Airframe Fuel

8/18/2019 Airframe Fuel

1/86

TurblneEngine uels

'

The

aircra. f t

gas

turb ine

is

desgi 'net l

t r

opera-ue

or ,

a

dist i 'L la te

fuel ' ' '

commo:r ly

ca l l .e i

je t .

f r ' re l

J t : t

fue ls

are

.otg,o=.d

of

hyo:ocarbcns

with

a

l- i tL le

more,

cerbon

; tnd

usrra l lY

a

br igher

sull>hur

cc)nt(:n-s'

thian

gasolj-ne

'

Inhioi*

aot i ,

ney

be

trdd '=d

Lo

reducer

corros icn

and

oxjdal : io l l

.

.Ant i - ic ing

eidd:Lt i ' res

are

a l s ;o

be ing

o lended

to

pre ' renL

fue ]

i a i n a

Two

t)Pes

of

je:

fuel

in

common

llse

tod;ry

are:

o

Kelrosener

g::adr:

trrrbine

fr-re1,'

nw

nermei

Je:t

i\;

an d

"

A

blend

of

gasol ine

and

l :eroselre

i r : ac t . i c ; t s ,

des igna ted

. j e t

B

The: :e

i .s

a

t t r i rJ

type,

ca lJ-ed

Je--

A-1,

which

j.s

r:adt:

fcr

cPerat.ion

a:

ext::eme:I1z

lore

temPeratures..

There :-s \ /er '1 I i t t le ph1's ica l d i f ference

betweerr

Jet

,\

fuel

and

comlaer':ia'I

keroser te.

Jet

A

was deve: Ioped

as

a

hea.ry

l:erosehe

having

a higher

flasb

point ;rnd lourer

freezing

poinE

t'han

mos' t

k€)ro j ien,3s.

I t

ha.s

;L

very

1ow

'en.r r r r rp , rq l r e .

so

th.ere:

i r ;

I i t t le

loss

of

:Eue-. ::om

evaporat'iort

o::

bciloff

at :

h igher

a l ' t . i tudes.

It

conta 'Lns

more

heat

ene:rgy

per gallon

thein

doe:s

Jet

B

( J P - 4 ) .

Jet

B

:Ls s imi laa

1e i ie t

A.

l t

is

a

blend

of

Easoli:ne

anc. keros;ene: f:ractions ' Most

courmerr:ial turtrine

engrines

will

ope:ral:e

on

eiUrer Jet

A

or

Jet

I l

fue l '

How€rvel : ,

the

qi : i ference

in

the speci f ic

gravi - t1 ' r

of

the fuels

may

re:plosive

rarrge

'

Jet

A

fue: ,has

such

eL 1w

olat i l i ty

that

at

nortlal

temp€)ra-:ures

it

girres

of f

\/ery

litt le

vapor

and

coes;

not

form

:llaromacle

or

explrrsive

fuel

ai r

luix--ures.

Ident

f

cat

'cn

:3ec,ause

jet

fuels

are

no'u dye


2/86

WF

Nepal

Airiines

pnee:

o2

AIRFRAME

UEL

FuelSystem ontamlnatlon

There

are

several

fonas

of

contaminat-

ion

in

aviation

fuel'

The

higher

th e

vj-scor ; i ty

of

the

fuel ,

the

greater

is

its

abitity

to

hold

contaminants

in

suspension-

For

th is

reascbn'

ie t

fue ls

havlng

a

high

viscositY

are

more

-

susceptible

to

conU'mination

than

- . ' i : t - i nn craqol

ne.

The

pr inc ipa l

d

v I a

u l v r r

contaminants

tl 'at

reduce

the

guality

oi

both

gasoline

and

turbine

fuels

are other

petro leum

products '

water '

r us t

o r

sca le ,

and

d i r t '

hiater

Water

can

be

present

in

the

fuel

in

tw o

F n m q .

o

Dissolved

in

the

fuel

or

o

entrained

or

suspended

in

the

fuel'

Entrained

water

can

be

detected

with

the

naked

eye.

The

finely

divided

droplets

reflect Iight and in high concentrations

give

the

fuel

a

duII,

lnazyt

or

clouoY

.pp.-t.rr.e.

Particles

of

entrained

t.l"t

may

unite

to

form

droplets

of

free

water .

F\.re']

can

be

cloudY

for

a

number

of

reasons.

If

the

fuel

is

cloudy

and the

cloud

disappears

at

the

bottom'

air

is

Present .

I f

the

cloud

disappears 'a t

the

lop,

water

is

present ' -

A

cloud

usuai ' ly

ind icates

a

water- in- fueI

suspension '

Free

water

can

cause

icing

of

the

air-

craft fuel sYstem, usuaIIY in the

aircraft

boost-pump

screens

and

low-

pressure

f i l ters-

FueI

gage

readings

may

become

erratic

because

the

water

short-circuits

the

aircrafts

electrical

fuel

ceII

guantity

probe'

Large

emounts

of

water

can

cause

engine

stopPage'

I f

ihe

free

water

J-s

sal ine

'

i t

can

cause

corrosion

of

the

fuel

sYstem

comPonenES.

Fnrp lnn Par t iC leS

- V r : r r l I u r L i \

l4ost foreign

partic.les

are

found

as

sediment

in

the

fuel.

TheY

ar e

composed

of

almost

any

material

with

which

the

fuel

comes

into

contact.

Th e

most

common

t)?es

ard

rust ,

sand,

aluminum

and

nagnesium

compounds,

brass

shavings,

and

rubber .

Contamination

lth

0ther

TYPes

r

Grades

f

FueI

The

uni tent ional

mix ing

of

petro leum

products

can

resul t

in

fue ls

thaL

give

unacceptable

p.erformance

in

the

air-

craf t .

An

aircraf t

engine

is

designed

to

oPerate

most

ef f ic ient ly

on

fuel

of

def in i te

speci f icat ions '

The

use

of

fue ls

t l :a t

d i f fer

f rom

these

speci-

f icat ions

reduces

operat ing

ef f ic iency

and

can

lead

to

comPlete

engine

failure''

l ' l icrobiaiGrowth

Microbial

growtb

is

Produced

bY

var ious

forms

of

micro-organisms

that live

and

rnultipty

in

the

water

i n te r f aces

o f ' j e t

f ue l s -

These

organisms

maY

form

a slime

simular

in appearance

to

the 'deposi ts

found

in

stagnent

water .

The

color

of

th is

slime

grow*-h

nay

be

red,

brown,

$Yd

r

or

b lack.

I f

not

proper ly

contro l led

by

frequent

removal

of f ree

water ,

the

^ - a , , + L r n E i l . r o c o - r - A n i

q m s

c a n b p a r ) m c

L l I { J W L l l

U

L t r s D c

u l

9 q r r r r r u J

lx tensive. The organisms feed on the

hydrocarbons

tha-u

are

found

in

fuels,

i-rrri- thew need

free

watgr

in

order

to

s s u

s r . s f

- r r 1 + i n l r r

*l.tolotnanisms

have

a tendency

to mat,

genera l ly appear ing

as

a

brown

blanket

which acts 'as

a

blot ter

to

dbsorb

more

.

mcisture.

This

mi-xture

or

mat

accele-

ra tes . the

g r ow th

o f

m ic r o - o r gan i sms '

The

buj-Idup

of

micro-organisms

not

only

can in ter fere

wi th

fuel

f low

and

guant i ty ind icat ion,

bui ,

more

impor tdnt

i t can star t e lect ro lyL ic corros ive

ac t i on .


3/86

t

o

PAGE:

A3

AIRFRAME

UEL

W

Nepat

t

Airl ine9

Seci lment

Se,CSep-*

app€aFs-as

du:it'

powder'

ftbrorts

a ic==:-a- ,

gra ins,

f l -akes,

or

st 'a i r i

'

Specis

o:

grar:ules

of

sed'iment

inilicate

par::cles

in

t.he

vis;ijc'Le

size

ranqle

'

: - .a- ,

-ap:rox i l ta te ly

40

microns

or

la :ger

1n

qi.ze.

The

:)rer;en(:e

of

any

appreciable

nur=rr

c:- suc;r

p;rrt:Lcl':s

indj-certe:;

either

a.

ma]func'-ion

of

' 'he

f

if

te5/separ;rto:rs

or

a sou:ce

oi:

contaminatiorr

downstream

cf -:ie j-lt.erz'sel?ari1tor, or el:;e an

'np=:>pe:iy

cleanr:d

rsa-Bple-

cont;riner'

fve::

r*it:

the

most

,=fficient:

f-tLter/

se.pa::atc):s

an


4/86

\-eA

Nepat

EAiriines

cxap:

2E

Conamlnat ion

Detect

on

t '

Coarse

contaminat ion

can

be

Cetecied

vj-su; iJ- Iy .

The

major

cr i ter ion

for

coritaminaLion detection

is that

th e

fuel

be c lean, br i .ght ,

and conta in

no

pe:cept ib l .e

f ree

water .

Clean rDeans

in"

u.Lr.nce of any readily visible

sediment or

entra ined water .

Br ight

refers to the sniny appearance of

r - laan_ d rw f r re l s .

F r ee wa te r i s i n c l i -

u - J

cated by a c. Ioud. i raze, or a water

s lug.

A

cloud

may or may not be

presenL when

the fue l is

satu:ated

with

The

aircraf t fue l

system can

be con-

AIRFRAME

UEL

pace:

04

waier .

Per fect ly

"c lear

fue l can

conta in

as much as

three times the volume

of

wa-Ler

tonsidered to to lerable.

SeveraL f ie ld

methods

for checking

warer content have

been d.evised.

One

is

the adding

of

a food

color that . is

so luble

in water ,

but not in fue l .

Colcr1ess

fuel

samples

acquire

a

def in i te

t in t

i f

water

is

present .

Another method uses a gray chernical

powoer

,that

changes

color

to

pink

through

purp le,

i f

30

or

more

p.p.no.

(par ts

per

mi l l ion) o f

water

are

n r e s e n t i n a f u e '

- - - - 1 ^ ? - - - . h i r d

- . - i l -

Sd lu u rE .

r l l

q

L

method

a hypodermic needle

is used

to

dravr

a fueL

sample

through a

chemical lv

t reated

f i l ter .

I i the

s:-cle ch-anges the color of :ne

f i l ter f ron

yel low

to b lue,

che fue l

con ta ins a t

l eas t

30

p .p - m.

o f

$/a-eef

.

Since fuel drained fr6ru tank sumps

may have been cold-soaked,

it

shoul-d

be

realized that

no method of

water

detect ion can be

accurate

wh1le the

fuel entra ined

water is f rozen

into

i ce c r ys ta l s .

There

is

a

good

chance

that

uater

wi l l

not be

drained

or

detecied if the sumps

are

dra ined

whi le the fue l

is be low

OoC

after be ing cooled in

f l ighc. The

reason

for this i-s tnit the

sump

drains

ma y

not be

at the lowest

point

j-n

the

fuel

tank while the airplane is in a flight

attitude, and water

may

accuEulate

and

freeze

on other

areas

of the tank where

i t wi l l

remain undetected

unt i l i t

thaws.

Dra in i r ig

wi l l be more

ef fect ive

i f i t

is

done

af ter the

fuel

has been.un-

oisturbed

for a

period

of

time durJ-ng

which

the

free

water

can

precipitate

and. settle

to

the

drain

point.

Th e

benef i ts

of

a

set t l ing per iod

wi l l

be

lost ,

however , un less)

the

accumulated

water

s

removed

from the

drains

before

the

fuel- is disturbed

by internal

v q l l u 5 .

Contamlnationontrol

sidered

as

beins

div ided in to

three

par ts

when d isc iss ing c lean

fuel .

The

m a n r r f : n r . r v a ? h r ^ d g C e S

C l e a n

f U e I _

Contamination

can occur

at any tlme

af ter the

fuel

is

produced.

The f i is t

n e r t n f i h e f r r e ' l

q \ 7 c i c m

i c t - h c A a l

' i

r r a r r r

9 9 ; r Y

g 4

f

and

storage system between the

refinery

a n r i i h o a i r n n r i - f r r o l c o r r z i n o l - r r r n l e

Although th is system is not

physica l ly

a

par t

of the

aircraf t ,

i t is o f equal

importance in.

controlling

contamination.

Anytine

fuel

is transferred it is

suscept ib le to contaminat ion. Therefore,

a l l

av ia t ion

maintenance

personnel

shott]d be

:familiar

with contamination

control


5/86


6/86


7/86

{ ,

I

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a

AIRFRAIVIE

UEL

l

Nepat

llairiines

VITY- iED

FUEL

SYSTEM

ENGI

N

E

t r r o ' l Qvc om

I

u v f

v . t u . v r r l

The a i r


8/86

W,g

Nepal

EiJAiriines

pace:

08

AIRFRAME

UEL

'i;t'*'

'

vEfiTsuRGE

on.

(

' ,

\ i

2n

t t t w . rb , * ,

)

/t

rv

c

ORY

BAY

\

CET{TER

ANK

V

c.*.v

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,D

€ f r . 1

L - (

v

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V A b : Y v

( t " " ,

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t

I IAIH

ANK

M A I X

T A N K

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9/86

PAC;E:

q)

AIRFRAME

UEL

Wfl

Nepar

gg'A'ivfives

VE

N T S U R G E

TANI :

' t 'ANl (

NO.4

R E S E R V E

-

' i -

M A I N

T A N K

N 0 '

4

\ r , r ' *o,*

TANKNo

EN. ' i .ER

IN13

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r

MA

N

T, ANK

NO.

1

i

RES€

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7AN

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l

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: 17

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llt

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RG

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:

S-/-

?A,NK

f :UEI -CAPACITY

U.S.

GALLO$T,S

pgg1gr ,p46: lTY

LI

TE

RS

TOTAL

US,\BLt:

1'OTltL

USAB

E

N O .

F i E S E R V E

445

444

1691

I

t ssz

NO. I

t i t A l N

237

1

23/2

90

l0

8-csJ

N O . 2

N I A I N

2?j.2

2259

87

0

a6tz

CE

NTE

R

475,0

473S

'i

I

050

rB

0@

Nc, .3

l lA l r \

z6t2

2ffi9r

8710

8e22

NC, . 4

f i r t A l N

I J I J

2vi:

3 V l I

8900

NC,.

FTESE

VE:

445

444.

1 6 l

r

687

T()TALS

14

968

14 849

1j6

879

$i

42 6


10/86

VF

Nepat

gAtnnes

pnce:

10

AIRFRAME

UEL

^ l - - i l . r t

)eLecv^

1,

&'ui

\ '^

Ct^

ln^'tf1.. '"

4*' '

k* '

n

--1

l-,*r

,l'/c'^

{

n,,

,- ,

V E N T

S U B G E

A N K

T A N K

N O . 2

(3

SECTIoNS)

F U E L I N G

STATION

TANK

NO.

3

OVERWING

FILLER

PORT

AFT

AUx

rarur {

fulra l ' r tot

1o-r)

V E N T

S U R G ;

T A N K

O V E R W I N G

T A N K

NO.

1

FTLLER

POR--1.

t -

t / r , , - l l . c . .

i . . e f

u

- . r , f

(

l:

t ' t.

ci n

,i

S P .

G R .

O F

F U E L

AT 6 0 o F

( 1 5 o C )

=

'8 0 3

D E N S I T Y

O F ' F U E L

A T 6 0 o F

( 1 5 o C )

=

6 ' 7

[ - B / U ' S '

G A L

U . S .

G A L

x 3 .7 8 5

=

L I T E R S

U . S .

G A L

x

6 .7 0

=

P O U N D S

L B)

U . S .

G A L x 3 . 0 4= K I L O G R A M S K G )

U . S .

G A L

x 0 .8 3 2 7

=

l M P .

G A L L O N S

Btt+

-6EFm.

vnt-VE

USABLE

UEL

OUANTIT IES

N

U.S .

GALLONS

POUNDS}

K ILOGRAMS)

TOTAL

o . 3

|

A F T

A U x '

89

1 (59 .757)

1 2 7

1 1 3 1

860( .762)

( 2 , 6 1 4 )

1775 (

1 .892)

(5:s96)

1

75(

1 ,8921

(5,396)

4s09(30.2'10)

03 .707)

P R E S S U R E

L B

F U E L I N G

I K G


11/86

l l

PAGE:

11

AIRFRAIVIE

UEL

gl

Nepal

ffiAirlines

VENT

TANK

OfrYBAY

N O . 4

N E S E R V E

T A N K

N0.

4 l\, tAlN

TANK

NO.

M A I N

TANK

CENTE

WING

TANK

DByBAY

NO.

IHAIN

TANK

t{0. z

MAIN

TANI(

V'ENT

LIBGE

't

A l l l /

t f \ l t , \

NO. RESERVI:

TAN

.

;

i ) U n U t r

B'7

rr"


12/86

COMPARTMENTS

UPPER

AUX

TANK

LOWERAUXTANK V E N T B O X

Lrbb-,

b(

* )\-z


13/86

AIRFRAME UEL

Z

Nepal

ffiAirlines

1i..1".1,r'1r-,1ool

C)

, I IDDLE

WAL.L

COI{NECT]ING

FT-ANGE

'))

- t l F t t F t t ' \

t u v l v v t l \ /

Pr,esent

,lay

aircraft:

may

be equ.ippeo

with

ne

or mcre

of thr : fc lJ-owing

i - \ / npq n f f r r e l ce l . l s :

the

.b l -adder -1 :vor=

fue l -

ce l I and

the : i r r t e r l r a l f ue l

ce l l .

R l a r i d p r - ' l ' v n . F l t p l .

C e : I I ; S

Th , : . h - i ad , i a r - t vne

f u r : 1

r : e l _ I

i - s e .

se l f - : ; ea l i ng

ce l - J .

t ha t i s

used

to

r e , l uc r :

w 'e igh t . I t - de :penos en t i r

e I ; z

upcn

1:he

structur -e


14/86

S#

Nepal

Bfunnes


15/86

P,AC;E:

1:)

cHnp:

2r

\f#

Nepal

ElerAirlines

;:=;:;;;;--:;i?j--=;--

r N I : . b K F r L

u L r -

r n N K

S E A L I N G

Int :egraI

FueI

Cel ls

S i r r ce i n l : eo : : a l f ue l ce l . I s a r 3 usua l l l '

r i

r ? e : , -

$ -

-

buj- I t

in t :o

i :he 'wingsr

o i :

t i re

a i rcraf t

str:uct:ur


16/86

*&d

Nepar

reJfun,nes

AIRFRAME

UEL

PaCP:

15

INTIGRAL UTL

TANK

rya z

USTLAGE

s

WO

T A N K

S I O E

F I T T I N G

A F T A U X I L I A R Y

F U E L T A N K

STRUCTUFE

ACCESS

H . . \ I F

D R A I N

P A N

s

WD

t

NTE

RMODULE

V E N T

H O L E

FUEL

SYSTEM

EOUI PMENT BAY

l

FI TT I NG

VENT

PAN

T A N X

S I D E

TANK

ACCESSHOLE

\

t

B.'rttcr

P'*P1 h*1

k

\

i'r,^tlslte)

ql

tw;P

;*


17/86

CHAP:

2',,

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'

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18/86

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FUEL

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19/86

PAGE:

19

cxnp:

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AIRFRAME

UEL

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20/86

VF

Nepal

Efuftrnes

PAGE:

2C

AIRFRAME

UEL

CHAP:

2:

REMOVAL

HECK

VALVE

LOCK

IN

UPPER OCK

C E N T E R

S E C T I O N

F U E L

T A N K

U P P E

H O U S I N G

SPRING-

_ B O N D I N G

J U M P E R

TUBE

+

HOSE

LOWER

HOUSING

LOWER LOCK

S P B I N G

A

( : ) )

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21/86

tAf3E.:

i>-1

AIRFRAIUIE.FUEL

€F

Nepal

frAirlines

Requ

ement

;

Each

fuel

t-anl:

must

be

vented

f:ronr

the

top

prart

of

the

r:xpansion

s 'ace

'

Iiacl:r

vent

outlet

mus-u

be

located

anci

con-

structed.

to

m:ininriz:

the

posisil: i l ity

of

i t :s

L,e ing

obstructed

b 'y

j -ce

or

othe::

forei-gn

maLter

and

th;it

1>re'-

veni'r i

t ire

:; p)roning

of

fr:rel

du:inq

normtrl

oPe::at.i-on

The

'rentinrJ

c,apacity

must

allo'r

th e

rapirl re:Iir:f 'cf exeess plres:sLLr'3

dili,=rences

betueen

the

:Lrrtr:r icr

anc'

exteril'

exterral

pre.ssures

'adoss

tfre

'LeLnk

wa-L1s

during

erII

fJ-ight

naneluv':rs

'

Vetr t i lg

of

the

tanl is ,

is

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wi:h

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spanwise

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ener

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in

c r l t i ca l

a r : eas

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tanks '

Th :Ls '

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22/86

\#

Nepal

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TANK

OVERFILLED

FLOAT

SWITCH

VENT

BOX. \

V E N T

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AIRFRAME

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STO?

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23/86

AIRFRAME

UEL

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24/86

- I

/

|

PAGE:Z4

- , , . t ) ,

E€tr

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_l

aTRFRAME

UEL

I

fiAirlines

i I

| |

c"ott

z"

Fue

Suant

ty Gages

e"-:it*'s-*"s-s,r,ge-r19,."f,*gl-Fx-yg*i-s.Ll.,,*l--

stead

of

in

gallons.

F-. e,Ly-9 u.qe"..yf.]l

Fuel

quantity

gages are

necessary

so

vqqy..

with-.temperature

(

.g

.,gg],lgl

,9f,

-

-,hai

--he

operator

may

know the

quantity

9.+99.line;4eighs".-ru9r9.wh94._j-t

is

cold

of

fue l

remain ing

in

the

tanks

dur ing

ra.4.wh.qn. . i .1s.* f rg t ) ;

thus,

i f i t is

o: :era- - ion

of

the

aircraf t .

The

type of

measured

in pound.s

instead

9f

gal lons,

fue l

grage insta l la t ion

oepends

on

the

the

meas3rement

wi l l

be.more accurate.

s ize

of

the a i rcraf t

and

the

number

anc locat ion

of

the fue l

tanks-Larger

In

addi t ion

to the cockpi t

fue l

: i r n r > f i - r r qp e i f . he r

e lec t r i ca l

o r

quan t i t y

i nd i ca t i ng f sys tem,

a i r c r a f t

a re

el_ectronic

fuel

quant i ty

gages- On

some

provided

with a means tc j

determine

the

; i - ^ r a f t one f ue l

ga9e , ca l ]ed

a

fue l

guan t i t y

i n each

tank

when

the a i r -

to ta l - izer ,

ind icates

the

tota l

amount

craf t

is on

the ground. This

is

accom-

of

f t ie l

rer ra in ing

in

al l

the fue l

tanks.

p l ished

in

di f ferent

ways.

The

elecLrical-typ-e

,SgglltJ. y:-

gg-g_9

Fuel

guantity

gages

also

are

located

at

consisLs

of

.an^

npi-_c.?.t*?_r_Il*,the-.cock-

the fueiing statj-ons.

These

gages are

pl;

alq"-+*"i."+.o,3.k9P9:*"t"e--q*.- .f.gli,.Tllt"-t

parallel

to those in

the

cockpit

and

rnitetlsd-..tq.-. -he*.tank.

As

the fuel

they are using the

same

tank

units

an d

1evel

changes,

the

iransni t ter

sends

indicat ion system. Their

funct ion

can

an

eleccr ic

s ignal

to

the

incr icator , be checked

at

the fue l ing

stat ion

by

which shows

the

changing

fuel

level-

me1ns

of a test

swj- tch.

The-electr9t]}9: yp.3*., .g-e.P,.-?g**-t"?nce).*f

uel

ouant i tv qaqe di f fers ' f rom the. o ther

-,,rbe

ii 't- 't irat

it

has

no

movable

devices

in- t i re

fuel

tank.

Instead

of f loats

and

Lheir

at tendant

mecLranica l

uni ts

I

-.he

d.ielectll:c

qualit ies

of

fuel-

an d

air

furnish

a

measure.qenl

of f-uel

quant i ty .

Essent ia l ly ,

- 'he

tank

trans-

mi i . i a - i s a s ' imo le

e lec t r i c

condenser -

The

probes

have

a

comPensator

for

fuel

densi ty

var ia t ions,

thus

assur ing

an

accu r a te

ind i ca t i on

under

a l l

cond i -

- - ions

of

oensi tY.

The o le lec t r i c ( o r nonconduc t i ng

ma te r -

i a l ) o f

the

condenser

i s f ue l

and

a i r

(vapor)

'above

the

fuel-

The

capaci-

tance

of

the

tank

uni t

a t

anlz

one

t ime

wi l l

aepend

on

the

exist inq

propor t ion

of

fue l

and

vaPors

in

the

tank

'

The

capac i t ance

o f

t he

t r ansmi t t e r

i s

compared

to

a

reference

capacl tor

rn a

rebal-ance- type

br idge

circu i t .

The

un-

balanced

signal

is

ampl i f ieo

by

the

vol tage

ampl i - f iers

ihat

dr ive

a

phase

discr iminat ing

power stage.

The

output

' :

s tage

suppl ies

power

to one

phase of

a '

two-phase a.c. motor that mechanica l ly

dr ives

a

rebalancing

potent iometer

and

indicator .po inter -

The

electronic

t )T)e

;

system

of

measur ing

fuel

quant i ty

is

more

accurate

in measur ing

fuel

level ,

\#

Nepal

gAiriines


25/86

AIRFRAME

UEL

cr{APr

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26/86

Bgtr

Nepal

@Atnines

AIRFRAME

UEL

PAGE:

2€

fhe

volume

of

fuel and thereby the

Speci f ic

Aravi ty

wi I I change wi th

temperature.

Regarding

a

const.an',

volrrme

che total fuel

weight

of modern

e

i

r n r :

€ l -

m a v r ' l i

€ f

c r h w

q p l t p r - e

I

t O n S

aL temperature

var ia t ions

-

50

oC

to

, ^ A O ^

?

q u

u .

ru91

qqqnli.ty.-*-lai9a,ti. l9 systems

t.aking

th is

ef fect

in to accounr- .

are based

on

the

pr j lc ip les

of

a

capaciLance

br iCge- .

I 'wo iso lateo

conduct ive

plates

form a

cha :geab le condensor . The e lec t r i - ca l

capac i tance

depends

on

che s i ze

o f

p l a : e s ,

d i s t a n c e

a n d t h e d l e I e c c : i c

cons tan t

o f the insu la t lng

ma te r i a l .

The:

d. ie lect r ic

constant is re la ted to

the, insulat ion-Bater ia l

and ind icates

how many

times

the capacitance

of a

particular

condensor is

higher

than

tha t o f

a i r

( cc r rec t :

vacuun) .

a i r

( v a c u u m ) :

1

f u e l

:

2

. 0 1

wa te r :

80

I f a condensor

of a

par t icu lar s ize is

immer sed

in

the fue l

i t ' s

capac l t ance

value wi l l increase

by a factor

of .

2 . 7

c o m p a r e d

t o a i r .

Ins tead o f f la t

p la :es

: r o ccncen t : r c

tubes separated c e-:r a:=

gaD

ar e

ver t lca l ly

nounted

: i

the ta : lk-

Tne Cie lect r ic betw=en :he :ubes

co;r -

s is ts

of

a combinat :cn

cj iue l - and a i r .

T t r e

r a J -

i n n €

a r r p l

1 - . - : i -

i S , : t - 1 . . 1 : ) O 1 . - - : O -

nal to

the fue l l -ev"- l -

l - :us,

the

capa-

c i tance

of the tan: \< uni : s

propor : . : -o-

n a l t - l .h p a m - r r n t

n - -

4 t l - :

i : f h e

' r a n k -

i t t " . i i s

wa r mec

u:

: -ne

vo lume w i l l

increase due

to ex: : - :s lcr ,

:eaCing

:o

h iqhe r

tank un i : ca :ac i - - ance.

A t

* - he

sa ie

t i ne t he C ie Ie : : : i c

co . . s t a : r ' . . u : l ' I

r f p r - - c a q e r i r r e

t - -

c h , t - * - p

i : t

s r : c i

i : c

o r a v i r v l - h r r

q

e n n r . -

< a : -

:

- e

: . - : - I i - a i l v

Y : g Y I 9 J ,

i nc rease

o f

capac i : : : . ce -

A cornpensator

is

j - rs :a l :ed

--o

cove: the

r p m : i n i n n c F f p e l -

o j : - h a - : e

' r

f u g ] .

t F h h o r : t t t r a

This

compensator

is

:ou l- -ed

at

r ,he

Iowes t

par t

o f

the

- - :nk

(ho= izon ta l

o r

ve r t i ca l )

and has

. ' . - . e

s=-e

c :e lecL : : c

med ium as t he sens i : . :

ca :ac i : o r s .

I n teg r a l

f ue l t anks o f

- cCe r n

a i r c r a f t

of ten have corrpl-ex i:rns

-

frereiore

severa l

tank 'un i- ts a :e

conne: ' -ed

in

para l le l

which

pror ' : :es a

co: i inuous

ind ica t ion over tne

;eo le r ange .

I n add i t i on ,

t he i ns : ca - - '

ng sys teEl

t j - I L

cont inue

operat ion

' ; : :h

= ta : lk

uni t '

i n t e r r up ted ,

howeve: ,

w: : r fess

accu r acy .


27/86


28/86

€U

Nepal

ffiE

Airlines

PAGe:

3

AIRFRAME

UEL

cxae:

2$

Dfip.

St lCkS

When the

cap and hol low

dr ip

tube

are

drawn out fron the lower wing surface,

When using

the

dr ip

st ick

j - t

is

necess-

the

fuel

enters

the

open

top of

the

' .ube

ary

to

proceed

slowly,

us ing

the

tr ia l -

when i t

reaches the level

of

the fue l .

and-error

method

to

find

the

exact

fuel

As stated

oreviously steady

drip.

from

-

te r ze l Tn ' a r oe

a r ea

tanks

a

propor -

a

d r i p

ho le s i gn i f i e s

tha t

t he

L t i be

is

t ionate ly

large

amount

of

fue l

is

re-

prgper ly posi t ioned

with

a

t iny

head

presented by

a fraqtion

of

an

inch

oi

f991. above the

opening..

The

drip

var ia t ion

in

fuel-

level .

The long,

gage

tube

may

be cal ibrated

in

pounds

hollow

dr1p

tubes

require

some

time or kilograrns

or inches. When

calibrated

to dra in

once

they

a:e

f i l led

wi th fue l ,

in : -nches,

the

read. ing

i -s

compared

with

and a substant ia l

er ror

in reading

a

scecia l -

char t to

g ive

a

reading

of

:

wi l l_ be made

i f

the

Cimin ish ing

fueL

quant i ty

in

gal lons.

drainage drip is ntis-'aken

for

t[e*-gp3^Qy-

drip that

siqnifies

that

the

tube

li :

proper lv

posi t ioned.

R E M O V A L

V A L V E

D R I P H O L E :

REAOI I {G

PLAN

LOCKING

Prt{


29/86

AIRFRAI\IE

UEI-

$l

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30/86

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AIRFRAME

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31/86

-:

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AIRFRA,MEFUEL.(r

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FLTELI

" JG

; TA : - l ( )N

RlGl ' {T

Y' r lNCi

-t

L t : F T ' / V l N ( l

M A I N

T A I ' I K

N O .

1

'1-l t?

J

l-J

1--l

_il

I

I

I

l

c l

I

J

u1AIN

T I , NK

NO.

3

M A I N

T A N K

N O ,

4

I

I

-

M A l i ' l

T A N K

I J O

Pr:ssure-Flel

nq

SYstem

?r{ :s : ' . r re

:ur : l i lg

s

accom5>} ishe ' i

f rom

a

s

-at-ic::

lrecaced

on

tlLe

l-ower

surf

ac:e

of

- - . t< l

r : -cht

wi-ng

or

arr

both

wings

'

iac:.

pre =

sure-fue

I

ir:g-j*g:]eL-9999

i

qt s

I

;T

-

i

i'="t'"I;-..g:gfI4-'--9+n

-€leto's'

Z

f

ue-:;rg

:ecePraE6{':

I'3-:Jg9i}"er

;;=ria;-rne-meftrig rec':Ptacle

j-s

'

'-ElE-EEtaclr.nreni.

fc'r

l lne

pressure

fueling

hc,s: .

The

recerpterc le

i rs

f

i t ted

wi th

'a

va. l ' . 'e

tha- '

is

automat i ' :a l ly

c lose


32/86

@

Nepal

EGJfuntneS

AIRFRAME

UEL

FUELING

ECTPTACLE

ND

UELING

ALVES

FL'EL

NG

MAN'FOLD

FUELING HOSE

AOAPTER

MOUNTING

5CREW

POPP€T

VALVT

RETAINING

WIRE

CLOSED

OPEN

/ , t / \ , ' ( ' 14

L t r .

v

F U E L I N G

R E C E P T A C L E

t-*..rrrn"ru

CAP

F U E L I N G

H O S E X O Z Z L E

/ 'Vf '

F UE L I H G

S HUTOF

V A L V

E

RE S T R ' C T I N

O R F C E

P L ^ T E

N


33/86

PAGE:

J'

cHnr':

2E

/\IFIFIIAME UEL

l- rt:r '),

Wtg

Atepal

wtAirlnes

PFiESS;UBL

TJEL ING

sTA-ilON

Fuel

ng

Manlfold

The f-qelj-:f-g

Uenifgl-Q-

i.

us€':d

iIS

;r distri-

but :Lon

ce:r te . r

for

the

pr :essiuro

f r :e l ing,

defr :e l j -ng

an, f

fue l

t ransfer - .

i lhe: ;e

oper-

atir>ns

ca:r b,e

perforrced

elerct::icalJ'y

or

manr :a l l -y .

The

manif,rld

consists

of:

I

Le_Ii:rg

re -

cepiac ies

wiLh

a

popF'et

va l-ves,

Euel ing

.ra iues wi th

manual

overr ic le :s , ant f ouL-

Iet

po::ts vrhicb

ccnta'in

check

'valves'

Fuel inr ;

With t ) re

fuel i r ,g l

hose

cc>nnt :c t 'ad,

a

plunge.r in

the

hos;e

nozi;1e

op'ens

th e

poppet valve

al.lorn'incJ

the fuel

tc ernter

the fu l= l ing

marr i fc , Id .

When

t,ne

fueling

r,'ah'es

ar{3

oPen,

f'ueJ-

f roro

t . i re

mani fo ld

procet :ds

to

the

res-

pect ive

tank

through

chr :ck

valves.

trf6*ye,

L

\^t

\ 't>"

't-"\\ '.)

F I E F I J E L l I J G

A L V E

HP.NDLE

OPEN

POSJTION

{ t l l o ' rs

f low

fron

rerfuel ing

ort

spect i ve

ank.

fue l

to

to

r( |

F:uel

ng

Valves

Ther-e elre

several

d.ij:fe.rent

t:ypes;

ci :

f

ue

..i-nq;

vtrlv'=:

1.

l, lantral

fueling

va--ve

t

'

can be op'ened

arrd

cl,f,sed

onJ-Y

bY

han7olp- '

V

-rl^'

(7>r-)

*-.

Iiolenoid gpgrated

fuellng

valvss

ha'i/e:

i

^

'i

l--he

advantaqe

tiat

they

clos' '

iL,


34/86

\W

Nepal

Earrrrnes

AIRFRAME

UEL

c

SOLENOID

VERRIDE

Mechanically

opens solenoid

operated

valve. Fuel ing va lve

will open

if

fuel

pressrre

is

ara i lab le.

FUELING

NOZZLE

RECEPTACLE

FUELiNG

RECEPTACLE

P A N E L

L I G H T

FUEI.ING

ALVE

With battery

switch

ON,

pressure

will

open

valves

if eneroized

FUELING

POWER

CONTROL

swtTcH

DOOB

CLOSED

Proximiw

tsn:gr

deactivates-power-

o

ueung_s-vsem.

DOOR OPEN

Fue l ing

Ys-

tep

powered. Panel

igha

i l luminate.

fu e l

r t t r t I t t ^

r u E L l l \ t l

l ' lANIFOLD

FUELING

STATION

TEST

GAGES

FUEL

NG

VALVIS

I

,A

I

--ing

u"ru.

l L .

o ^ r t r r r

l\ |

lt .,-=F-1t I

\


35/86

AIRFRAME

UEL

EF

trtepal

gyAiritnes

I U u t : ' \

M A G i \ J = i

-

I - L U A

I

MAGNETI

REED

S 1 / ITC

-f-

V E

'lT

f

Ho

rs;

FL'AT

wlrcH

S P R I N G

D A M P E

i

--lts,: ';

,/1

FU E L I N G

VALVE

SW

O P E N

=-T-f

-;'--{

zav

rc

CLOSED

FUELING

{{LVI :

O P E N

L I G H

SC)LEI .OID

q--.-,

--;

-"

)

,

e 7 l )

Top-of1'

ontrol

Systems

Float

Su'itch

In t r ls

sys; te lo ,

f loat

swi tc i res

are

-i-nstirlle,d

l-n

t:very

tank-

llhen

rhe

maxi-rrum

futrl

.Level,

s

reached

tlte

float

swit


36/86

Bg

Nepal

E.Nnrnes

PAGE:

16

AIRFRAME

UEL

OViRRIDE

OLENOID

T n n n r r

l u r - u r r

. r n l T T

uNJ . I

/t/

c,

- r t r t T i l n

I U L L l I \ U

\ l n t \ / t r

Y / - 1 L

Y L

)t^J

I L H

[v0_LUMtTRI

TOP

OFF

UNIT

VOLU

MiTRI

C

TOP-OFF

UI{ IT

PLUG

aWvni

f.*-."-

9r.'5,

Prq-t

FUEL

OUANTITY

INDICATING

SYSTEM

LU G

' * 'v

PLA|N

SEAL.WASHEBS

FUEL

ANK

SHUTOF

CALIBNATION

ADJUSTMENT

SCBEW

CAL}

TANK

UNIT

(CONNECTORSSEMBLY

CABLE)

*

FUEL ING

ANIFOLD

) . /


37/86

I

AIRFRAME

UEL

epal

e|p

NePal

nlAirhnes

FLOAT: ; I ^ I iTCH

T A n i l T T

-a1i0LEN0ID

FUL

ING

COI ' ITROLL:D

VALVE

:ZBVDC

r l r ' i T

r LLrt \

I

Sl l l ITCI ]

tRCtJIT

-f_,r?,..oL-1

4._t,.

MOTOR

PE.RATED

FUELI i l IG

AL' iT

-rf--,

Hlr{rl

U E L

v A L V E

' '

S O L E I I C I C

l------

VALVI

:

TAN

K

f UEL I NG

VALVE


38/86

\gd

Nepal

Ennrnes

AIRFRAME

UEL

PAGE:

18

FUE L I } I C

R

E C E P T A C L E

FUE L I X C L E V € L

coxTR oL

t ' lLoT

Y

L V E

Fl,--r

.

t

7

t

t

F UE L I H C

H O S E

X O Z Z L E

FU L I X

C

Jt 'ruio

F

V A L Y € .

I _ F U E L I H G

L E V E L

. C O N T R O L

S H U T O F F

v^

L vE

R

€ S T R I C T I H G

O R ' F I C E

i luc ,-- .1

t

e

-.,,

T U E L I X G

N, CE

FTACL E

r l

't ^./ /7, L, L:

I

: t

t ^ A . l

' \

Fueli-nq Level

Cont5ol

PiIo

va){1e

lu^

a

4/*--L

vttu


39/86

WIZ

Nepal

fr,qiriines

AIRFRAU]E

UEL

Pa,se:i9r

CHAP,:

R E U E I - I N G

P A N E L

D O O R

5 W I T C H

,,^...

DOOR

t a t

. ' . . . . - .

Vr

OPEN

PO'f /ER

A U I

O . . - - - . -

,a\

' ( (o.) )

cLosE

E,/

oir,r.r

F U [ L

Q T Y

G A G ET T 5 T

..1f,\

tr:;r

\{f

or r

)

;\ R

\,1

} . IORMA.L

D I S A R M

F I L V I \ L V :

, /-'

- - a : ' - v

v r t

R E F U E L I N G

A N E L

{ *a l , -

Vq l ,

u - -e

A ^ . "

u

l

l r

i * i : r

fut

IAI .JK

y ' \

i l l

F U E tO T Y

irtrtrd

K g

S E L E C T

R

Fuel

ng uant

Y Preset

pzt

to_

L

I

|e

(-€,

-.

L

l: a

A

fuelirrg

l)re:;et

syste:n

perrrits

th e

tankr;

tc>

bt: fueled

Eo

a preietermine,f

leve-L wi-thut

const,ant

observation

of

the

:iuel.

quan':i-ty i.rdicators;

.

l lhe

fuel :Lng

prose ' :

sTst ism

contrc, Is

are

Ioca :ed on

th t : f l i g r t

eng ineer 's

1>aneI

or o11

i ie : iue.L ing

sLat ions.

Presel :

switr:he:;

ar:e acLuat'ed

in

cor.jurtction

wi th

fuel

qua:r t i ty ind icators.

When

i t

i e d , ' c i r - o r i i n n r o q c f t h e f l r € r ' l i r r o-

t t r .

* J

U r - J I f . g

fue lLnq

pr t :se 'L

swi tch

is

the:n ; rd justed

unti.L

iire ,fuel

gage shows

ttre trmount

of

fr:el

which i-s

to be

addeil

to the

tank. The r fes i red quant l ty of fue.L has

been ad


40/86

\#

Nepat

ffiAirlines

AIRFRAME

UEL

PAGE:

J+o

CHAP:

:3

REFUELING

ANEL

REFUELING

ROCEDURE

FUf l ,

OUANtTtY

5I t tc roP fuf l .

toAo

T--t--:'-------'-'1

Llll2leoc

K 9

F U € t

O U A N I I ' Y

r-.r-r-..1

l r

1 8 1 6 0 0

K 9

9tLEcron

FUH.

oAD

t n

a

J.

PROVI DT

XTI RNAL

R

APU

TLECTRI CAL

POW ERi AVAI LABL i .

f

rLL ALV€

wt icHts'

ctosI

Poslr loN.

POWIR

ON

SWITCH:

RM ,

CONNTCT

ROUI { D I NG

ABLTS

ND

FUiLINGNOZ.ZL 5.

OPENUI.LING iCZ2LiS NDSUPPLY UT L

r X L ) 5 U X L -

PTRFORMUti

QUANTITY

AGiTEST:

US H

IIST

SWITCH

N.

OBSERVEA6T

RiADIHG.

5ELtC;

F. EL

QTY.

R[QD..

USH

KNOa

I N

coNr lNUt

UtuNG-.00

o l RtMovt

CONIROLITRS

RIORO

P[RFORMING

tHE o t towtNccHtct (5 ,

PLACE ILI

VALVE

WITCHESO

AUIO

FOR

PRI,SI tTCTTD UEL

QTY..

PT N

FOR

ULL UEL

QTY.

OBSERVE

ALVI

OPTN IGHTS

N.

FUEL

EVEL HUTOFF

TST: OLD

swrTcHNTEST

ostil0N,

oBsEevEAtvt

OPEN

IGHTS UT,

HiH

REILAST,

IUELING

O'i iPLf lL FILL

VALVE

WITCHIS

TO

CLOSE OSITION.

ctosE

FuELtf.rc

oalEs

AN0

Rtliovi

FUEL RISSURI,.

REMOVi

UETIHG

TCULES

IiD

GROUIIDIHG

ABLES.

PO}VTR

N

S\{ITCH:

ISARM-

CAUTTON:

ONoTOPEn

TFUELCHECX

ALVEwnH

tFUtL tNG,

€FUETTNG

R

EOOSI

U'{P

PRESSURESH

THT

UEI

YSITM.

ATTENTION:

U€LIHG

PIRATOR

ftt l

vatva

OPtNrrG

uAYRtQUlRt

5

StCS-

|

i. OptRAIt

FROM

.t..

IAITON

DISARM

ANtL)

ALL

AtvtS

nAYNOI

OPt f t

w l IH

Ow

FUELTNG

I

Z.

vERtFy

OLENOTOptRAI tS

CLtCxtNG

R

PRISSURIEASURID

T H[

ADAPTIR-

|

wnRUrn l

REI ' IOVTUIL

PRTSSURT

ovtRPRtssuRtFvrct

PUSH

TO

OPiN MANUAL

PROCT€D

O

ALTIRNATT

WHILT

RTSETTING

OVTR.RIDE

UTTON

PROCEDURI

DC-ro

F U E L

L E V E L

S H U T . O F

ffi

rEsr

V

o F F

FU€L

OTY

GAUGE

EST

rEsr

1ffi

v

U F T

K 9

5I t tc roP fuf l .

to

T--t--:'-------'-'1

Llll2leoc

K 9

N

AUX

TANKS

K g

str. tcroe

utr

r.oaD

r_.r-'-------l

l e i e l e 0 0 l

K 9

TANK NO. 2

v

A U T O 6 l C n u r O

6 A U T O

oAl l : f$ ,

L#s

}{ 3l 3

:'P

3

\J/

oPEN

;

l i

oe r r r l

i

oeer . r

I

I

UPPER

LOWER

/4l

(c ) )

\r/

A L V E

O PE N V AL VE

O P E N V A L V E

O P

T A N K

N O .

I

V A L V E

P E N

i;FFoA

K 9

A U T O

@

O P E N

a

o

s

PO

WER

rG)

\/

N

H

M

L

A RM

DI SARM

V A L V E

O P

C

AUTo

b@

E

OPEN

N

TANK

NO.

3

F U € t

O U A N I I ' Y

r-.r-r-..1

l r

1 8 1 6 0 0

K 9

9f l .ECrOn

Urr

Lo A

'/-\

{

5 6 1

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ovER

@

r,r.r-

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41/86

t

,q,IRFRAME

UEL

$U'

Nepat

EEl'Atrlines

OvendlngueIng

Ove:vi-ng

fuel-ir lc)

i:r

Cee

nosi

conventior:ral

me-tlto


42/86

\-gl

Nepal

wAirlines

AIRFRAME

UEL

'

I

pnce:

2

unAr .

l c

OVERWING

U E L I N G

POBTS

F I L L E R A P

E L I N G

O R T

GROUNDING

OIN

SEA' .

RI I IG


43/86

cl{AP: 4'-'

AIRFRANNE

UEI-

OP:N

Pos ; i t i on ' A l l c 'ws ue i

ro

f low

be:we':n

l'h:

cro:;s-

feed

mani f ' r ld

anci

the

fuel-

ing

and

dumP

man i f o l c l '

lManual lY

c 'Peratecl '

Del 'ue

ing

Pressure

defue- : ing

o: :

n 'he

main

t-anlcs

cr

cen . te r -w i .ng

tank 'L= a " to tp l i s ; he i l

t l r rougb

a

ciefuelj.ng

va.Lve.

The

. gSr

r'""tt ryP:

i1-ilt

-n;ti..g.-trarlks

or

in

the

c:cn]-er:wing

tarfi-Cef-:-ver:

f 'rel

"o

the

iiefuel:Lng

,ru,-.,a=

ttirouqh

th=ir

resp€rci:-ve

fuel-

manl fo ld

va: lves '

Al-Lernat i l 'e 'Ly ' E99

^-* r-rc, i--:,nr r-or _ bg_ ,+$.:_:h.i1191. th e

"1'

"::-:tg:l.*-=

d6il"

j:",U1=Iyg-by

nreal:

o:.

'-ire

- 15

*,G,-rnl--glsP

a9;e"s:- =:-**-

fu , : Iec i

t : r roJon

th{ ]e- -s515vt : - ;ank- t rans; fe : :

var-vJ;

i - i

in-d- 'aa jJ tenL

ma'Ln

l t t tks '

T;sid.u"I

f".I

i"

eacn

13{<

-can

be

a;;i;ta-

.*;"e

h

-iu'J:9-ifit

diSrn

cock:;

locat,:d

in

the:

bc:tcom

f

each

tan :

'

' l u . - . ^ )

' " ' * '

y ' ' " '

Qrn'.\

9

s7

iL'v^--'f:,

-d-nL''-'-7

i^,s

tl

.,

i.,;.'.).,'

rr


44/86

BrgU

Nepat

wfuntnes

AIRFRAME

UEL

EFUL I NG

i

\

cRossreeo

VALVE

BYPASS

VALVE

N O .

1

TANK

MANUAL

DEFUEL ING

V,qLVE

FUEL ING

STATION

i t - r > - :

' t

l : ' '

X ?q.a

e,-i

n'-

5,^^

-^n

Io;


45/86

AIRFFIAIUIE

{.JEL

-)

;*7.

c*Jt)

P

r'^-

'i .

r f

. r ' t

: V , 4

{ - , . '

4/

Vt+*1/ '

c.. p-

f;l-,

1".1

,1.yr,,

- ,l^,

( l

l ' \ / . a

2

2'*"--^?

( ' t-"u'

':

- ^ ^ \

-

L''u^'

'

1 ) t

.

'"'/,.

4

: '

i ' t A I r ,

- ' .

v-

t /

t ' - .

E l r r o

- E t r

m n P o n t t ' p m p n t q

I U U . L - l

U l l l v

l \ \ , v L f . l

u l l l v r r L v

I rue l

s) 's te :ms

fo:r

r3c iprccat in u ' P I

Ina i r r

pump

of

any other

€:ngj-ne

For

eac:h

lna irL

ptrmp, provis ion mus; t

be

rnade

to

. .

1 r - . , , r - l . ^ - , , . ^ - ^ -

6 i a a c l - n r : q i i . i v e - i . i S -

l I I L r W

r - 1 r E

p y _ J q J J

v s q u l t y \ / r r ' - 4 Y

1>1ac:ement

pu : :np

cther

than a : ' f r re l - in . -

' ject. iolt

pump

apProved

asi a

Pal:t

of

the:

; \n F ,mFr- . renr .v n r ' r rE)

muSt Lre

: -mrned ia te ly

. - , , -

r - ' } - r ^ + ^ ^ , , ^ n l

v f r r r - l f r t t h e

enC ine t

1 V q l . f 4 / 1 9

u u > u p P l Y

r u s r .

u \ /

u r r e

.L f

eLny

ma:Ln

pump

f a i ls .

The

Power

:supSrly

fo::

each

emergency

pumt>

must. be:

.Lnde:pendent

cf

the

power

supp.Ly

for'

r ' ac i r r - r ' l r r r t qn rnd i

nd m : i n n t r r rn -

T+

bc , t h

' ihe

no::ma.L

pump

and

emergertcy

pumP

()Der :ate

c()nt inucusly,

there

must ber a

rnearrs

r:o

.Lndicate

to Lhe: aJrortlPriat.e

.fl iqht

crr:w

menbers a

meilfrrnc*-ion

c, f

r:ach

cr.rmp.

i16

a-',tu,"*-,,

t .

t ' \ i . - f -

- 'T ' " '

j

i l

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l-

{

)1t.uor

-.

t J n

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tL,z-,1

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h


46/86

V#

Nepat

EEAirlines

avpass

f'

VALVE

NO. 1

TANK

*S:iZ

,

NO.

2

TANK

iAPU

BYPASS

n:Jt

&*y":,nii

"f{

vnrve

I

To APU

I

.- .- |

qm

pace:

+5

A.IRFRAME

UEL

L = t \ | c f l

- 'A t lK

CHAP:

:: T

(,

COFdDITION:

E N G I N E S

P E R A T I N G

C E N T E R

A N K

F E E D I N G

f f i

FUEL

FEED

f . l \ t b l l Y t r

DRIVEN

FUEL PUMP

M.ANUAL

D E F U E L I N G

VATVE

FUELIT{G

STATICN


47/86

AIRFI]AME

UEL

l

Nepat

,

Airl ine9

UEL

BOOST

UMP

--l

i

I

l:

Er C

.,r

L

f L A f P l : x

f l {C

--

t t.e .'

Fui:1

oost

PumP

#ffi"T-'.ppr.

i.ii

ui,

til$n"s{vii6iia's

Bec:ause

c, f

t :he

gr( )at

vo lume

cf

i 'ue- [

r ' : -

qu j - red

b1'

t iLe

ressure

on

thr :

sr rc t ion

side

of

the

engi : re-dr iver t

punp

:irorn

becoming

low

enougi:I

tr)

pertrrit

the fr:el

to

boi1.

Th.is

booster,

pYmP

j

s

-

qlge-::.:gX'. o',transfer

f

ue"L f:rom-

onq

tank

to

anollrgr_,

anj\ '.

erg.-. '1p".:e-m9.r9919i'

^ * - i

$H -k

ju

pgl)r*I.lre

..-, c1.,

lr-e.

?

g

Le

n

c a

s e Lh

g

,b-p

g-

g, ,

-

g t

3.g

;eJ;,

-FJ,rg.*;n

g

i

1

-e

-

driven

pumP fa.ils -

.#ffiffidM

E3s5-Ruae_t_?eLJS::l*t.l;Lf

tsa}lxPg-**y:l*-

blc*"-rnx""-

pn.,.s"e*.ac**al

li,.c..&F$grs€: .gJr;..:rr'e

c L S a l F r c ^ L

o | l c o | r € c r

r x 6

L o r E

Q

U lF

^ r :

E

lrou

,t

ht

6-'f

b-

;;.i ;;it;al-ra;,

e'rqilG-trd-;;:

tue l de l ive: :y

to

che

engir la - te t -

- + - +

lf lEs the

sel>ar'ated

vapors

to

l:Ls'3

.i\s

:iueI

enters

the

trump

il:oin

t:he

t'a::r;"

*a

h.Lqh-speecl

i lnpel ler

thro\ 's

t :he

u '= ' '


48/86

BBE

Nepat

EArnnes

BCCST

PUMP

HOUSING

P R E S S U R E

E N S I N G I N E

)z

,G

,/' .4

PUMP

SUCTI ON

LI NE

W I NG LOW €R

SURFACE

BOOSTPUMP REMOVAL VALVE


49/86

AIRFRAME

UEL

#

Nepal

El$rAirlines

INAI i I

A,NK

AFT BOOST

UMP

\==

APU

FUI--L

SUPF,LY

UI'tP

'*\il

LOW

PR

ESSU

:

SWITCH

APU

UEL

V A L V E

^ H :

a r

/

u';t7i

A P U

P U M P

COIIT

]

L

sv/lTC

i

P R E S S U R E

svi l rcH

I

I

I

I

I

____l

{ )UTER

lMsrER

FUEL

PUI. IP

E L E C T R I C A I -

0 \ x e c ; c R


50/86

Rlgtr

Nepal

-{ge"

t

WAirlines

PAGE:

}C

AIRFRAME

UEL

CHAP:

:,3

FUIL B00ST U I4P iRCUIT DIRECT 0NTR0L

a-r)

t 1 6 v

C

I

f^'i.r,4

lr

t_-

-l

A U X I I I A R Y T A I ' X

foosT

PUsf

FIJIL

BOOST

LJMP

iRCUIT

RILAYCONTROL

I

rsv AC

rUEL BOOST

UI4P

OWER

UPPLY

SAMPLE

?8^/E

t

b

I

I

i

I

rffi

EriGP

I

fAr*

\f.,.,

DOOST

FTJMP

swtIcH

BOOST

FUI*I

BOOSTPdh{P

cWER SOINCE

FIJ€I-

TANK

zer/

Dc

BUs{o.

I

t

l5v

Ac

gus

Nc.

I

2

TRAT.ISFER

BusNo- I

TR,ANSFEN

uJs

No.2

I

AFT

PUM?

FWD

rulAD

AFT

R'MP

FwD

PUMP

/-

FWD

?UMP

AFT

ruAAP

FV/D

ru|t4f

AFT

PUMP

CENTEI

LEFT

ruAAP

TIGHT

PUM?

r}GHT

ruMP

LEFT

PUtYtP


51/86

CHAP:

23

AIRFRAME

UEL

#

tve,pat

E/EIIAirtines

fFUEfSoosr

PUl"lP

- I O

E N ' 3 l N E S

AND/OFI

DIJMI , -

C H E : I ( V A L ' / i :

T ( )

LOW

PR

ES: ;L IF

S\VITCH

VENI'

CItECK.

y'AI. \ 'E

rN i l t rT

PUf r , lP

)RAIN

CCCK

P U M P

R E M O V A L

S H U T O F F :

, A L \ / E

1 . ' j " t l - ; r ' , c , t ; . *

.

W ' - z -7 ; L u . t

a *

9 c q i ' " r

-

5,',itt'n

l \ :e l

enters

t :ac i r

-or :mP

hrouqh

a

uranually

c,pel:atod

.flapper

r' 'ah;'e

;rnd

a

rv i re

mesh

sc: :een

a' :

the

in l .e t

por t '

The

i lapper

va. lve,

r les ignated

t-he

punp-re-

nroval

l 'a lve,

is

designei

tc>

pe:rmi- t

the

r:erncval

oi:

the

pump with.oui.

.dr:ai:: ing

i-he

fue:I

t.anlt.

-1]url -q

ncgnul_

. :ratlon

'i:he

valve

is

rn;h;-bPEN

p,EflffiilEft

;rh."=**'alE th'- p*nF;-il; EffFea, tle

.lla-Lrir:*ray--he-

-clrss.il

nggrar--l'

by

:neans

J8-ssgstlds

'

A

po:::icn

of

the:

-fr:eI

beiry;*p-r*xl'p'eiLli:

5,:f

-gt-at9-d*

ih':6*th

.

he

boo

s

:

"

p q11'p-

--

q9

?iol-

--h

e notor

.*9

-lgb:i,eal

g

-

-.h.e""ile+:;

i j4[- i"ca

tn;;-

'are

no

elecLricerr

contacts

u i t f r in

th 'e

motcr ,

the

f

rer l -

:Ln

the

lnotor ,

the

: lue l

in

the

mo1--or

-s

not

dt : t r imenta l .

Tht :

c 'co l ing

fuel

Clscha: : -

grts

throug'h

holt:s

in

the

top

of

th e

m()tor cd,s€,

drld

tnixes wit'h

j-nconlincJ

irrel

in the

PunrP

lour ; ing-

C'x-l-

o

Lf

,**-,

AL(4

q--l

L,

L''".y1-E"-

sr,>

P

€

t">.


52/86

BBtr

Nepal

ffiAirlines

AIRFRAME

UEL

cHAP:

aC

BOOsT

PUMP YPASS

ALVE

I

N

L E T :

F

R O M

B O O S T

M A I N

T A N K

P U M P S

I S O L A T I O N

C H E C K

V A L V E

U U i L t l :

T O E N G I N E

F U E

S H U T O F F

VAL VE

&

C R O S S .

F E E D

V A L V E

f

.L\ \

P L U G

&

O . R

N G

T O O L

C A P A B L E

F

P U L L I N G

P L U N G E

D O W T ' J

S U C T I O N

E E D

B Y P A S S

H E C K

V A L V E

B Y P A S S

H E C K

V A L V E

L O C K

IN

L E T :

F R O M

T A N K

B Y

E N G I N E

P U M P

S U C T I O N

T A N K

H E A D

P R E S S U R E

B

F

E

|1

l l

t l

YPASS

AL VE

L O C KP L U N G E R

L O C K

R E T U R N

S P R I

G

Boost

PumP,YPass

aives

To gg:LfI€i_

tiiat

fuel

can

still

reach

t.}re

engines

il case

of

pump

failures'*)R*l-s

Wtte*""sese"*rn]:res.-e.rs

co

be

found

jr

the

bgost

purog_l$9.*19.-$-

.on

older

aircraft-

arrd

in

the

area

of

the

fuel Feed lines

on ooden

aircraft.

t

The

bvpass

valves used'on

newer

dircraf

E , a : . , ' - - - . -

_ ' ' -

. ' ' ' ' -

' '

a r

e a so

__

*Er_ipp_e

rY,ilft

-

a.

.

n

o.

:

r

e

tu

rn

valve which

preyents--the

Eransfer

by

. ' *

fuel f:on

one

-.ank

to.

arrotier-'.during

_ ." ^ - : * ; - #

f1 ; .ch1-- .

The bYpass

valves

also

have

a

J==a-;---

ffiiss

valve lcck

wlt.i. which

che

valvd

sllde cal be fixed

il

the

closed'

position-

This allows

valves

and

accessories

i l

the

fuel feed

li;ne

area

to be renoved

when the tank

is

fuII-


53/86

CHAP:

28

AIRFRAME

UEL

E]ECTCfI

PUMF'

I NL : T

S : F i E I : N

BOOST

PUMP

I N

LEI'

I

t ' c ' ' f

t

s k

f l e t " * ' '

i _

I T r D ' v

v L t

i

L

b;tu,

i t ( C < a Y ' -

b a

L

e ' '

I N ) U C : D

P O R T

I \ U 4 ' L :

BOO

T

PUMP

PRESS

--*

, D I S C I I A R ( ; E

PORT

-{F>

MOTIVI :

cRT

Dt tc

C

'a l L , r - t

' ;

t : . . '

U .

|w .l'^.

t'i

a*

r

i^,:,,-

.(

Jelt

Puntp

Je:t

prrmF,s.

a.rg.

usod

:i--rl-.Ehe..

q4\si

o: 3

wi-oe-boi:Y-

j

et

ai::craft '

firese

puun.

s

t::an:;ie.r

-fueL"-f

roB.'{9'

llgce"

p+rts

oi:

ttre.-

t:an:(

.

t'?.Jbq".er,i:a'

4l-o'l.]4q

tire

broosit-

Purni).

:+c 1o4* l5t:,

-

rir

"

tiiis

wil',

rl

9*ke-9::SJ*s-g

-g*:i*dl

J,.'e-

3.,*'-:lJ*-=f i*"X

3Y9*\"9

l i


54/86

W

Nepal

EArntnes

AIRFRAME

UEL

pacE:54

cHAP:

z8

C I R C U I T

R E A K E R

Fuel

Pressure

larnlng

SYstein

AII.the

fuel

boost

PurrPs

of

the

iuel

systen

are roonitored

j-ndividually

by

Iow

pressur€ \rdrrrjJtg

lights.

Ceriain

aircraft

have

arr additional

ildi'cation

of fuel

Pressure-

Pressure monitorirg of tJre boost

pumPs

is achieved

by roeans

of

Pressure

switches

in the

fuel

sYstem

and

Iow

pressure

r.rarnilq

lights

on t}te

cockpit

fuel

panel.

T A H K

P U E L O T

FR

E53URE

sv tTCH

3

If

the

supply

pressure of

a

boost

punp

falls

below

a

cerEajrr

level,

"-he

respective

warni-ng

iight

in

the

cockpi t

is

act ivated.

If

the

fuel

pressure is

indicated

on

an instrument

in the

cockPit,

the

sici-nal

is

supplied

by

a

transmitter

j:r':

the

fuel

s]tstes.

Ac

@:

C E N T E R

A N K L E F T

F U E L

P U M P

L O W

P R E S S U B E

IGHT

{Amber}

I L L U M I N A T E D

l f

f u e l

pump

Pressure

s low

and

fue l

pumP

swi tch

s ON.

EXTINGUISHED

l f

P r e s -

sure

s normal

or

i f

fue l

pump

swi tch

s OFF'

J.,,nnt

irtttrr.

,

'6

CENTER

ANK

RIGHT

FUEL

PUMP

SWITCH

ON

-

Turns on

r ight

fue l

pump

in

center

tank '

T A X K

F U E L

L O H

P R E S S U R E

IH

D

ICAT

iX

G


55/86

I

AIRFRA.ME

UEL

l

NePal

frrAirl'ines

LOI,I RESSURE

HARl.lI

'*li3

PUgL LOW

PR:€SsURE

ELECTTICAL

PLUG-,

BOCST

PU,UPT'UEL

LO W

PRESSURE ' ITCH

F U E L

L IH

E

YEHT L IHT:

; IHG LOYER

PAXEL

-oL

1,t

>-J'

J c.-

/(

NWSs


56/86

{lqsq

fc+s.

\@

Nepat

ffiffi

Airlines

I

pece:

55

AIRFRAME

UEL

CHAP:

(

t ' rt s

l ).

rc :

Jn

)

LOW

PRESS.

swlrcH

l \

5

;

, J \

I,OW

PRESS

SIGI{AI

FROM

BOTH

PUMPS

IN

SAHE

TANK

ILLUMI-

NATES

MASTER

CAT'T.

L.L(:llI

& r UEI.J

ANNUNCIATOR

LIGFI

IIASTER

c

uTtof{

PI'S}I

TO

RESET

TANK

2

CTR.

TANK

oN

oFF

CTR.

TANK

PUIiP SW .

)


57/86

\t#

Nepal

E/t/Airlines

AIRFIRA.ME

UEL

p.qc;e:

57

(:HAP:

Z3

Fuet

Selr :ctor

Valves

F\e l

se .Lec to r

va l ves ,

p r ov i , l e

a mea r Ls

^ . . - l . r r 1 i f

j

n ^ ^ f

i

r L -

r , . a r

4 l . - ? . ,

- g I e t -

( ) :

5 f I U L L I l 1 9

U I

L l l t r

I l l g l l ' J w ,

. > i

t ing

thr:

tanl<

.i-n.

a muJ-ti;r le-tank,

I

I - r r ^ -

- - a n s . f e r - r i r r c

i u e i

f r o n t

l l S

d I I 2

L r v . l l

,

' - l q l r -

e

r

n n o

' t -

: n < t - n : n n t h o r ' ; r n r l r l i r o c i - i n r r t ' h e

v l l =

l r r v n r

t

f

ue i

to

each eng ' ine : .

I iuch

a

va lve

mt ts t

b e o c s i t i v e a n i

m r i r - k - - a : - r r . ; . a n d

t l r b

7::-:"

'

va l -ve

c( fn t ro ls

srhoc i ld be

l -o :a ted

wi th in

a a c \ t

' o

a c h

n f 7 f

s

- r i

l

r r t -

1 n - n i t ^ t g )

C f

-'-:-an-

-::

::

Y

-r

-Y-r

r*

-

I n e f ' l i ' T h t F , n . r i r

e e r ' ,

- - n t n u l t i p l e - t a f l k

1 I

^ +

i ^ -

- ;

p

t ' a l t z e ; r r r a n r r e m e n t

r l > L a l I a l u l l

t

u r l

should

lce so ar rancred that-each_ qn} > ( : r r u . L y

J

u r r r J

L . J v s - : r r u l

rev


58/86

PAGE:

53

CHAPJ

26

n_;

n

{gyp1o4,

CTUATING

ANDLE

D

P O S I I I O N ]

AIRFRAME

UEL

lllll

II

'l

li-

.-rrY'M,

iM,

.ftrr

J I'i

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il

I

I

\

A C T U A T I N G H A N D L E -

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LOSE

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^ . ' . " . . , * , ^ ,

n

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vALvE

GATE

SEAL

lg'rr. i

<

1..-t

' THERML

VALVE

\el

Nepat

Airlines

:

rr


59/86

r; ?

CHAP:

' "

AIRFFIAME:

UEL

Bl

Nepat

I/r

,Eiriines

I

B

I

I

ASS

:

N']8,Y

A 'TLJATO

R

A S S E M S

Y

(-

T I . I E R M A L

R E L I I F

CI-IEC

V,q \ /

ES

GD

P O R TA D A P T E I l

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- r r - r t r r A I

l h E f l l v l / . \ L

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V,AL\/E

DR] .VE i \AL E

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I

, : l

I

-fl

ori-l

- ] t

I

i \ I

_..H]


60/86

V/

Nepat

refunrnes

VALVE

B O O Y

oot**-r-

AIRFRAME

UEL

PEA

. S P A R

WASHER

VALVE

BODY

MOU$TIHG

OLT

(4

FLACES}

ACTUATOB

OUNTIN

SCR

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Ct =-f

C)

:-rlQ-(

ffi

ACTUATINGMOTOR THERML

D T I Y T -

t r n r 1 , r

v

lL

v L

MANUAL

HANDLE

OVERRi E

\ ) H r c


61/86

AIRFRAME

UEL

#

Nepal

ElsrAirlines

T0RDRIVEI ' lALV i :

, ,DArIER

SOLTS

_

WASHi:flS

IIIOEX

PLA'I 'E

(iAP

SIREW:;

ACTUATOA

sHowtl

wlTH

I NOf . X

P : I NE

NOT T I GNEO

I


62/86

V#

Nepat

BAirlines

pace:

52

il4o-ToR R

I

VALVE

B

O D Y

GASXET

SEALS

IVEN VALVE


63/86

CHriP:

23

AIRFRAME

UEL

P R € 5 S U R E

P O N T

(.

i*

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

____)

I

i

I

L

f - h r r t u \ 1 r ' l r , r o q

U i l - U r \

Y U I

Y v J

To

prr:ven--

fue,I

f

rorr

br:ing

pumPed

from

iank

':o

tank

iiurjng

fI-LghL,

check

va'Lves

are jj 'rstalted j-:r thei sr:pplY lines,, Tl:ese

valves are

usu 'a l l .y

j -ns ' :a l led

dj . . rec i l 'y

downs:ream

froo

t]re fu':

bocst

purops

an d

n : n

L , c

a i t -h e r

q n z - i

n r t I r r a d e d f l a o < : h g ' : k

s

c l l ,

=

J v ^ . - r r : ,

- r t s e v s

-6 1

wa.' l.ves or

spri-ng

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ctreck-

L

--.:r'-l--.1

-

)

li'

2

.

'.

ru,

,-l,tn,

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\ 41" ) l : , ' b9* ' , '

b.-;:

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, ' i2sv ' t ,4


64/86

PaGe:

54

P R E 5 S U R E

ttp,i -rc.c

*

I N L E T

P O R T 5

B O O S T

P U X P

THER}, {^L

R

H ^ i l I F O L D

P O R T

O U T 8 D

C H E C K

P L

C € 5 )

(o

t.t-

*


65/86

t

a

AIRFRAME

UEL.

Pr,cr:

j)

cHqp:

23

L l r r l l r : n r - 1 n r i : r t p l l l \ / c t t r m c

I l L l l ,

L l l , l l I l l -

i

u v l

\ / . J l

' L v r r r v

The de: ; ign

of

the

fue: l

: ; izstem fcr

t rn

aircra:it.

having

turo

-()r

tnor

engine:;

Ereseri:s Droble,ms

not

n()rrlally

€n -

lounte: reo

rn

s

.ng1.e-er

Of tanket

a: :e

> y > L s r r r >

^ a * - ^ r a a r r i

r o d

f n a 2 r ' ' v t h P n e c F

* - - - r

- . - *

^ . - - j : S S i l f

fueI .

' Ihese

LarLks ma\ / b ,3 located

i I r

widely

separat€:d

l )ar1:s

, r f

the a i . rc : :a f t '

such

as

the fus;el€rge

an,J

the

introa:d

and

ouLboard

sect j -on: ;

o f the

wings.

The

i n d i r 1 i

. i r r a

l

e n o ' i n e

f r r r '

l

q v q l - F r . q

r U U S ' :

b e

l r 9 . r v

in terccnnected

so that fue l can be

fed

frcm

the

variotrs

l:anks to

any eng:i-:re.

T n e a q c n f

p n o i n -

c : i

l l r a f ' F a

f q g L

:

s r r Y i - r r v

g - - u

e ,

nc l rmF" l

l w

s t t r , o l : ed

t n 1 -he

i nn r , o r , ; 1 l i ' , rg

r r u r

r t r c l J J u , 4 - - e s

e v

eng,ine must

be ma(le

ilvailable,

tc) the

o t l L e r s .

f ^ r r r c c f p r : d Q v q t r ' m

\ ; i

\ , / J r )

|

U \ z U

v J J L l ' l l i

Th€: twin-eng'ine

fuel

system

j.IlusLrated

is

-uhe

simpL.e

(:rotisf,?ed

type. A:; shown,

the,

tank sel.ecl:or

valves a.re set to

qrrnnir r f r re l f rom Lhe main tar rks to the

enqines. These

va:Lves can a lso be

nncr i J - nnod t n

. r l rn r r l

r r f r re l f rnm

{ : } t g 4 t 11 -

i

' 1

i a r r r t -ank

e r

' " he

c r , f SS f eed

va l r re i s

e r I r L r ' .

- - a

shc)wn

in ther

o:lf

position.

It cern

,also

be

set

tc s t rpp-Ly

: iueI f ron, the 1:us, : lage

tar ik to

e i ther

or boLh

encine:s

; rnd

to

crc)ssf

eei . .

F: r

p

' l h r

r tn f f

Va

'eS

L l \ - L

. J l l u L v l

I

\e l l

shutof f

v t r lves '

whic i l a : i :

as

{ : r r :

c , lcks,

ar ( l

issta l l -ed

:- : : r1 : : je

i : ie : l

n f rhc cnoine : iue l -

f

eeci

l :L : res

i . .e , ,

c : re

3 r v

b . . >

-

' - ' -

-

\/all/e.

.?Fi

Srtgile

instal-Ie


66/86

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67/86

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23

PAGE.:

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valve

Filler

Englne-Crivcn

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Firervall

:.hut-cf,f

vnlve'--

t

I 'Jo. 2

tanl

"Auxilia,rv

tenl

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Airframe Fuel

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