Airflow and Work of Breathing
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Transcript of Airflow and Work of Breathing
Airflow and Work of Breathing2. High lung compliance means the lungs and
chest wall expand easily.– Compliance is decreased by a
broken rib, or by diseases such as pneumonia or emphysema.
Airflow and Work of Breathing
Measuring Ventilation
Ventilation can be measured using spirometry.
– Tidal Volume (VT) is the volume of air inspired (or
expired) during normal quiet breathing (500 ml).
– Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is the volume
inspired during a very deep inhalation (3100 ml –
height and gender dependent).
– Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is the volume
expired during a forced exhalation (1200 ml).
Measuring VentilationSpirometry continued– Vital Capacity (VC) is all the air that can be exhaled
after maximum inspiration.• It is the sum of the inspiratory reserve + tidal volume +
expiratory reserve (4800 ml).– Residual Volume (RV) is the air still present in the
lungs after a force exhalation (1200 ml).• The RV is a reserve for mixing of gases but is not
available to move in or out of the lungs.
Measuring Ventilation
Old and new spirometers used to measure ventilation.
Measuring Ventilation
A graph of spirometer volumes and capacities
Measuring Ventilation
Only about 70% of the tidal volume reaches the
respiratory zone – the other 30% remains in the
conducting zone (called the anatomic dead space).
– If a single VT breath = 500 ml, only 350 ml will exchange
gases at the alveoli.
• In this example, with a respiratory rate of 12, the minute
ventilation = 12 x 500 = 6000 ml.
• The alveolar ventilation (volume of air/min that actually
reaches the alveoli) = 12 x 350 = 4200ml.
Exchange of O2 and CO2
Using the gas laws and understanding the principals of ventilation and respiration, we can calculate the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between the lungs and the blood.
Exchange of O2 and CO2
• Dalton’s Law states that each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present.– The pressure of a specific gas is the partial pressure
Pp.
– Total pressure is the sum of all the partial pressures.– Atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg) = PN2 + PO2 + PH2O
+ PCO2 + Pother gases
• Since O2 is 21% of the atmosphere, the PO2 is 760 x 0.21 = 159.6 mmHg.
Exchange of O2 and CO2
Each gas diffuses across a permeable membrane (like the AC membrane) from the side where its partial pressure is greater to the side where its partial pressure is less.– The greater the difference, the faster the rate of
diffusion.– Since there is a higher PO2 on the lung side of the AC
membrane, O2 moves from the alveoli into the blood.
– Since there is a higher PCO2 on the blood side of the AC membrane, CO2 moves into the lungs.
Exchange of O2 and CO2
PN2 = 0.786 x 760 mmHg = 597.4 mmHg
PO2 = 0.209 x 760 mmHg = 158.8 mmHg
PH2O = 0.004 x 760 mmHg = 3.0 mmHg
PCO2=
0.0004 x 760 mmHg = 0.3 mmHg
Pother gases=
0.0006 x 760 mmHg = 0.5 mmHg
Total = 760.0 mmHgPartial pressures of gases in inhaled air for
sea level
Exchange of O2 and CO2
• Henry’s law states that the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressures of the gas and its solubility.– A higher partial pressure of a
gas (like O2) over a liquid (like blood) means more of the gas will stay in solution.– Because CO2 is 24 times more soluble in blood (and
soda pop!) than in O2, it more readily dissolves.
Exchange of O2 and CO2
Even though the air we breathe is mostly N2, very little dissolves in blood due to its low solubility.– Decompression sickness (“the bends”) is a result of
the comparatively insoluble N2 being forced to dissolve into the blood and tissues because of the very high pressures associated with diving.• By ascending too rapidly, the N2 rushes out of the tissues
and the blood so forcefully as to cause vessels to “pop” and cells to die.
Transport of O2 and CO2
In the blood, some O2 is dissolved in the plasma as a gas (about 1.5%, not enough to stay alive – not by a long shot!). Most O2 (about 98.5%) is carried attached to Hb.– Oxygenated Hb is called oxyhemoglobin.
Transport of O2 and CO2
CO2 is transported in the blood in three different
forms:
1. 7% is dissolved in the plasma, as a gas.
2. 70% is converted into carbonic acid through the action
of an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase.
• CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
3. 23% is attached to Hb (but not at the same binding
sites as oxygen).
Transport of O2 and CO2
The O2 transported in the blood (PO2 = 100 mmHg) is needed
in the tissues to continually make ATP (PO2 = 40 mmHg at the
capillaries).
CO2 constantly diffuses
from the tissues
(PCO2 = 45 mmHg) to
be transported in
the blood
(PCO2 = 40 mmHg) Internal Respiration occurs at
systemic capillaries
Transport of O2 and CO2
• The amount of Hb saturated with O2 is called the SaO2.
– Each Hb molecule can carry 1, 2, 3, or 4 molecules of O2. Blood leaving the lungs has Hb that is fully saturated (carrying 4 molecules of
O2 – oxyhemoglobin).• The SaO2 is close to 95-98% .
– When it returns, it still has 3 of the 4 O2 binding sites occupied.• SaO2 = 75%