mary and Steve were getting divorced. The fact that each attributed most of their marital problems to the other demonstrates how

A) self concerns motivate social behavior.

B) social relationships help define who we are.

C) self-interest colors our social judgment.

D) we tend to believe that our emotions can be easily read by others.

9Minority groups often define themselves by attending to

A) similarities between themselves and the majority group.

46

B) the way they are presented in the media as the primary guide to their identity.

C) differences between themselves and the majority group.

D) the similarities they have with other minority groups.

10Zachary has nightmares about being homeless when he grows up; Xenia dreams of becoming a famous ballerina. These images represent Zachary and Xenia's

A) possible selves.

B) self-concepts.

C) self-schemas.

D) social identities.

11You left high school with a 3.8 GPA and have always believed you were "much smarter than the average bear." Now you are in a college where everyone had a 3.8 GPA in high school and great SAT scores. Suddenly you are struggling to keep up with the pack and feel less and less intelligent as the semesters go by. This is due to

A) social identity.

B) the social comparison effect.

C) self-reference effects.

D) the looking-glass self phenomenon.

12George Herbert Mead believed that our self-concept is based on

A) how others see us.

B) our sense of accomplishment.

C) how we imagine others see us.

D) the praise we receive from others.

13People in Florida know that hurricanes happen often during the hurricane season. For this reason, at the beginning of the hurricane season they buy supplies to make sure they can protect their property and families. This planning and preparedness illustrates

A) an external locus of control.

B) high self-monitoring.

C) high self-efficacy.

D) an internal locus of control.

14After a test in which you get an A, you explain that you studied hard and deserved it. Yet after you fail the next test, you explain that you failed because you were out partying the night before, your roommate woke you up early, you felt sick, etc. This is an example of

A) high self-monitoring.

B) the actor/observer effect.

C) the fundamental attribution error.

D) the self-serving bias.

15A student is told to give a speech in favor of the death penalty. After the speech, the class is informed that the speaker was told to present only that side (in favor) of the issue. Even so, students overwhelmingly believe that the speaker believes in the death penalty. This illustrates

A) the actor/observer effect.

B) the self-serving bias.


D) correspondence.

47

16If, as a juror, you watch a videotaped confession where the camera is focused on the detective, you are more likely to perceive the confession as coerced. This is due to the

A) fundamental attribution error.

B) camera perspective bias.


D) suspicious schema.

17If I told you that you were going to meet someone "warm," the odds are you would enjoy your contact with that person. Conversely, if I introduced you to someone I described as "cold," you'd most likely not want to talk to the person. This illustrates

A) the suspicious schema.

B) anchoring.

C) priming.

D) the foot-in-the-door technique.

18If, on day one, you had written down the grade you expected to receive on your first exam in this class, you, and most of your classmates, would most likely write down an A. However, you wind up getting a C on the first test. This is due to

A) overconfidence.

B) bad grading.

C) the self-serving bias.

D) the self-fulfilling prophecy

19Anil looked over the syllabus for his social psychology class and determined that he would have lots of time to write his research paper if he began it after the first midterm. As the final week of class was approaching, he saw that he had been wrong and his paper was nowhere near finished. Anil suffered from

A) the self-serving bias.

B) the planning fallacy.

C) rosy retrospection.

D) blind sight.

20Hiro is annoyed every time someone asks him for help with statistics. Although he never did very well in math, his classmates assume he is highly gifted because he is Japanese-American. This tendency to assume Hiro is good at math because he is Asian-American illustrates

A) the availability heuristic.


C) the representativeness heuristic.

D) an illusory correlation.

21If someone cuts you off in traffic according to attribution theory, you are most likely to attribute that person's behavior to __________; if you cut someone else off, you are most likely to attribute your behavior to__________.

A) dispositional factors; dispositional factors

B) dispositional factors; situational factors

C) situational factors; dispositional factors

D) situational factors; situational factors

22The best way to determine if someone really cares about the environment would be to

48

A) ask how they voted.

B) ask them about their attitude.

C) see what political party they belong to.

D) look at what kind of car they chose to purchase.

23If you are paid $20 to lie to someone versus $1 to tell the same lie to someone, you are LESS likely to experience dissonance. Why?

A) the overjustification effect.

B) insufficient justification effect.

C) the insufficient funds effect.

D) the underjustification effect.

24Social psychologist Allan Wicker (1971) stated, "It may be desirable to abandon the attitude concept" because

A) it is too difficult to understand people's attitudes.

B) the attitude research is highly biased.

C) the concept of "attitudes" is too broad to be meaningful.

D) attitudes determine virtually nothing.

25Your girlfriend asks you if you'd be willing to run really quickly into the grocery store with her. You agree. However, once in the car, she asks if you'd mind running three other errands with her. Begrudgingly you say yes. She has used which of the following techniques?

A) slave labor.

B) the door-in-the-face technique.

C) the foot-in-the-door technique.

D) the low-ball technique.

26Six-year-old Talal enjoys drawing with colored pencils. One day his teacher says she is going to reward him for using the pencils, and she does. What would explain why Talal no longer seems to enjoy using colored pencils?

A) the insufficient justification effect

B) the overjustification effect

C) self-affirmation theory

D) cognitive dissonance theory

27According to Shipman (2003), if we traced our roots back far enough (i.e., approximately 100,000 years), our ancestors would all be

A) African.

B) Asian.

C) European.

D) Semitic.

28As Mireille grows up, she learns the proper way to address different people, depending on their age, their relation to her, and their social status. These accepted and expected behaviors are

A) attitudes.

B) universal friendly norms.

C) perspectives.

D) universal status norms.

49

29If outgoing and friendly people reproduce more than socially withdrawn and unfriendly people, we should see more outgoing and friendly people in the next generation. This illustrates

A) variation.

B) natural selection.

C) heredity of the species.

D) ontogeny.

30An interaction is said to occur when

A) two streets meet.

B) the effect of one factor causes another.

C) two attitudes meet.

D) the effect of one factor depends upon another.

31Which of the following is NOT characteristic of males?

A) They are more likely to have ADHD.

B) They are more likely to be depressed.

C) They are more likely to be able to wiggle their ears.

D) They are more likely to commit suicide.

32Evolutionary psychology predicts sex differences with regard to

A) selecting mates.

B) taste preferences for nourishing our bodies.

C) developing calluses where skin meets friction.

D) regulating heat by sweating.

33Aggression is influenced by

A) estrogen.

B) progesterone.

C) testosterone.

D) dopamine.

34Young immigrant children often prefer the language and norms of their new peer culture. This is because

A) the parents make them speak the language.

B) they want to pretend they're not immigrants.

C) peer groups have more influence in transmitting culture.

D) the norm demands it.

35You go out to dinner with three of your good friends. Friends 1 and 2 order dessert. Next, Friend 3 orders dessert. When the waiter gets to you, even though you are dieting, you order dessert. Why?

A) conformity

B) compliance

C) obedience

50

D) persuasion

36The "teacher/learner" paradigm, which has been extensively used by researchers to investigate a variety of phenomena, was used by

A) Asch to investigate conformity.

B) Milgram to investigate obedience.

C) Bandura to investigate social learning theory.

D) Zimbardo to investigate the power of the situation.

37Milgram's study was criticized for

A) being unscientific.

B) not producing any useable data.

C) being unethical.

D) not furthering the understanding of human behavior.

38Groups often reject people who consistently deviate from social roles. These people appear to be unaffected by

A) proximal influence.

B) normative influence.

C) informational influence.

D) qualitative influence.

39If your parents tell you that you can't drink until you are 21, you may well go out drinking before then. Psychologists refer to this as

A) repression.

B) catharsis.

C) reactance.

D) reaction formation.

40Humans not only want to be different from "average-others" but, more importantly, they wish to be BETTER than "average-others." This is due to


B) the fundamental attribution error.

C) the actor/observer effect.

D) self-presentation.

41Social psychologists are most likely to study persuasion using

A) field studies.

B) brief, controlled experiments.

C) correlational studies.

D) long, controlled experiments.

42When people are presented with information, and they are naturally analytical or the information is highly involving, they are likely to be persuaded via the __________ route to persuasion. When people are not engaged with the information, or they tend to make snap judgments, they are more likely persuaded via the __________ route.

A) peripheral; central

51

B) elaborative; peripheral

C) central; peripheral

D) central; elaborative

43A small town used a variety of strategies over a six-month period to persuade the residents to stop smoking. At the end of six months, there appeared to be no reduction in cigarette sales. However, a survey one year later showed a significant reduction in cigarette sales which demonstrates

A) the sleeper effect.

B) the power of using a peripheral route to persuasion.

C) the power of using a central route to persuasion.

D) use of social persuasion.

44Research on persuasion suggests that

A) people are not generally influenced by attractiveness.

B) people are not generally influenced by speaker credibility.

C) people tend to be influenced by speaker likeability.

D) people are not generally influenced by attractiveness when arguments are emotional.

45Which of the following messages is NOT likely to be as persuasive as the others?

A) Messages conveyed by popular and attractive communicators.

B) Messages that appear to be designed to change our attitudes.

C) Messages that arouse strong emotions.

D) Messages presented by communicators who appear to be credible experts.

46Virginia Richards is running for public office. Which strategy is most likely to help her win the election?

A) repeated media exposure

B) passive appeals

C) exploiting the recency effect

D) massive mailings to registered voters

47Historically, social facilitation referred

A) to both improvements and detriments to performance.

B) only to detriments in performance.

C) only to improved performance.

D) to an effect seen only when more than 10 people were present.

48Zajonc argues that social facilitation leads to arousal which enhances

A) performance.

B) the dominant response.

C) the submissive response.

D) the self-presentation response.

49When Ingham (1974) told students they were pulling on a rope alone, or that two to five people behind

52

them were pulling as well, he found that they pulled hardest when

A) they believed they were pulling with two people.

B) they believed they were pulling with three people.

C) they believed they were pulling with four or five people.

D) they believed they were pulling alone.

50Marcos will be meeting with a group of his employees to design a sensitive strategy for working with highly confidential information. To avoid problems with groupthink, he should

A) encourage critical evaluation.

B) immediately present his position.

C) keep the group working together throughout the whole designing process.

D) discourage input from people outside the group.


1 CORRECTWhile sociology studies __________, social psychology focuses on __________.

A) people in groups; individuals

B) societies; groups

C) how individuals affect each other; differences among individuals

D) society; behavior

Feedback: Correct

2 INCORRECTWhen Jill attended a convention recently, she behaved in a manner that seemed totally out of character for her. Social psychologists would likely attribute her inconsistent behavior to

A) previously inhibited personal attitudes.

B) her repressed personality.

C) deeply rooted biological factors.

D) social influences.

Feedback: The correct answer is social influences.

3 INCORRECTAs a social psychologist, Jack will most likely be aware that

A) social psychology is a collection of findings about social behavior.

B) social psychologists are highly objective.

C) social psychologists are influenced by their values.

D) values are more likely to differ across cultures than over time.

Feedback: The correct answer is social psychologists are influenced by their values.

4 INCORRECT"Aha!" declared Robert. "I knew all along that better educated soldiers suffer fewer adjustment problems than less educated soldiers." Robert is exhibiting the

A) foresight bias.

B) hindsight bias.


D) confirmation bias.

Feedback:

53

The correct answer is hindsight bias.

5 INCORRECTResearchers hypothesize that people who drive SUVs are bullies. Researchers set up a hidden camera by a four-point stop sign and observe what kind of car/driver is more likely to stop fully and/or not yield to the other driver's right-of-way. What kind of study is this?

A) a laboratory experiment

B) field research

C) a case study

D) a correlational study

Feedback: The correct answer is field research.

6 CORRECTResearchers examined the effects of the number of bystanders on people's likelihood of helping a stranger in distress. Either alone or in the company of others, a subject witnessed an individual in need of help. Researchers then measured how likely the subject was to help the distressed individual. In this example, the number of bystanders would be the



C) random variable.


Feedback: Correct.

7 INCORRECTResearchers were interested in the relationship between the amount of aggressive media watched and observable acts of aggressive behavior by children towards others. They separated subjects into three groups: group one watched 5 hours a week of aggressive media; group two watched 10 hours a week of aggressive media; and group three watched 15 hours of aggressive media. Researchers then polled the parents or teachers on the child's observable aggressive behavior. In this example, aggressive behavior would be the



C) random variable.


Feedback: The correct answer is dependent variable.

8 INCORRECTMary and Steve were getting divorced. The fact that each attributed most of their marital problems to the other demonstrates how

A) self concerns motivate social behavior.

B) social relationships help define who we are.

C) self-interest colors our social judgment.

D) we tend to believe that our emotions can be easily read by others.

Feedback: The correct answer is self-interest colors our social judgment.

9 INCORRECTMinority groups often define themselves by attending to

A) similarities between themselves and the majority group.

B)the way they are presented in the media as the primary guide to their identity.

C) differences between themselves and the majority group.

D) the similarities they have with other minority groups.

Feedback: The correct answer is differences between themselves and the majority group.

10 CORRECTZachary has nightmares about being homeless when he grows up; Xenia dreams of becoming a famous ballerina. These images represent Zachary and Xenia's

54

A) possible selves.

B) self-concepts.

C) self-schemas.

D) social identities.

Feedback: Correct.

11 INCORRECT You left high school with a 3.8 GPA and have always believed you were "much smarter

than the average bear." Now you are in a college where everyone had a 3.8 GPA in high school and great SAT scores. Suddenly you are struggling to keep up with the pack and feel less and less intelligent as the semesters go by. This is due to

A) social identity.

B) the social comparison effect.

C) self-reference effects.

D) the looking-glass self phenomenon.

Feedback: The correct answer is the social comparison effect.

12 INCORRECT George Herbert Mead believed that our self-concept is based on

A) how others see us.

B) our sense of accomplishment.

C) how we imagine others see us.

D) the praise we receive from others.

Feedback: The correct answer is how we imagine others see us.

13 INCORRECT People in Florida know that hurricanes happen often during the hurricane season. For

this reason, at the beginning of the hurricane season they buy supplies to make sure they can protect their property and families. This planning and preparedness illustrates

A) an external locus of control.

B) high self-monitoring.

C) high self-efficacy.

D) an internal locus of control.

Feedback: The correct answer is an internal locus of control.

14 INCORRECT After a test in which you get an A, you explain that you studied hard and deserved it.

Yet after you fail the next test, you explain that you failed because you were out partying the night before, your roommate woke you up early, you felt sick, etc. This is an example of

A) high self-monitoring.

B) the actor/observer effect.


D) the self-serving bias.

Feedback: The correct answer is the self-serving bias.

15 INCORRECT A student is told to give a speech in favor of the death penalty. After the speech, the

class is informed that the speaker was told to present only that side (in favor) of the issue. Even so, students overwhelmingly believe that the speaker believes in the death penalty. This illustrates

A) the actor/observer effect.

B) the self-serving bias.


55

D) correspondence.

Feedback: The correct answer is the fundamental attribution error.

16 INCORRECT If, as a juror, you watch a videotaped confession where the camera is focused on the

detective, you are more likely to perceive the confession as coerced. This is due to the

A) fundamental attribution error.

B) camera perspective bias.


D) suspicious schema.

Feedback: The correct answer is camera perspective bias.

17 INCORRECT If I told you that you were going to meet someone "warm," the odds are you would

enjoy your contact with that person. Conversely, if I introduced you to someone I described as "cold," you'd most likely not want to talk to the person. This illustrates

A) the suspicious schema.

B) anchoring.

C) priming.

D) the foot-in-the-door technique.

Feedback: The correct answer is priming.

18 CORRECTIf, on day one, you had written down the grade you expected to receive on your first exam in this class, you, and most of your classmates, would most likely write down an A. However, you wind up getting a C on the first test. This is due to

A) overconfidence.

B) bad grading.

C) the self-serving bias.

D) the self-fulfilling prophecy

Feedback: Correct.

19 INCORRECT Anil looked over the syllabus for his social psychology class and determined that he

would have lots of time to write his research paper if he began it after the first midterm. As the final week of class was approaching, he saw that he had been wrong and his paper was nowhere near finished. Anil suffered from


B) the planning fallacy.

C) rosy retrospection.

D) blind sight.

Feedback: The correct answer is the planning fallacy.

20 INCORRECT Hiro is annoyed every time someone asks him for help with statistics. Although he

never did very well in math, his classmates assume he is highly gifted because he is Japanese-American. This tendency to assume Hiro is good at math because he is Asian-American illustrates

A) the availability heuristic.


C) the representativeness heuristic.

D) an illusory correlation.

Feedback: The correct answer is the representativeness heuristic.

21 INCORRECT If someone cuts you off in traffic according to attribution theory, you are most likely to

attribute that person's behavior to __________; if you cut someone else off, you are most likely to attribute your behavior to__________.

56

A) dispositional factors; dispositional factors

B) dispositional factors; situational factors

C) situational factors; dispositional factors

D) situational factors; situational factors

Feedback: The correct answer is dispositional factors; situational factors.

22 INCORRECT The best way to determine if someone really cares about the environment would be to

A) ask how they voted.

B) ask them about their attitude.

C) see what political party they belong to.

D) look at what kind of car they chose to purchase.

Feedback: The correct answer is look at what kind of car they chose to purchase.

23 INCORRECT If you are paid $20 to lie to someone versus $1 to tell the same lie to someone, you

are LESS likely to experience dissonance. Why?

A) the overjustification effect.

B) insufficient justification effect.

C) the insufficient funds effect.

D) the underjustification effect.

Feedback: The correct answer is insufficient justification effect.

24 INCORRECT Social psychologist Allan Wicker (1971) stated, "It may be desirable to abandon the

attitude concept" because

A) it is too difficult to understand people's attitudes.

B) the attitude research is highly biased.

C) the concept of "attitudes" is too broad to be meaningful.

D) attitudes determine virtually nothing.

Feedback: Correct.

25 INCORRECT Your girlfriend asks you if you'd be willing to run really quickly into the grocery store

with her. You agree. However, once in the car, she asks if you'd mind running three other errands with her. Begrudgingly you say yes. She has used which of the following techniques?

A) slave labor.

B) the door-in-the-face technique.

C) the foot-in-the-door technique.

D) the low-ball technique.

Feedback: The correct answer is the foot-in-the-door technique.

26 INCORRECT Six-year-old Talal enjoys drawing with colored pencils. One day his teacher says she is

going to reward him for using the pencils, and she does. What would explain why Talal no longer seems to enjoy using colored pencils?

A) the insufficient justification effect

B) the overjustification effect

C) self-affirmation theory

D) cognitive dissonance theory

Feedback: The correct answer is the overjustification effect.

57

27 CORRECTAccording to Shipman (2003), if we traced our roots back far enough (i.e., approximately 100,000 years), our ancestors would all be

A) African.

B) Asian.

C) European.

D) Semitic.

Feedback: Correct.

28 INCORRECT As Mireille grows up, she learns the proper way to address different people, depending

on their age, their relation to her, and their social status. These accepted and expected behaviors are

A) attitudes.

B) universal friendly norms.

C) perspectives.

D) universal status norms.

Feedback: The correct answer is universal status norms.

29 INCORRECT If outgoing and friendly people reproduce more than socially withdrawn and unfriendly

people, we should see more outgoing and friendly people in the next generation. This illustrates

A) variation.

B) natural selection.

C) heredity of the species.

D) ontogeny.

Feedback: The correct answer is natural selection.

30 INCORRECT An interaction is said to occur when

A) two streets meet.

B) the effect of one factor causes another.

C) two attitudes meet.

D) the effect of one factor depends upon another.

Feedback: The correct answer is the effect of one factor depends upon another.

31 UNANSWERED Which of the following is NOT characteristic of males?

A) They are more likely to have ADHD.

B) They are more likely to be depressed.

C) They are more likely to be able to wiggle their ears.

D) They are more likely to commit suicide.

32 CORRECTEvolutionary psychology predicts sex differences with regard to

A) selecting mates.

B) taste preferences for nourishing our bodies.

C) developing calluses where skin meets friction.

D) regulating heat by sweating.

Feedback: Correct.

58

33 INCORRECT Aggression is influenced by

A) estrogen.

B) progesterone.

C) testosterone.

D) dopamine.

Feedback: The correct answer is testosterone.

34 INCORRECT Young immigrant children often prefer the language and norms of their new peer

culture. This is because

A) the parents make them speak the language.

B) they want to pretend they're not immigrants.

C) peer groups have more influence in transmitting culture.

D) the norm demands it.

Feedback: The correct answer is peer groups have more influence in transmitting culture.

35 CORRECTYou go out to dinner with three of your good friends. Friends 1 and 2 order dessert. Next, Friend 3 orders dessert. When the waiter gets to you, even though you are dieting, you order dessert. Why?

A) conformity

B) compliance

C) obedience

D) persuasion

Feedback: Correct.

36 INCORRECT The "teacher/learner" paradigm, which has been extensively used by researchers to

investigate a variety of phenomena, was used by

A) Asch to investigate conformity.

B) Milgram to investigate obedience.

C) Bandura to investigate social learning theory.

D) Zimbardo to investigate the power of the situation.

Feedback: The correct answer is Milgram to investigate obedience.

37 INCORRECT Milgram's study was criticized for

A) being unscientific.

B) not producing any useable data.

C) being unethical.

D) not furthering the understanding of human behavior.

Feedback: The correct answer is being unethical.

38 INCORRECT Groups often reject people who consistently deviate from social roles. These people

appear to be unaffected by

A) proximal influence.

B) normative influence.

C) informational influence.

D) qualitative influence.

Feedback: The correct answer is normative influence.

59

39 INCORRECT If your parents tell you that you can't drink until you are 21, you may well go out

drinking before then. Psychologists refer to this as

A) repression.

B) catharsis.

C) reactance.

D) reaction formation.

Feedback: The correct answer is reactance.

40 CORRECTHumans not only want to be different from "average-others" but, more importantly, they wish to be BETTER than "average-others." This is due to


B) the fundamental attribution error.

C) the actor/observer effect.

D) self-presentation.

Feedback: Correct.

41 INCORRECT Social psychologists are most likely to study persuasion using

A) field studies.

B) brief, controlled experiments.

C) correlational studies.

D) long, controlled experiments.

Feedback: The correct answer is brief, controlled experiments.

42 INCORRECT When people are presented with information, and they are naturally analytical or the

information is highly involving, they are likely to be persuaded via the __________ route to persuasion. When people are not engaged with the information, or they tend to make snap judgments, they are more likely persuaded via the __________ route.

A) peripheral; central

B) elaborative; peripheral

C) central; peripheral

D) central; elaborative

Feedback: The correct answer is central; peripheral.

43 CORRECTA small town used a variety of strategies over a six-month period to persuade the residents to stop smoking. At the end of six months, there appeared to be no reduction in cigarette sales. However, a survey one year later showed a significant reduction in cigarette sales which demonstrates

A) the sleeper effect.

B) the power of using a peripheral route to persuasion.

C) the power of using a central route to persuasion.

D) use of social persuasion.

Feedback: Correct.

44 INCORRECT Research on persuasion suggests that

A) people are not generally influenced by attractiveness.

B) people are not generally influenced by speaker credibility.

C) people tend to be influenced by speaker likeability.

60

D)people are not generally influenced by attractiveness when arguments are emotional.

Feedback: The correct answer is people tend to be influenced by speaker likeability.

45 INCORRECT Which of the following messages is NOT likely to be as persuasive as the others?

A) Messages conveyed by popular and attractive communicators.

B) Messages that appear to be designed to change our attitudes.

C) Messages that arouse strong emotions.

D) Messages presented by communicators who appear to be credible experts.

Feedback: The correct answer is messages that appear to be designed to change our attitudes.

46 CORRECTVirginia Richards is running for public office. Which strategy is most likely to help her win the election?

A) repeated media exposure

B) passive appeals

C) exploiting the recency effect

D) massive mailings to registered voters

Feedback: Correct.

47 INCORRECT Historically, social facilitation referred

A) to both improvements and detriments to performance.

B) only to detriments in performance.

C) only to improved performance.

D) to an effect seen only when more than 10 people were present.

Feedback: The correct answer is only to improved performance.

48 INCORRECT Zajonc argues that social facilitation leads to arousal which enhances

A) performance.

B) the dominant response.

C) the submissive response.

D) the self-presentation response.

Feedback: The correct answer is the dominant response.

49 INCORRECT When Ingham (1974) told students they were pulling on a rope alone, or that two to

five people behind them were pulling as well, he found that they pulled hardest when

A) they believed they were pulling with two people.

B) they believed they were pulling with three people.

C) they believed they were pulling with four or five people.

D) they believed they were pulling alone.

Feedback: The correct answer is they believed they were pulling alone.

50 CORRECTMarcos will be meeting with a group of his employees to design a sensitive strategy for working with highly confidential information. To avoid problems with groupthink, he should

A) encourage critical evaluation.

B) immediately present his position.

61

C) keep the group working together throughout the whole designing process.

D) discourage input from people outside the group.

Feedback: Correct.

62

Ajss Psychology Rev - Answer Sheet

Documents

Transcript of Ajss Psychology Rev - Answer Sheet