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Chapter 1

PLANT CLASSIFICATION

PRINCIPLES

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1.1 Plant taxonomy andimportance of taxonomy

TAXONO!is the "cience of namin#$ de"cri%in# and cla""ifyin#or#ani"m".

It is about the way organisms are cla""ifiedby biologist into taxa(singular, taxon).

Taxonis the name for one category or group of organism at one level orrank in the taxonomic hierarchy scheme.

Taxonomy &a" t'o %ranc&e"

nomenclat(re(the naming of organisms) an

"y"tematic"(the placing of organisms in groups).

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!ase on )inomial Sy"tem* )inomial Sy"tem

Nomenclat(re* Linnae(" Sy"tem *)iolo#icalNomenclat(re.

"evise by the Carol(" Linnae(".

#ach type of organism is given a t'o+part$atin

name%

&he first wor is the #en(" namean begins withcapital letter. &

he secon wor is the "pecie" namean begins

with small letter.

&he biological or scientific name is printe in italic"

or (nderlinedwhen hanwritten.

Nomenclature

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EXAMPLEEXAMPLE

Rules :Rules :

-- The names areThe names are LatinizedLatinized contain two wordscontain two words

-- TheThe 11STSTletterletter of genus isof genus is AP!TAL!"E#AP!TAL!"E#$ the rest are$ the rest arenot ca%italizednot ca%italized

-- The entire &inomial isThe entire &inomial is italicizeditalicizedin %rint orin %rint or underlineunderline

se%aratel' for hand-writtense%aratel' for hand-written((

Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacao)) Theo&romaTheo&romacacaocacao

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&'# ##* +I* &-*+IC /*0

,IN-O

P/!L0

ORER

FAIL!

-EN0S

CLASS

SPECIES

&he highest taxonomiccategory

group of organismsconstructe on a similar planan thought to beevolutionary relate

group of relate orer

category of taxonomicclassification ranking abovethe family an below theclass

group of relate plants or animal forming acategory ranking above a genus an belowan orer an usually comprising several to

many genera

class, kin, or group marke bycommon characteristics or by onecommon characteristic

category of biologicalclassification rankingimmeiately below the genus or

subgenus

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lassification hierarch' of organismslassification hierarch' of organisms

#*MA!+#*MA!+are di,ided into ingdomare di,ided into ingdom

.!+/#*M.!+/#*Mare di,ided into %h'laare di,ided into %h'la P0LAP0LA are di,ide into classare di,ide into class

LASSLASS

*R#ER*R#ER 2AM!L!ES2AM!L!ES

/E+ERA/E+ERAcontain closel' related s%eciescontain closel' related s%ecies

SPE!ESSPE!ES

3roadest ta4on3roadest ta4on

Most S%ecificMost S%ecific

*rganisms classif'*rganisms classif'

under the hierarch' areunder the hierarch' are

&ased on similarities(&ased on similarities(

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##um&um&

..inging

PPhilli%hilli%

ameame

**,er,er

22oror

//ear&o4ear&o4

SSou%ou%

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AOR CROPS TAXONO!0 2lantea

" +agnoliophytaC $iliopsia

recales

3 recaceae

4 #laeis

guineensis, oleifera5 Elaeis guineensis

0 2lantea

" +agnoliophytaC +agnoliopsia

+alpighiales

3 #uphorbiaceae

4 'evea

brasiliensis5 Hevea brasiliensis

0 2lantea

" +agnoliophyta

C $iliopsia recales

3 recaceae

4 Cocus

nusifera

5 Cocus nusifera

0 2lantea

" +agnoliophyta

C $iliopsia 2ooles

3 2oaceae

4 ry6a

sativa

5 Oryza sativa

+7/ C/2 &-*+8, 2lantea

" +agnoliophytaC $iliopsia

recales

3 recaceae

4 #laeis

guineensis, oleifera5 Elaeis guineensis

0 2lantea

" +agnoliophytaC +agnoliopsia

+alpighiales

3 #uphorbiaceae

4 'evea

brasiliensis5 Hevea brasiliensis

0 2lantea

" +agnoliophyta

C $iliopsia recales

3 recaceae

4 Cocus

nusifera

5 Cocus nusifera

0 2lantea

" +agnoliophyta

C $iliopsia 2ooles

3 2oaceae

4 ry6a

sativa

5 Oryza sativa

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Importance of Taxonomy9 can mana#e t&e information and data t&at can %e 2ept

and catalo#(ed in a #ood "y"tem.

9 can #i3e t&e (ni3er"al name 4"cientific name5+comm(nication and information c&an#e".

9 to "t(dy t&e di3er"ity of %iolo#y and t&e nat(ralconnection amon# t&e or#ani"m

9 allo' to "t(dy ot&er field 4morp&olo#y$ anatomy$p&y"iolo#y5.

9 to de3elop "trate#ie" for protection and con"er3ation of

endan#ered "pecie".

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Classifcation o Plantae

Plantae% a group of organisms multi

cells, eukaryote an autotroph ancontain chlorophyll.

&he general characteristic in classificationthe kingom of 2lantae%

i. 'ave chlorophyll or not

ii. imple leaf or compoun leaf

iii.$eaf vein (net or parallel)

iv.'ave flower or not

v. ee (have or not)

vi.!oy

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9 2lants can be ivie into two ma:or groupsthat are #ymno"perman an#io"perm.

i3i"ion of Plant"

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Gymnosperm =

Is consisting of evergreen

cone-bearing plants such aspines, junipers (Juniperus sp.).

The foliage generally

needlelike and do notproduce showy flowers.

Angiosperms=

o!pose the !ajority of

cultivated plants such as rose,pal! and etc.

The gro"th of seeds is

co!pletely "ithin the plantovary, "hich s"ells to beco!e

the fruit (all flowering plants).

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Juniperuschinensis"&oot"$'it& 6(3enile4needle+li2e5lea3e" 4left5$ andad(lt "cale lea3e"

and immat(remale cone"4ri#&t5

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9 &he angiosperms can be ivie into the ivisionsonocotyledon 4onocot") an icotyledon

4icot").

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5.1 COMPARISION BETWEEN.

onocotyledon

ne cotyleon

eins usually parallel

ascular bunles

usually complexarrange

3ibrous root system

*o cambium

Cortex are thin

3loral parts usuallyin multiples of three

icotyledon

&wo cotyleon

eins usually netlike

ascular bunles

usually arrange inring

&aproot usually present

'ave cambium

Cortex are big

3loral parts usually inmultiples of four or five

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SEE LEA7ES LEAF7EINS

STES FLO8ERS ROOTS

ONOCOTS

Onecotyledo

n

ain 3ein"("(ally parallel

7a"c(lar %(ndle"in

complexarran#ement

Floral part" ("(allyin m(ltiple" of t&ree

Fi%ro("root

"y"tem

T'ocotyledon"

ain 3ein"("(ally netli2e

7a"c(lar%(ndle"arran#ed inrin#

Floral part" ("(allyinm(ltiple" of fo(r orfi3e

Taproot("(allypre"ent

ICOTS

#igure $% &$d

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California poppy o# ro"e

Pyrenean oa2

Sno' pea 9(cc&ini

E(dicot"#igure $%.&$d

#igure $% &$c

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Orc&id

onocot"

Lily

Py#my date palm

Ant&er

Filament

Sti#ma

O3ary

)arley$ a #ra""

#igure $%.&$c

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-RO8T/ T!PESeterminate and indeterminate

9 Ineterminate means the plants willkeep on growing, continuing extening

their stems, branches an reprouctivebus will evelop from time to time

#xamples% coconut, mangoes, apple,rattans

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9 "eterminate means plants thatappeare to be stop growing once

terminal bus change fromvegetative to reprouctive bus

9 #g% banana, sago

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Sea"onal #ro't& cycle

Ann(al" 2lants which complete their life cyclein one season an reprouce by see only.

)iennial" : plants which re;uire two yearsfrom germination to flowering an seeprouction. /are in the tropics, mostly intemperate regions.

Perennial" : prouce sees every season, butsometimes once in several seasons.

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9 +onocarpic plants survive only asingle growing season

9 2olycarpic 2lants reproucemultiple times