Agilent Wireless Installation and Maintenance Solutions
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Hardware Issues • Antenna • Cable • Tower mounted amplifier (TMA) • Diplexer • Duplexer • Power amplifier • Filters • Filter unit (power amplifier, low noise amplifier, filters) • Radio unit (up and down convert • Tx spectrum emission mask • Tx peak-to-average ratio Over the Air Issues • Co-channel interference • Adjacent channel interference • External interference • Intermodulation interference • Coverage (antenna down-tilt, direction adjustment) • QoS issues (dropped calls, blocked calls) • Network congestion (access failures) • Traffic balancing • Data throughput Do more with Agilent’s Wireless Installation and Maintenance Solutions cdma2000 is a registered certification mark of the Telecommunications Industry Association. Used under license. “WiMAX,” “Fixed WiMAX,” “Mobile WiMAX,” “WiMAX Forum,” the WiMAX Forum logo,“WiMAX Forum Certified,” and the WiMAX Forum Certified logo are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum. ® Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2009 Printed in U.S.A., March 1, 2009 5990-3535EN Return loss (dB) VSWR Return loss (dB) VSWR 46.1 1.01 19.1 1.25 40.1 1.02 17.7 1.30 36.6 1.03 16.5 1.35 34.2 1.04 15.6 1.40 32.3 1.05 14.7 1.45 30.7 1.06 14.0 1.50 29.4 1.07 12.7 1.60 28.3 1.08 11.7 1.70 27.3 1.09 10.9 1.80 26.4 1.10 10.2 1.90 25.7 1.11 9.5 2.00 24.9 1.12 8.3 2.25 24.3 1.13 7.4 2.50 23.7 1.14 6.6 2.75 23.1 1.15 6.0 3.00 20.8 1.20 5.5 3.25 An efficient use of power is required to transmit data from the BTS to a mobile phone: • The transmission line system must be free of defects. • Each transmission line imperfection, every connection, and the antenna itself will reflect some of the generated power back toward the source. • Any reflected power will be absorbed by the transmission line system and source—this is an inefficient use of power. • The integrity of the transmission line system, including the antenna, must be tested. A common method to test the antenna feedline system: • Send a known, incident signal through it and measure the signals (traveling waves) that are reflected back. • Determine the reflection characteristics of the feedline system by measuring the amplitude ratios and phase differences between the incident and reflected waves. • Measuring these reflections gives a figure of merit for evaluating the quality of the transmission feedline system called the reflection coefficient ( ). From the reflection coefficient we can calculate the return loss and the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) according to the following formulas: Return Loss and VSWR Incident Reflected Cable assembly Return loss Ideal = Infinity VSWR Ideal = 1.0 Good = 25 dB Equates to a VSWR = 1.12 Transmitted Source Return loss -20 X log = = VSWR = (1 + I I) (1 - I I) Reflected ( ) V Incident V N9912A FieldFox RF Analyzer, 4/6 GHz Cable and Antenna Analyzer, Spectrum Analyzer, Power Meter, and more N9330B Handheld Cable and Antenna Tester, 4 GHz N9340B Handheld RF Spectrum Analyzer, 3 GHz E7495B Wireless Base Station Test Set, 2.7 GHz U2000 Series USB Power Sensors Watts vs. dBm Conversion Table Power (W/mW) dBm Power (W/mW) dBm Power (W/mW) dBm 200 W 53 8 W 39 800 mW 29 100 W 50 6.4 W 38 640 mW 28 80 W 49 5 W 37 500 mW 27 64 W 48 4 W 36 400 mW 26 50 W 47 3.2 W 35 320 mW 25 40 W 46 2.5 W 34 250 mW 24 32 W 45 2 W 33 200 mW 23 25 W 44 1.6 W 32 160 mW 22 20 W 43 1.25 W 31 125 mW 21 16 W 42 1 W 30 100 mW 20 12.5 W 41 10 mW 10 10 W 40 1 mW 0 P = 10 log dBm P W 0.001 ( ) P W dBm P 10 ( ) Convert dBm to Watts: = 0.001 10 Convert Watts to dBm: Return Loss vs. VSWR Conversion Table www.agilent.com/find/handheld Task Flow of Rolling Out a Network Main Wireless Communication Channel Standards LAN MAN Technology GSM/GPRS/EDGE/EDGE Evolution W-CDMA FDD (UMTS) TD-SCDMA cdmaOne (TIA/EIA-95A/B/C) cdma2000 ® WLAN IEEE 802.11a/b/g/h/j/n (MIMO) IEEE 802.16-2004 and 802.16e (WiMAX™) Description Global system for mobile communications/ General packet radio service/ Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution/ Enhancement to GSM/GPRS/EDGE Wideband code division multiple access (Frequency division duplex) Time division-synchronous code division multiple access cdmaOne system cdma2000: 1x radio transmission technology 1xEV-DO: 1x evolution data optimized high rate packet data Wireless local area network (LAN) Wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) Geography Worldwide, except Japan and Korea Worldwide China North America, Korea, other Asian countries Same as IS-95 (cdmaOne) plus S. America, Australia, India, China, Russia, some Africa (both), and some Europe (cdma2000 only) Worldwide Worldwide Frequency range (UL/RL) = Uplink/Reverse (DL/FL) = Downlink/Forward (BS) = Base station (MS) = Mobile station T-GSM 380: 380.2 to 389.8 MHz (UL) P-GSM 900: 890 to 915 MHz (UL) 390.2 to 399.8 MHz (DL) 935 to 960 MHz (DL) T-GSM 410: 410.2 to 419.8 MHz (UL) E-GSM 900: 880 to 915 MHz (UL) 420.2 to 429.8 MHz (DL) 925 to 960 MHz (DL) GSM 450: 450.4 to 457.6 MHz (UL) R-GSM 900: 876 to 915 MHz (UL) 460.4 to 467.6 MHz (DL) 921 to 960 MHz (DL) GSM 480: 478.8 to 486 MHz (UL) T-GSM 900: 870.4 to 876 MHz (UL) 488.8 to 496 MHz (DL) 915.4 to 921 MHz (DL) GSM 750: 747 to 762 MHz (UL) DCS 1800: 1710 to 1785 MHz (UL) 777 to 792 MHz (DL) 1805 to 1880 MHz (DL) GSM 850: 824 to 849 MHz (UL) PCS 1900: 1850 to 1910 MHZ (UL) 869 to 894 MHz (DL) 1930 to 1990 MHz (DL) Band I: 1920 to 1980 MHz (UL) 2110 to 2170 MHz (DL) Band II: 1850 to 1910 MHz (UL) 1930 to 1990 MHz (DL) Band III: 1710 to 1785 MHz (UL) 1805 to 1880 MHz (DL) Band IV: 1710 to 1755 MHz (UL) 2110 to 2155 MHz (DL) Band V: 824 to 849 MHz (UL) 869 to 894 MHz (DL) Band VI: 830 to 840 MHz (UL) 875 to 885 MHz (DL) a) 1900 to 1920 MHz (UL and DL) 2010 to 2025 MHz (UL and DL) b)* 1850 to 1910 MHz (UL and DL) 1930 to 1990 MHz (UL and DL) c)* 1910 to 1930 MHz (UL and DL) d)** 2570 to 2620 MHz (UL and DL) *Used in ITU Region 2 **Used in ITU Region 1 ITU recommendations as per 25.102 v7.7.0 824 to 849 MHz (MS Tx: US, Korea) 869 to 894 MHz (BS Tx: US, Korea) 887 to 925 MHz (MS Tx: Japan) 832 to 870 MHz (BS Tx: Japan) 1850 to 1910 MHz (MS Tx: US) 1930 to 1990 MHz (BS Tx: US) 1750 to 1780 MHz (MS Tx: Korea) 1840 to 1870 MHz (BS Tx: Korea) Numerous bands covered: IS-95 bands NMT 450 band 411 to 483 MHz (MS Tx) 421 to 493 MHz (BS Tx) 800 MHz band IMT 2000 band 1920 to 1980 MHz (MS Tx) 2110 to 2170 MHz (BS Tx) Based upon C.S0057 b/g: 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz (ISM) a/h/j: 4.9 to 5 GHz (Japan) 5.03 to 5.091 GHz (Japan) 5.15 to 5.35 GHz (UNII) 5.47 to 5.725 GHz 5.725 to 5.825 GHz (ISM, UNII) n: 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz (ISM) 5.15 to 5.35 GHz (UNII) 5.725 to 5.825 GHz (ISM, UNII) Licensed/Unlicensed bands, 2 to 11GHz (Typical: 2.3, 2.5, 3.5 GHz) Channel spacing 200 kHz 5 MHz 1.6 MHz 1.23 MHz (US cellular band) 1.25 MHz (other bands) 1.23 MHz (US cellular band) 1.25 MHz (other bands) b: 25 MHz (non-overlapping), 10 MHz (overlapping) in North America; 30 MHz (non-overlapping), 10 MHz (overlapping) in Europe g: 25 MHz a/h: 20 MHz j: 20 MHz, 10 MHz option n: 20 or 40 MHz (based on region) 1.25 to 20 MHz (Typical: 5, 7, 8.75, 10 MHz) E6474A Drive Test Optimization Platform RF module Cell site configuration: BTS rack Filter module Cable assembly Jumpers Transport Power supply Baseband module Control clock GPS or external clock T1, E1, ATM, OC3, Ethernet UPS and battery band Amp Amp Amp Filter Filter Tx Filter Rx1 Rx2 Agilent Wireless Installation and Maintenance Solutions 6. Site construction 7. Site equipment install FieldFox (N9912A), N9330B, N9340B, E7495B, and power meter 5. Site acquisition E6474A, FieldFox (N9912A), and N9330B 8. BTS configuration 3. Choose infrastructure vendor 4. Award vendor contracts 2. Network design E6474A 1. Band clearing E6474A, FieldFox (N9912A), N9340B, and E7495B 11. Optimization/Troubleshooting E6474A, FieldFox (N9912A), N9340B, and E7495B 12. Acceptance test E6474A 10. Initial drive test E6474A 9. Network interconnection Agilent SART/DNA
Transcript of Agilent Wireless Installation and Maintenance Solutions
Hardware Issues•Antenna•Cable•Tower mounted amplifier (TMA)•Diplexer•Duplexer•Power amplifier•Filters•Filter unit (power amplifier,low noise amplifier, filters)•Radio unit (up and down converter)•Tx spectrum emission mask•Tx peak-to-average ratio
Over the Air Issues •Co-channel interference•Adjacent channelinterference•External interference•Intermodulation interference•Coverage (antenna down-tilt,direction adjustment)•QoS issues (dropped calls, blocked calls)•Network congestion (access failures)•Traffic balancing•Data throughput
Do more with Agilent’s Wireless Installation and Maintenance Solutions
cdma2000 is a registered certification mark of the Telecommunications Industry Association. Used under license.“WiMAX,” “Fixed WiMAX,” “Mobile WiMAX,” “WiMAX Forum,” the WiMAX Forum logo,“WiMAX Forum Certified,” and the WiMAX Forum Certified logo are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum.
® Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2009 Printed in U.S.A., March 1, 20095990-3535EN
Return loss (dB)
VSWR Return loss (dB)
VSWR
46.1 1.01 19.1 1.2540.1 1.02 17.7 1.3036.6 1.03 16.5 1.3534.2 1.04 15.6 1.4032.3 1.05 14.7 1.4530.7 1.06 14.0 1.5029.4 1.07 12.7 1.6028.3 1.08 11.7 1.7027.3 1.09 10.9 1.8026.4 1.10 10.2 1.9025.7 1.11 9.5 2.0024.9 1.12 8.3 2.2524.3 1.13 7.4 2.5023.7 1.14 6.6 2.7523.1 1.15 6.0 3.0020.8 1.20 5.5 3.25
An efficient use of power is required to transmit data from the BTS to a mobile phone:• Thetransmissionlinesystemmustbefreeofdefects.• Eachtransmissionlineimperfection,everyconnection, andtheantennaitselfwillreflectsomeofthegenerated powerbacktowardthesource.
• Anyreflectedpowerwillbeabsorbedbythetransmission linesystemandsource—thisisaninefficientuseofpower.
• Theintegrityofthetransmissionlinesystem,including theantenna,mustbetested.
A common method to test the antenna feedline system:• Sendaknown,incidentsignalthroughitandmeasurethesignals(travelingwaves)that arereflectedback.
• Determinethereflectioncharacteristicsofthefeedlinesystembymeasuringtheamplituderatiosandphasedifferencesbetweenthe incidentandreflectedwaves.
• Measuringthesereflectionsgivesafigure ofmeritforevaluatingthequalityofthe transmissionfeedlinesystemcalledthe reflectioncoefficient().Fromthereflection coefficientwecancalculatethereturnloss andthevoltagestandingwaveratio(VSWR) accordingtothefollowingformulas:
Return Loss and VSWR
Incident
ReflectedCable assembly
Return loss
Return loss -20 X log
Ideal = Infinity
= =
VSWR =
VSWRIdeal = 1.0
Good = 25 dB Equates to a VSWR = 1.12
TransmittedSource
(1+ I I)(1- I I)
Reflected( )VIncidentV
Incident
ReflectedCable assembly
Return loss
Return loss -20 X log
Ideal = Infinity
= =
VSWR =
VSWRIdeal = 1.0
Good = 25 dB Equates to a VSWR = 1.12
TransmittedSource
(1+ I I)(1- I I)
Reflected( )VIncidentV
N9912A FieldFox RF Analyzer, 4/6 GHz Cable and Antenna Analyzer, Spectrum Analyzer, Power Meter, and more
N9330B Handheld Cable and Antenna Tester, 4 GHz
N9340B Handheld RF Spectrum Analyzer, 3 GHz
E7495B Wireless Base Station Test Set, 2.7 GHz
U2000 Series USB Power Sensors
Watts vs. dBm Conversion TablePower (W/mW)
dBm Power (W/mW)
dBm Power (W/mW)
dBm
200 W 53 8 W 39 800 mW 29100 W 50 6.4 W 38 640 mW 28
80 W 49 5 W 37 500 mW 2764 W 48 4 W 36 400 mW 2650 W 47 3.2 W 35 320 mW 2540 W 46 2.5 W 34 250 mW 2432 W 45 2 W 33 200 mW 2325 W 44 1.6 W 32 160 mW 2220 W 43 1.25 W 31 125 mW 2116 W 42 1 W 30 100 mW 20
12.5 W 41 10 mW 1010 W 40 1 mW 0
converter)
P = 10 logdBmP W
0.001( )
P W
dBmP 10( )Convert dBm to Watts: = 0.001 10
Convert Watts to dBm:
Return Loss vs. VSWR Conversion Table
www.agilent.com/find/handheld
Task Flow of Rolling Out a Network
Main Wireless Communication Channel Standards LAN MANTechnology GSM/GPRS/EDGE/EDGE Evolution W-CDMA FDD (UMTS) TD-SCDMA cdmaOne (TIA/EIA-95A/B/C) cdma2000® WLAN IEEE 802.11a/b/g/h/j/n (MIMO) IEEE 802.16-2004 and 802.16e (WiMAX™)Description Globalsystemformobilecommunications/
Generalpacketradioservice/EnhanceddataratesforGSMevolution/EnhancementtoGSM/GPRS/EDGE
Widebandcodedivisionmultipleaccess(Frequencydivisionduplex)
Timedivision-synchronouscode divisionmultipleaccess
cdmaOnesystem cdma2000:1xradiotransmissiontechnology1xEV-DO:1xevolutiondataoptimizedhighratepacketdata
Wirelesslocalareanetwork(LAN) Wirelessmetropolitanareanetwork(MAN)
Geography Worldwide,exceptJapanandKorea Worldwide China NorthAmerica,Korea, otherAsiancountries
SameasIS-95(cdmaOne)plusS.America,Australia,India,China,Russia,someAfrica(both),andsomeEurope(cdma2000only)
Worldwide Worldwide
Frequencyrange(UL/RL)=Uplink/Reverse(DL/FL)=Downlink/Forward(BS)=Basestation(MS)=Mobilestation
T-GSM380: 380.2to389.8MHz(UL) P-GSM900: 890to915MHz(UL) 390.2to399.8MHz(DL) 935to960MHz(DL)T-GSM410: 410.2to419.8MHz(UL) E-GSM900: 880to915MHz(UL) 420.2to429.8MHz(DL) 925to960MHz(DL)GSM450: 450.4to457.6MHz(UL) R-GSM900: 876to915MHz(UL) 460.4to467.6MHz(DL) 921to960MHz(DL)GSM480: 478.8to486MHz(UL) T-GSM900: 870.4to876MHz(UL) 488.8to496MHz(DL) 915.4to921MHz(DL)GSM750: 747to762MHz(UL) DCS1800: 1710to1785MHz(UL) 777to792MHz(DL) 1805to1880MHz(DL)GSM850: 824to849MHz(UL) PCS1900: 1850to1910MHZ(UL) 869to894MHz(DL) 1930to1990MHz(DL)
BandI: 1920to1980MHz(UL) 2110to2170MHz(DL)BandII: 1850to1910MHz(UL) 1930to1990MHz(DL)BandIII: 1710to1785MHz(UL) 1805to1880MHz(DL)BandIV: 1710to1755MHz(UL) 2110to2155MHz(DL)BandV: 824to849MHz(UL) 869to894MHz(DL)BandVI: 830to840MHz(UL) 875to885MHz(DL)
a) 1900to1920MHz(ULandDL) 2010to2025MHz(ULandDL)b)* 1850to1910MHz(ULandDL) 1930to1990MHz(ULandDL)c)* 1910to1930MHz(ULandDL)d)** 2570to2620MHz(ULandDL)*Used in ITU Region 2**Used in ITU Region 1 ITU recommendations as per 25.102 v7.7.0
824to849MHz(MSTx:US,Korea)869to894MHz(BSTx:US,Korea)
887to925MHz(MSTx:Japan)832to870MHz(BSTx:Japan)
1850to1910MHz(MSTx:US)1930to1990MHz(BSTx:US)
1750to1780MHz(MSTx:Korea)1840to1870MHz(BSTx:Korea)
Numerousbandscovered:IS-95bandsNMT450band 411to483MHz(MSTx) 421to493MHz(BSTx)800MHzbandIMT2000band 1920to1980MHz(MSTx) 2110to2170MHz(BSTx) BaseduponC.S0057
b/g: 2.4to2.4835GHz(ISM)a/h/j: 4.9to5GHz(Japan) 5.03to5.091GHz(Japan) 5.15to5.35GHz(UNII) 5.47to5.725GHz 5.725to5.825GHz(ISM,UNII)n: 2.4to2.4835GHz(ISM) 5.15to5.35GHz(UNII) 5.725to5.825GHz(ISM,UNII)
Licensed/Unlicensedbands,2to11GHz(Typical:2.3,2.5,3.5GHz)
Channelspacing 200kHz 5MHz 1.6MHz 1.23MHz(UScellularband)1.25MHz(otherbands)
1.23MHz(UScellularband)1.25MHz(otherbands)
b: 25MHz(non-overlapping), 10MHz(overlapping)inNorthAmerica; 30MHz(non-overlapping), 10MHz(overlapping)inEuropeg: 25MHza/h: 20MHzj: 20MHz,10MHzoptionn: 20or40MHz(basedonregion)
1.25to20MHz(Typical:5,7,8.75,10MHz)
n: 20 or 40 MHz (based on region)
N9912A N9912A U2000 SeriesE7495B E7495B E6474A Drive Test Optimization Platform
RF module
Cell site configuration: BTS rack
Filter module
Cableassembly
JumpersTransport
Power supply
Baseband moduleControlclock
GPS orexternal clock
T1, E1, ATM, OC3, Ethernet
UPS andbattery band Amp
Amp
Amp
Filter
Filter
Tx
Filter
Rx1 Rx2
Agilent Wireless Installation and Maintenance Solutions
6. Site
construction
7. Site equipment installFieldFox (N9912A),N9330B, N9340B,E7495B, and power meter
5. Site acquisitionE6474A, FieldFox (N9912A),and N9330B
8. BTS
configuration
3. Choose
infrastructurevendor
4. Awardvendor
contracts
2. Network designE6474A
1. Band clearingE6474A, FieldFox (N9912A),N9340B, and E7495B
11. Optimization/TroubleshootingE6474A, FieldFox (N9912A), N9340B, and E7495B
12. Acceptance testE6474A
10. Initial drive testE6474A
9. Network interconnection
Agilent SART/DNA
