Mexico population: 107 million. Civilizations in the Americas Before 1500.
African Civilizations 1500 BC – 700 AD. Section 2 – Bantu Migration.
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Transcript of African Civilizations 1500 BC – 700 AD. Section 2 – Bantu Migration.
Causes of Migration Three categories
Environment Economic Political
Reasons Push-Pull Factors
Jordan/Syria = -4% Qatar = +4%
Effects Population density =
overcrowding Ideas/technology
improved Quality of life improves Cultural clashes Environmental damage Lowering Employment Cultural blending –
languages are one of the easiest ways to trace migrations
Bantu Migrations: Origins Bantu, which literally
means “the people,” refers to a cultural group
They used slash-and-burn farming, forcing them to have to move every few years
Bantu Migration: Causes Best guess: Farming
techniques led to population growth that the land could not sustain. People moved to get their own land No choice but to go
south or southeast because the Sahara was to the north
As they moved, they settled near lakes and rivers for irrigation
Bantu Migrations: Effects Territorial wars often broke
out with hunter-gatherers Bantu had iron weapons, far
superior to the other groups Passed on their culture to
new groups Farming techniques (settled
agriculture) Ironworking Social/political organization Created a language family
in sub-saharan Africa
And now… Finish your Chapter 8/15 Vocabulary
Crossword Quiz Tuesday @ the beginning of class
Complete the Chapter 8 – Section 2 Worksheet Begins on Page 220
Warm-up #9.1 (8.2)1. For irrigation purposes,
the Bantu settled near ______ and ______
2. What 3000 year old event led to the spread of culture in Africa?
3. Why did the Bantu move South instead of North?
4. What did the Bantu bring to the people they conquered?
1. Rivers; lakes2. Bantu
migration3. The Sahara4. Iron and
farming
Origins of Aksum Blending of Arabs (Middle East) and Kushites
(African) Kushites had prospered for nearly 1000 years
after fleeing Egypt but are eventually replaced by Aksum
Controlling Trade Location made it a
center for trade routes Adulis became a
center of trade for people from Egypt, Arabia, Persia, India, and Rome
Between 325 and 360, Aksum reached it’s peak under Ezana
Aksumite Religion Diverse culture from the
beginning Especially Adulis
Believed in one god The king was a
descendent Also animists that
offered sacrifices Eventually Christianity
will gather some East African followers
Becoming Christian Ezana was educated
by a Christian captive When Ezana takes
power, he will convert to Christianity and make it the official religion There are still
millions of Christians in East Africa
Aksum Innovations One of only a few African
kingdoms that had a written language
Stone Architecture Minted coins Ethiopian Orthodox
Christianity Agricultural developments
Terraced farming Canals Dams and cisterns
(tanks)
Fall of Aksum Lasted 800 years, then
Islam began Initially maintained
control by protecting Muhammad’s family
Eventually the Muslims destroyed Adulis (710), cutting Aksum off from the Christian world Trade and environment
were both affected
Syncretism(at the end of 15.2 in notes)
Refers to a mixture of beliefs or religious practices
As Africans were exposed to foreign merchants, they found a way to blend new religions with their old religions Voodoo (Vodun) is
one of the best examples
Syncretism Project With a partner, create a religion that blends
at least 5 different religions You will upload a PowerPoint and create a
poster “advertising” your religion Things to think about
Religious symbols Founder(s) Text(s) Practices
Holidays, meetings (days/times), prayer, etc. Beliefs
Warm-up #9.2 (8.3)5. What led to the fall of
Aksum?6. What city was the center of
Aksum? What made it so important?
7. A _______ religion is one that incorporates beliefs from multiple religions.
8. A good example of #7 is the Caribbean religion of ________, which blends Christianity and West African belief systems.
5. Islamic invaders
6. Adulis; trade7. Syncretic8. Voodoo
Section 2West African Civilizations
Ghana: Origins Camels made the
Sahara more navigable 10 days without water @
60 miles/day By 700, the region of
Ghana in the Sahel was growing rich by taxing traders that moved through the region
Most trade centered on gold and salt
Islamic Influences Spread through the
Sahara by trade Ghana’s rulers had
become Muslim by 1100
Conversion to Islam meant having to learn Arabic, creating a much more literate populace
The Almoravids will attack and leave Ghana too weak to recover
Mali: Origins New deposits of gold
were found further east, diminishing Ghana’s power
In 1235, Mali emerged, started by a group that had lived just south of Ghana Wealth still built on gold
Sundiata Sundiata will take
power from an unpopular leader and established peace and prosperity with his wise leadership What we know comes
from oral traditions He will be the
founder of the Mali Empire
Mansa Musa Mansa Musa will grow the
empire further and use a bureaucracy to govern
Mansa, meaning king, will be best known for his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 Greatly increased the
influence of Islam in the region
Devastated the economies of everywhere he went (inflation)
Songhai: Origins As Mali declined (1400s), the
Songhai grew Took control of important
trade routes Two great leaders
Sunni Ali – expanded the empire
Askia Muhammad – replaced Sunni Alis son Taxes, delegated responsibility
Eventually fell because of invasions from Moroccan Muslim armies with better weapons
Other Groups of the West: Hausa
Named because of their language
Survived as middle-men of the traders
Constant power struggles between the city-states prevented them from uniting under one central government/expanding
The Yoruba Spoke a common
language but were not united
Leaders were descendants of the first ruler (sent by the creator of man)
Thrived on their artistry and crafts
Benin Grew on the Niger River
delta Similar to Yoruba
Lived in the forests Ruler was a descendant
of the first king Were one of the first
African groups to trade with the Europeans
And now…Vocabulary – I will be checking for
completion at the end of classQUIZ TOMORROW
Finish Chapter 8/15 WorksheetsSyncretism Project – at least 5
things from 5 different religionsRecruitment poster (on a sheet of
printer paper)
Warm-up #9.3 (15.2)9. Most of our knowledge of
emperor Sundiata comes from ______ _________.
10. For what is emperor Sundiata most well known?
11. What are the three great Sudanic (West African) kingdoms (in order)?
12. What led to the collapse of Songhai?
13. Mansa Musa is most well known for his _________ in 1324.
9. Oral traditions10. Founding the
Mali Empire11. Ghana, Mali,
Songhai12. Muslim
invasions13. Pilgrimage
Section 3East and South
East Coast Trade Cities Location made trade
the primary economy As Arabic speaking
people blended with the Bantu language, Swahili was created
Traders brought Indian finished goods and took African raw materials
The city of Kilwa became the wealthiest city-state in the region
Islamic Influences Most East African cities
had Muslim rulers and ruling class while the average people had their traditional religions
Arab Muslims will increase the African slave trade Relatively few sold and
used for home/military duties (not plantations)
Great Zimbabwe Developed in the south as
a result of the gold trade around 1000
Taxed neighbors and controlled trade routes to become the economic, political, and religious center of the South
Around 1450, Great Zimbabwe was abandoned for unknown reasons
Mutapa Empire Legend says it was started
just north of Great Zimbabwe around the same time Great Zimbabwe was abandoned
They will continue to thrive on the gold trade
When the Portuguese couldn’t beat them, they settled for controlling their leaders
And now…Study Vocabulary – QUIZ COMING UPTake Chapter 8/15 QuizFinish Chapter 8/15 WorksheetsSyncretism Project – 5-8 things from
at least 5 different religionsRecruitment poster (on a sheet of
printer paper)Example of Religious Syncretism
Coming up soon
Behavior of Children Children are not
allowed to speak in public unless spoken to first. Also, children can never be more than 10 feet away from their parents.
This comes from Adolescentism