Aim: What was the AGE OF IMPERIALISM?

(1850-1914)

Imperialism KEY TERMSRacism – The belief that certain races are superior to others. Social Darwinism – The idea of “Survival of the Fittest,” The

strongest races deserve to rule the worldColonize – The process of taking over a nation or territory to exploit

their resources. Raw Materials – Natural resources used in industrial

production( Coal, Iron, Rubber)Westernization – The process of becoming more like the nations of

Western Europe. Nationalism – Intense pride in one’s own nationSphere of Influence – An area of a nation where a foreign power has

extreme power and influence.Exploit– Take advantage of to another’s detriment.Balance of Power – The idea that if all nations in Europe are equally

powerful, there will not be conflict.

Imperialism is about…A stronger country taking over a weaker country to exploit its resources.

CAUSES AREAS COLONIZED IMPACTSIndustrial RevolutionNeed for raw materials +

Foreign Markets

Africa New Technology

NationalismCompetition

India InfrastructureGovernment, Education, Roads,

etc.

White Man’s Burden Asia Loss of Tradition and Culture

Religion Americas (Old Imperialism)

Exploitation of Resources

Imperialism is important because it allows Europe (THE WEST) to control the world.

What is Imperialism?

IMPERIALISM: A strong nation takes over a weaker nation or

region and dominates its economic, political, or cultural life.

Social Darwinism

The “White Man’s Burden”

Rudyard Kipling

White Mans Burden• Burden – A heavy load• Cease – To stop• Folly – A foolish action• Captive – Prisoner• Exile – A person banished from their home• Famine – Starvation, not enough food• Abide – To put up with, endure or withstand• Veil – To cover or conceal

Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden, 1899 • Take up the White Man's burden--

Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.

Take up the White Man's burden--In patience to abide,To veil the threat of terrorAnd check the show of pride;By open speech and simple,An hundred times made plainTo seek another's profit,And work another's gain.

Take up the White Man's burden--The savage wars of peace--Fill full the mouth of FamineAnd bid the sickness cease;And when your goal is nearestThe end for others sought,Watch sloth and heathen FollyBring all your hopes to nought.

Take up the White Man's burden--No tawdry rule of kings,But toil of serf and sweeper--The tale of common things.The ports ye shall not enter,The roads ye shall not tread,Go mark them with your living,And mark them with your dead.

• Take up the White Man's burden--And reap his old reward:The blame of those ye better,The hate of those ye guard--The cry of hosts ye humour(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:--"Why brought he us from bondage,Our loved Egyptian night?"

Take up the White Man's burden--Ye dare not stoop to less--Nor call too loud on FreedomTo cloke your weariness;By all ye cry or whisper,By all ye leave or do,The silent, sullen peoplesShall weigh your gods and you.

Take up the White Man's burden--Have done with childish days--The lightly proferred laurel,The easy, ungrudged praise.Comes now, to search your manhoodThrough all the thankless yearsCold, edged with dear-bought wisdom,The judgment of your peers!

The “White Man’s Burden”?

I contend that we are the finest race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. Just

fancy those parts that are at present inhabited by the most despicable specimens of human beings what an alteration there

would be if they were brought under Anglo-Saxon influence, look again at the extra employment a new country added to our dominions gives. I contend that every acre added to our territory

means in the future birth to some more of the English race who otherwise would not be brought into existence. Added to this the

absorption of the greater portion of the world under our rule simply means the end of all wars, at this moment had we not lost America I believe we could have stopped the Russian-Turkish war by merely

refusing money and supplies. Having these ideas what scheme could we think of to forward this object. I look into history and I

read the story of the Jesuits I see what they were able to do in a bad cause and I might say under bad leaders.

What is the author saying?

How did Industrialization lead to Imperialism?

• Industrialization Imperialism

• Industrialization creates a HUGE demand for:

1) Cheap raw materials2) Foreign markets to sell finished

products

The Age of ImperialismThe Age of ImperialismEuropean Motives Industrial Revolution

Need for Markets and Resources $$$ (Colonies)

Nationalism National Political and

Military Goals Religion

Spread Christianity Western Superiority

Display Power and “Westernize”

Social Darwinism

European Advantages Strong Economy

and Government Weak Opponents

Ottomans Qing (China) Mughals (India)

Superior Military Advanced

Technology

IndustrialRevolution

Source forRaw

Materials

Markets forFinishedGoods

EuropeanNationalism

MissionaryActivity

Military& NavalBases

EuropeanMotives

For Colonization

Places toDump

Unwanted/Excess Popul.

Soc. & Eco.Opportunities

HumanitarianReasons

EuropeanRacism

“WhiteMan’s

Burden”

SocialDarwinism

IMPERIAL RULEIMPERIAL RULEForms Of Forms Of ImperialismImperialism

CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExampleExample

Direct Officials and Soldiers Rule a Colony

Somaliland in East Africa was a French colony.

Indirect Local rulers lead but a new ruling class is westernized.

Great Britain in India

PROTECTORATE A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power

Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River delta

Sphere of Influence An area which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

Liberia was under the sphere of influences of the United States

THE SCRAMBLE FOR THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICAAFRICA

Why was Africa a target for Why was Africa a target for imperialists?imperialists?

#1 Africa is #1 Africa is Geographically DiverseGeographically Diverse: : AFRICA AFRICA IS FRAGMENTED INTO DIFFERENT IS FRAGMENTED INTO DIFFERENT REGIONS (NOT UNITED)REGIONS (NOT UNITED)

N. Africa (Ottoman Empire), W. Africa-Islamic Empires (Mansa N. Africa (Ottoman Empire), W. Africa-Islamic Empires (Mansa Musa from Mali), E. Africa, Southern Africa (Zulu Kingdom)Musa from Mali), E. Africa, Southern Africa (Zulu Kingdom)

#2 Africa is #2 Africa is Rich in ResourcesRich in Resources: : Gold, Gold, Ivory, Rubber, DiamondsIvory, Rubber, Diamonds

#3 Europeans learned more about the #3 Europeans learned more about the “Dark Continent” through Exploration: “Dark Continent” through Exploration: Explorers (Dr. David Livingstone) Explorers (Dr. David Livingstone) trekked through the continent to map trekked through the continent to map out the continent.out the continent.

European Explorers in Africa

19c Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

Before 1880 only 10% of Africa was controlled by European PowersBefore 1880 only 10% of Africa was controlled by European Powers

By 1900 only Ethiopia and Liberia remained free of European control.By 1900 only Ethiopia and Liberia remained free of European control. (Even the Afrikaner Republics in South Africa were conquered by the English in (Even the Afrikaner Republics in South Africa were conquered by the English in the infamous Boer War.)the infamous Boer War.)

How did it happen? How did it happen? Two excuses: Two excuses: 1) The attraction of colonialism was the Glory 1) The attraction of colonialism was the Glory of of

ConquestConquest2) The so-called White Man's Burden to rescue 2) The so-called White Man's Burden to rescue the rest of the the rest of the world from themselvesworld from themselves..

1865 Leopold II becomes King of Belgium and begins the New Imperialist rant; 1865 Leopold II becomes King of Belgium and begins the New Imperialist rant; that is he starts giving speeches in which he pushes the glories of exploration that is he starts giving speeches in which he pushes the glories of exploration and conquest. In the 1870s Leopold sets his sights on the heart of Africa and and conquest. In the 1870s Leopold sets his sights on the heart of Africa and

in in 1876 sends H. M. Stanley up the Congo to establish trading posts and the 1876 sends H. M. Stanley up the Congo to establish trading posts and the beginnings of the beginnings of the Belgian Free Congo StateBelgian Free Congo State. This opens up the question of. This opens up the question ofcontrol of the bulk of sub-Saharan Africa (West, Central and East Africa).control of the bulk of sub-Saharan Africa (West, Central and East Africa).

Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

Harvesting Rubber

Punishing “Lazy” Workers

5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.)

It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

Leopold’s Conscience??

Leopold Defends Himself in Paris, 1903

King Leopold (to King Leopold (to Loubert)Loubert) : : How about that!  John How about that!  John Bull claims that I Bull claims that I tortured, robbed and tortured, robbed and murdered more than murdered more than hehe did. . . did. . .

LoubertLoubert : No, your : No, your Majesty, Majesty, that's impossible . that's impossible .

King Leopold II:(r. 1865 – 1909)

Aim: How Did European Aim: How Did European Imperialism Impact Africa?Imperialism Impact Africa?

(Day 2)(Day 2)

What was the Scramble for What was the Scramble for Africa?Africa?

Europeans Race to Claim Territory in Europeans Race to Claim Territory in AfricaAfricaThe Berlin Conference The Berlin Conference (1884 – 1885)(1884 – 1885)

1)1) Europeans must play fair when colonizingEuropeans must play fair when colonizing2)2) Set up Set up GovernmentGovernment to provide order to provide order3)3) Must allow Must allow Free TradeFree TradeMAJOR PROBLEMS OF THE CONFERENCEMAJOR PROBLEMS OF THE CONFERENCE1)1) No African nations are representedNo African nations are represented2)2) Europeans ignore tribal boundaries and Europeans ignore tribal boundaries and

draw their own borders!draw their own borders! This causes conflict between African tribesThis causes conflict between African tribes

Berlin

Conference

of

1884-1885

Berlin Conference of 1884-1885

Another point of view?

The Congo Free State or

The Belgian Congo

1885 Scramble For Africa

Africa1890

Africain

1914

China in the 1700s: The China in the 1700s: The ““Century of HumiliationCentury of Humiliation””

Why were Europeans so interested in ChinaWhy were Europeans so interested in China’’s s Economy?Economy?#1 #1 China regulated economy to keep a China regulated economy to keep a

favorable balance of trade: favorable balance of trade: Balance of Balance of Trade – To Export (SELL) more than you Trade – To Export (SELL) more than you Import (Buy) is favorableImport (Buy) is favorable. . Exports: Silk, Porcelain and TeaExports: Silk, Porcelain and Tea Imports: Silver and GoldImports: Silver and Gold

#2 The Chinese are #2 The Chinese are Geographically IsolatedGeographically Isolated and and EthnocentricEthnocentric: : Ethnocentric– Belief that Ethnocentric– Belief that your culture is superior to all others, Chinese your culture is superior to all others, Chinese don’t need to learn from anyone elsedon’t need to learn from anyone else

What were the Opium Wars?What were the Opium Wars?Phase #1: British want to trade with China (they Phase #1: British want to trade with China (they

love tea) but Chinese regulate tradelove tea) but Chinese regulate tradePhase #2: British Trade Opium (from India) for Tea Phase #2: British Trade Opium (from India) for Tea

(from China), but then the Chinese OUTLAW (from China), but then the Chinese OUTLAW OPIUMOPIUM

Phase #3: British go to war for Free Trade in ChinaPhase #3: British go to war for Free Trade in China

British Advantages: British Advantages: Superior Technology, $$$, NavySuperior Technology, $$$, NavyChinese Disadvantages: Chinese Disadvantages: Never modernized Never modernized

(Ethnocentric), Weak Gov’t(Ethnocentric), Weak Gov’t

Opium War Treaties 1842 Opium War Treaties 1842 (Treaty of Nanjing-Unequal (Treaty of Nanjing-Unequal

Treaties)Treaties)1)1) REPARATIONS-Britain Receives huge REPARATIONS-Britain Receives huge

payment for their losses in the warpayment for their losses in the war2)2) British get Hong KongBritish get Hong Kong3)3) China is forced to have an OPEN China is forced to have an OPEN

DOOR POLICYDOOR POLICY4)4) ExtraterritorialityExtraterritoriality – Right to live – Right to live

under their own laws and be tried in under their own laws and be tried in their own courts – China is divided their own courts – China is divided into into SPHERES OF INFLUENCESPHERES OF INFLUENCE

India – The “Crown Jewel” India – The “Crown Jewel” of the British Empireof the British Empire

Why was a powerful region like India Why was a powerful region like India too weak to resist British too weak to resist British

Imperialism?Imperialism?1.1. Geographic Diversity Geographic Diversity Cultural Cultural

DiversityDiversity2.2. INDIA IS NOT UNIFIED (Like Africa)INDIA IS NOT UNIFIED (Like Africa)

1.1. No Single Language, Regional No Single Language, Regional DiversityDiversity

3.3. Religious Tension – Hindus and Religious Tension – Hindus and MuslimsMuslims

4.4. Weak Government (Mughals)Weak Government (Mughals)

Why was India the “Crown Why was India the “Crown Jewel” of the British Empire?Jewel” of the British Empire? Rich in ResourcesRich in Resources

Lots of cotton (British Textile Industry), Lots of cotton (British Textile Industry), Opium and TeaOpium and Tea

Large populationLarge population Great Location – Indian Ocean TradeGreat Location – Indian Ocean Trade

““The Sun Never Sets on the British The Sun Never Sets on the British EmpireEmpire””

1) How does this 1) How does this picture reflect picture reflect the quote?the quote?

2) What does 2) What does this picture this picture Represent?Represent?

Anti-Imperialism Cartoons

Did any Africans resist European Did any Africans resist European Imperialism?Imperialism?

Boer War (1899 – 1902) – Conflict Boer War (1899 – 1902) – Conflict over lands in the Union of S. Africaover lands in the Union of S. Africa Zulu Kingdom (S. Africa) vs. BritishZulu Kingdom (S. Africa) vs. British

Maji Maji Rebellion (E. Africa) vs. Maji Maji Rebellion (E. Africa) vs. GermansGermans

EthiopiansEthiopians Successfully defeated ItalySuccessfully defeated Italy

How did Chinese resist foreign How did Chinese resist foreign ideas?ideas?

Taiping Rebellion (1850 – 1864)Taiping Rebellion (1850 – 1864) The government (Qing Dynasty) is falling apartThe government (Qing Dynasty) is falling apart

PEOPLE RESENT FOREIGN INFLUENCEPEOPLE RESENT FOREIGN INFLUENCE There is a rebellion to overthrow the government There is a rebellion to overthrow the government

– Keep out – Keep out ““Foreign DevilsForeign Devils”” Most Devastating Peasant Revolt in HistoryMost Devastating Peasant Revolt in History

Boxer UprisingBoxer Uprising ““Righteous Harmonious FistsRighteous Harmonious Fists”” want to expel want to expel

““Foreign DevilsForeign Devils”” Western Powers and Japan came in to stop itWestern Powers and Japan came in to stop it

BUT – Europeans get BUT – Europeans get ““SPHERES OF INFLUENCESPHERES OF INFLUENCE””

How did the Indians How did the Indians resist British resist British Imperialism?Imperialism?

SEPOY REBELLIONSEPOY REBELLION Indians Revolt against BritishIndians Revolt against British

SepoysSepoys – Indian Soldiers – Indian Soldiers Fighting creates TENSION Fighting creates TENSION British ResponseBritish Response

Sent Troops and Raised TaxesSent Troops and Raised Taxes

Why were the Europeans Why were the Europeans always able to defeat the always able to defeat the

colonists?colonists? Superior Technology/MilitarySuperior Technology/Military Political StabilityPolitical Stability Economic Strength (Industrialization)Economic Strength (Industrialization)

***The colonists are weak due to ***The colonists are weak due to political instability and a lack of political instability and a lack of UNITYUNITY

BRITISH RULE IN INDIAGood Effects

• New roads and railways link parts of India

• Telegraphs and postal systems unite people

• Irrigation systems improve farming

• New laws mean justice for all classes

• British schools offer education

• Customs that threaten human rights are ended

Bad Effects• Indian resources go to

Britain• British-made goods replace

local goods• Farms grow cash crops

rather than food crops, Indians go hungry

• Top jobs go to the British•• Indians treated as inferiors•• Britain tries to replace Indian

culture with western way

Word Box• Contact• Foreign• White mans burden• Asia• Increased western

trade• Superior• Traditional cultures• Taiping Rebellion• Opium war • climate

• Extraterritorialilty• Foreign goods• Trading• Belgium• Spheres of influence• Hong kong• Port• Africa• Geography• Ethnocentrism• Century of humiliation

I. EuropeanI. European’’s Take Over Muslim s Take Over Muslim LandsLands

OTTOMAN EMPIREOTTOMAN EMPIRE Nationalist RevoltsNationalist Revolts

Balkans (Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania)Balkans (Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania) European PressureEuropean Pressure

Russia Russia Bosporous Strait Bosporous Strait Germany Germany Berlin to Baghdad Railway Berlin to Baghdad Railway

WesternizationWesternization Increased Internal TensionIncreased Internal Tension

Young TurksYoung Turks Overthrew Sultan in 1908Overthrew Sultan in 1908

Armenian GenocideArmenian Genocide

Armenian GenocideArmenian Genocide

EGYPTEGYPT Muhammad Ali – Muhammad Ali – 1805 Seized Power from the 1805 Seized Power from the

OttomansOttomans Suez CanalSuez Canal

French – Ferdinand de Lesseps Organized Company French – Ferdinand de Lesseps Organized Company to Build the Suez Canalto Build the Suez Canal

British Bought Majority ShareBritish Bought Majority Share PERSIAPERSIA

British and Russian Spheres of InfluenceBritish and Russian Spheres of Influence Persian GovPersian Gov’’t Granted Concessions to t Granted Concessions to

British and Russians for OilBritish and Russians for Oil

How did China reform How did China reform itself?itself?

Chinese are HUMILIATED by ForeignersChinese are HUMILIATED by Foreigners Self Strengthening MovementSelf Strengthening Movement

Adopt Western TechnologyAdopt Western Technology Reason Western powers won was because of a Reason Western powers won was because of a

failure to modernizefailure to modernize War With JapanWar With Japan

1894 Sino-Japanese War: Lost Taiwan1894 Sino-Japanese War: Lost Taiwan Europeans Establish Europeans Establish Spheres of Spheres of

InfluenceInfluence British, French, Germans and RussiansBritish, French, Germans and Russians