Age of ColonizationUS History

Tasha Ferrell

2015-2016

Europe’s Age of Exploration

• Late 1600’s

• Est. Colonies Asia, Africa, and the America’s

• Money, Power, new technologies, and advanced engineering made it easier to travel and explore across the ocean.

• Economics

• Everyone wanted to be Rich!!

• Religion: Spread Christianity

• Glory: National Hero's

• God-Gold-Glory

Portuguese Explorations

• 1st to have an impact on Exploration

• Africa

• Resources and Black Africans (slaves)

• Brazil (settlements)

• Slaves to the New World, Catholicism to Native Americans.

Spanish Explorations

• Christopher Columbus: Atlantic Ocean in 1492, believed he reached Asia.

• In October he reached the Americas.

• Explored the coast of Cuba and landed in Hispaniola (modern-day Haiti).

• Reached several Caribbean Islands and parts of Central America.

Spanish Explorations

• Europeans considered these lands open to colonization.

• Natives inhabited these lands.

• Amerigo Vespucci wrote letters describing the new lands.

• Europeans labeled the new territory “America.”

• Intercontinental exchange between North America and Europe, wanted natural resources.

• Native Americans watched their land become conquered and taken over by foreigners.

• Native Americans began being enslaved (Christopher Columbus)

The Spanish Colonies

• 16th Century

• Spanish Conquistadors (conquerors) arrived in Mexico and South America.

• Hernan Cortez: Eastern coast of Mexico in 1519

• Only had 600 men but very good at making alliances.

• Became friends with the Native Americans who hated to be ruled by the Aztecs.

• Aztecs ruled most of Mexico.

• Cortez defeated Montezuma II

• Mexico, southern and southwest United States became Spanish colonies.

• Many of these colonies remained until early 19th century.

Cortez/Map of Colonies

European diseases

• Small pox, measles, influenza killed many Native Americans.

• Europeans brought these diseases with them.

• Native Americans immune systems were not prepared to fight these diseases.

• Died by the 1,000’s

Spanish Mission

• Spain was a Catholic nation.

• Set up Catholic missions in the New World-served as Catholic villages.

• Preached Catholic faith to colonists and Native Americans.

• Set up schools and served the poor.

• Taught Native Americans to speak Spanish, adopt European customs, and to be loyal to the Spanish King.

• These missions helped to secure Spanish control over new territories.

French colonization

• In 1608 French est. their 1st permanent settlement in North America.

• Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec along the St. Lawrence River in Canada.

• Used rivers and inland waterways to reach North America.

• Est. fur trade

• Settled territories North of the Ohio River and along the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico.

• Short time adventures only here for the fur trade, many wanted and planned to return to Europe.

Class Activities

• Venn Diagram

• Chart

• Complete Practice 1.1 (Exit Slip)

The British Colonies

• 15th century began est. colonies in the Americas.

• Spain, France, and Great Britain (England) claimed colonies in North America.

• Spain had most of the Southern portion of the continent.

• French used rivers and inland waterways to occupy much of the North American interior.

• British est. colonies along the eastern coast between the Atlantic Ocean and the Appalachian Mountains.

• English settlers came to North America with the intent of staying long term.

• Est. along the Atlantic coast from Georgia to Maine.

• English Colonies divided up into 3 geographic regions.

• New England Colonies (Mass., New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut)

• Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware)

• Southern Colonies (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia)

Southern Colonies

• 1st successful English settlement: Jamestown, VA in 1607. Est. by a joint-stock company called the VA Company.

• VA company wanted to make money off of the products and raw materials.

• Bitter cold winters, diseases, and starvation killed many settlers.

• Local Native Americans helped which allowed Jamestown to survive and grow.

• John Rolfe discovered a new crop: Tobacco.

• VA instituted the head right system to attract laborers. This system promised fifty acres of land to those who would settle in the colony.

John Rolfe/Tobacco

Economy

• North American tobacco became incredibly popular in Europe.

• Tobacco is the most important cash crops for VA, Maryland, and North Carolina.

• Hot and wet climates of South Carolina and Georgia made rice and indigo important crops for further South.

• Southern colonies produced tar, pitch, and turpentine from the abundant forests.

• Staple crops like tobacco and rice led to the rise of plantation systems.

• Plantation systems required lots of manual labor, indentured servants and slavery became important parts of the Southern economy.

• Indentured servants agreed to work for land owners for up to 7 years in exchange for the land owner paying their way to North America.

• Mid 1600s slavery is rooted in the South

• South Carolina, black slaves out numbered free Europeans through out the 1700’s.

• The South did not develop the major centers of commerce and large cities that arose in the North.

Southern Society

• Southern society is divided between rich plantation owners, poor farmers, and slaves.

• Gentry is the wealthy upper class, superior to the lower, poorer class.

• Public education did not exist in the Southern colonies.

• People educated in the home. The wealthy southerners hired private tutors, or sent them to Europe to receive a formal education.

• Southern colonies were est. predominantly for economic reasons rather than religious. (Maryland was est. for Catholics)

• Rich Southern landowners stayed with the Church of England. Later Methodist and Baptist emerged.

New England Colonies

• Puritans came to North America for religious freedom.

• They wanted to est. a community built solely on “pure biblical teaching.”

• In 1620 a group of Puritans est. a colony at Plymouth Mass. These Puritans are the Pilgrims. Celebrated the 1st Thanksgiving in 1621.

• Later on a group of Puritans settled further north and est. the Mass. Bay Colony.

• Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson helped form Rhode Island after they left Mass. over disagreements with Puritan leaders.

• Puritan leaders founded Connecticut and New Hampshire.

Economy

• New England colonies relied heavily on the Atlantic Ocean.

• Shipbuilding, trade, and fishing were the leading industries.

• Transported goods from England to other regions.

• They received sugar cane, molasses, and rum from the West Indies that they sometimes used to get slaves.

• Farmers were smaller and for the primary purpose of allowing families to be self-sufficient.

• Boston, Mass. Became a booming urban center for shipping and New England commerce.

New England society

• Puritan church was central part to life in New England.

• In Mass. Every settler had to attend and support the Puritan Church. Dissenters were often banished.

• 1692 Salem Witch Trials: young girls in Salem Mass. Were accused and various towns people of being witches. Several were brought to trial and condemned to death.

• Puritans had strong faith, family, and community.

• 1st to promote public education. (Read the Bible)

• 1647 Mass. Passed laws requiring public schools for towns of fifty families or more. Towns of 100 or more families were required to est. grammar schools for the purpose of preparing young boys for college.

• Boys went to college. Girls were trained for “womanly duties” at the home.

• Harvard and Yale were est. to train ministers.

Middle Colonies

• Culturally diverse

• Religious tolerance

• Swedes and Dutch

Economy

• Farming and commerce

• Staple crops, wheat, barley, and rye.

• Boasted large cities: homes to diverse groups of people and a variety of business.

• Important ports for shipping products overseas.

• Slaves not as numerous as in the South.

• Slaves in middle colonies worked in shops, cities as well as on farms.

• Fur Trade

• Forged an economic relationship with Native Americans like the Iroquois.

Society in the Middle colonies

• Leader: William Penn

• Pennsylvania became a homeland for Quakers. Did not recognize class differences, promoted equality of the sexes, practiced pacifism, and sought to deal fairly with Native Americans.

• Pennsylvania was a place that attracted German Lutherans, Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, and Swiss Mennonites.

• New York was originally a Dutch colony it was very diverse. (Jews and Christians)

Colonial Government

• British adopted a policy known as Salutary neglect. The English government basically let the colonist govern themselves.

• Representative Government (People need a voice)

• Colonial Governors who were elected by the crowns where in charge.

• Colonial Legislatures: who were local residents held most of the power.

• 2 bodies of government: one appointed by Crown, one elected by voters.

• New England efforts to self-govern was set in the Mayflower Compact.

• Mayflower Compact: est. an elected legislatures and asserted that the government be derived its power from the people of the colony. Rule by a local government.

• Town Meetings

Colonial Government

• Puritans thought government should seek the will of God.

• 1636 colonist under the leadership of Thomas Hooker left Mass. Because they felt that the government there was too much like a dictatorship and did not serve the people. They formed their own colony at Hartford, Connecticut and wrote a body of laws called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. “Free consent of the people.”

Colonial Women

• 2nd class citizens

• Did have more freedom than women in Europe.

• Could not vote, nor attend school.

• Under husbands control or fathers control.

• Bearing and raising children and taking care of the home.

• Did own property if no male was able to and women could then take on roles traditionally held by men.

• Some women worked as shop keepers, hostesses in a tavern, printers, and even doctors.

African Americans and Slavery in the Colonies

• Arrived in 1619 at Jamestown

• Many arrived as indentured servants: after years they owned land, and some even became masters of indentured servants and slaves.

• South Carolina and Georgia rice is the predominant crop, African Americans worked the crops and were segregated from the whites.

• V.A., N.C., and Maryland slaves worked in tobacco fields and had more contact with whites. These slaves adopted more European customs and behaviors.

• Middle Colonies and New England Colonies, owners often trained slaves in a craft and put them to work in shops and cities, some masters even allowed slaves to make money.

Foundations of Representative Government

• Magna Carta and Parliament:• Colonial government was

based on principles est. in England.

• 1215 King John I was forced to sign the Magna Carta. “Great Charter.”

• Magna Carta document granted the nobles various legal rights and prevented the King from imposing taxes without the consent of a council. This gave birth to the British Parliament.

• Parliament= 2 houses• Upper House: House of

Lords consisted of appointed noblemen.

• Lower House: House of Commons made of elected officials.

• English Bill of Rights: a lot like the American Bill of Rights.

• Common Law: tradition or past court rulings.

Impact of the Enlightenment

• Late 1600’s

• Revolutionary ideas in philosophy and political thought.

• John Locke: Challenged old views of monarchs. Believed people had “natural rights” that no government could take away. Life, Liberty, and Property.

• Social Contract Theory: implied contract between government and citizens.

• People agree to give up certain freedoms for government to maintain order.

• If the government doesn’t hold up its end of the contract you can replace the government.

The Great Awakening

• Occurred in the British colonies during the mid-1700’s.

• Protestant movement, featured preachers who had fiery sermons calling people to live their lives by the Bible.

• Personal relationship with God.

Impact of the Great Awakening

• Colonial culture

• Movement encouraged people to be more independent and to value having a voice in their own religious beliefs.

• Methodist preachers on horseback traveled from settlement to settlement to preach the Gospel and to administer sacraments.

• Baptist churches allowed local congregations to appoint their own ministers.

• People should have a voice in their government.

• Belief in self-government and independence from British control grew in popularity.

• Strong belief in the right to religious freedom.

• Made colonist want to be free to decide for themselves how to practice their faith.

Self Government in the Colonies

• American are accustomed to sovereignty.

• Own decisions and policies.

Colonial Legislatures and Governor

• 1st example of limited self-government in the British colonies was VA House of Burgesses. Had 2 houses one elected and one appointed by royal government.

• As the American Revolution grew closer the 2 houses became more segregated.