African Americans 2!!African Americans 2!!

A new Cash Crop Arises…COTTONA new Cash Crop Arises…COTTON

Cotton was an ideal crop for the south but the seeds in it were so hard to Cotton was an ideal crop for the south but the seeds in it were so hard to remove that it took an entire day to get 1 pound of cotton.remove that it took an entire day to get 1 pound of cotton.

In 1793 Eli Whitney made the cotton gin which made it possible to clean In 1793 Eli Whitney made the cotton gin which made it possible to clean more than 50 pounds of cotton a day. This made the want for slave labor to more than 50 pounds of cotton a day. This made the want for slave labor to increase exponentially. increase exponentially.

Due to Cotton growing rapidly depleting the soil, southern farmers rushed Due to Cotton growing rapidly depleting the soil, southern farmers rushed to the black belt (an area stretching from western Georgia, Alabama and to the black belt (an area stretching from western Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi which had fertile soil.) On the frontier African Americans cleared Mississippi which had fertile soil.) On the frontier African Americans cleared the forests, drained the swamps, broke the ground, built houses and barns the forests, drained the swamps, broke the ground, built houses and barns and planted the first crops.and planted the first crops.

55% of all slaves engaged in cotton growing. 20% were in other crops such 55% of all slaves engaged in cotton growing. 20% were in other crops such as tobacco, hemp, indigo, and rice.15% were domestic servants and the as tobacco, hemp, indigo, and rice.15% were domestic servants and the remaining 10% were in mining, lumbering, industry and construction.remaining 10% were in mining, lumbering, industry and construction.

Because of the growing cotton industry the south was using more slaves to Because of the growing cotton industry the south was using more slaves to cultivate the crops.cultivate the crops.

The Internal Slave TradeThe Internal Slave Trade After a slave revolt in Haiti in 1791, all southern states banned the After a slave revolt in Haiti in 1791, all southern states banned the

importation of foreign slaves because they feared the Caribbean importation of foreign slaves because they feared the Caribbean revolutionaries might incite their own slaves to rebel. Attitudes changed revolutionaries might incite their own slaves to rebel. Attitudes changed again because of the cotton gin. South Carolina reopened the trade in again because of the cotton gin. South Carolina reopened the trade in 1804. On January 1st, 1808 the earliest date permitted by the constitution 1804. On January 1st, 1808 the earliest date permitted by the constitution to abolish the importation of slaves became law. Now that the international to abolish the importation of slaves became law. Now that the international slave trade was illegal the internal slave trade increased vastly.slave trade was illegal the internal slave trade increased vastly.

Slaves were gathered together in slave pens and moved south by train or Slaves were gathered together in slave pens and moved south by train or boat. In the interior they were carried as cargo on steamboats on the boat. In the interior they were carried as cargo on steamboats on the Mississippi river, hence the phrase “sold down the river.” Often slaves Mississippi river, hence the phrase “sold down the river.” Often slaves moved on foot, chained together in groups of fifty or more known as moved on foot, chained together in groups of fifty or more known as coffles. The slaves after being inspected by potential buyers were sold at coffles. The slaves after being inspected by potential buyers were sold at auction to the highest bidder.auction to the highest bidder.

The slave populace was around 700,000 by 1790, it grew to 4 million. After The slave populace was around 700,000 by 1790, it grew to 4 million. After 1808 the growth occurred because of natural increase. In spite of the 1808 the growth occurred because of natural increase. In spite of the burden of slavery, a distinctive Africa American community, which had first burden of slavery, a distinctive Africa American community, which had first emerged in the 18th century. Flourished in the years before the civil war. emerged in the 18th century. Flourished in the years before the civil war.

Internal Slave Trade continued…Internal Slave Trade continued… The primary challenge for African Americans was survival. The very young The primary challenge for African Americans was survival. The very young

were at the most risk (the mortality rate for slave children under 5 was were at the most risk (the mortality rate for slave children under 5 was twice those for white counterparts.) the reason: pregnant black women twice those for white counterparts.) the reason: pregnant black women were inadequately nourished, worked too hard, or were too frequently were inadequately nourished, worked too hard, or were too frequently pregnant, giving birth to 6 to 8 children at year and one half intervals.pregnant, giving birth to 6 to 8 children at year and one half intervals.

Life expectancy for most African Americans was 30-33. Diseases spread Life expectancy for most African Americans was 30-33. Diseases spread and most sicknesses were chronic. Their lives consisted of poor housing, and most sicknesses were chronic. Their lives consisted of poor housing, poor diet, and constant usually heavy work. Slavery was a lifelong labor poor diet, and constant usually heavy work. Slavery was a lifelong labor system.system.

Being a house servant was less physically demanding and the slaves were Being a house servant was less physically demanding and the slaves were better fed and clothed. During the civil war the house slaves were the first better fed and clothed. During the civil war the house slaves were the first to flee. This was surprising since they had the easier life but being around to flee. This was surprising since they had the easier life but being around the constant presence of white people was torturous enough. 75% of the constant presence of white people was torturous enough. 75% of slaves were field workers (they worked from sun up to sun down.) slaves were field workers (they worked from sun up to sun down.)

The connection between southern slavery and northern industry was very The connection between southern slavery and northern industry was very direct. Most mercantile systems service associated with the cotton trade direct. Most mercantile systems service associated with the cotton trade were in northern hands. Northerners were caught up in the rapid were in northern hands. Northerners were caught up in the rapid industrialization and urbanization, failed to recognize their economic industrialization and urbanization, failed to recognize their economic connection to the south and increasingly regarded them as backwards.connection to the south and increasingly regarded them as backwards.

Urban LifeUrban Life By the 1860’s nearly half a million free African Americans lived in the By the 1860’s nearly half a million free African Americans lived in the

United States which was 11% of the nations total black population. More United States which was 11% of the nations total black population. More than half of these freed slaves lived in the north, mostly in cities, where than half of these freed slaves lived in the north, mostly in cities, where they competed for jobs.they competed for jobs.

Free African Americans in the north faced residential segregation, Free African Americans in the north faced residential segregation, pervasive job discrimination, segregated public schools, and severe pervasive job discrimination, segregated public schools, and severe limitations on their civil rights.limitations on their civil rights.

African Americans of all economic classes endured daily attacks, such as African Americans of all economic classes endured daily attacks, such as exclusion from public concerts, lectures, libraries, and segregation or exclusion from public concerts, lectures, libraries, and segregation or exclusion from public transportation.exclusion from public transportation.

In defense to hostile society African Americans built their own community In defense to hostile society African Americans built their own community structure. They formed associations for aiding the poorest members of the structure. They formed associations for aiding the poorest members of the community, for self improvement, and for socializing. Tired of being community, for self improvement, and for socializing. Tired of being criticized by White newspapers, African Americans started their own criticized by White newspapers, African Americans started their own newspaper which was founded by John Russwurm and Samuel Cornish. newspaper which was founded by John Russwurm and Samuel Cornish.

Urban Life continued…Urban Life continued… The Black Baptist or African Methodist Episcopal church was formed and The Black Baptist or African Methodist Episcopal church was formed and

was used as a place of worship, a social and cultural center, political was used as a place of worship, a social and cultural center, political meeting place, hiding place for fugitive slaves, training ground for potential meeting place, hiding place for fugitive slaves, training ground for potential community leaders, and a place were they could express their true community leaders, and a place were they could express their true feelings.feelings.

Employment deteriorated from 1820-1850. African Americans who held Employment deteriorated from 1820-1850. African Americans who held jobs were forced from their positions. Now limited to day labor, they had to jobs were forced from their positions. Now limited to day labor, they had to compete with new immigrants. One major job left was being a sailor. 20% compete with new immigrants. One major job left was being a sailor. 20% of all US sailors were black. of all US sailors were black.

4 African American riots occurred in 1801, 1819, 1826, and 1832 against 4 African American riots occurred in 1801, 1819, 1826, and 1832 against slave catchers. An 1829 riot in Cincinnati set over 1000 African American slave catchers. An 1829 riot in Cincinnati set over 1000 African American people fleeing to Canada. A 3 day riot in providence in 1831 destroyed a people fleeing to Canada. A 3 day riot in providence in 1831 destroyed a African American district and a New York riot in 1834 destroyed a church, African American district and a New York riot in 1834 destroyed a church, school, and a dozen homes. Philadelphia “the city of brotherly love.” Was school, and a dozen homes. Philadelphia “the city of brotherly love.” Was home to the largest African American community in the north which was home to the largest African American community in the north which was repeatedly rocked by anti-black riots from 1820-1859. A riot in 1834 repeatedly rocked by anti-black riots from 1820-1859. A riot in 1834 destroyed 2 churches, 31 homes, left one African American dead and many destroyed 2 churches, 31 homes, left one African American dead and many injured. In 1842 mob which was predominantly Irish attacked black injured. In 1842 mob which was predominantly Irish attacked black marchers celebrating Jamaican Emancipation Day. Urban riots had cost marchers celebrating Jamaican Emancipation Day. Urban riots had cost 125 lives by 1840 and by 1860 more than 1000. 125 lives by 1840 and by 1860 more than 1000.

Antislavery movementsAntislavery movements African Americans, Quakers, and militant whites worked together to end African Americans, Quakers, and militant whites worked together to end

slavery. The first attempt to solve the slave problem was made by the slavery. The first attempt to solve the slave problem was made by the American Colonization Society which was made in 1817 and was American Colonization Society which was made in 1817 and was predominantly Quakers. The north was eager to send 250,000 free blacks back predominantly Quakers. The north was eager to send 250,000 free blacks back to Africa. By 1830 it managed to send 1400 black people to Liberia. Critics to Africa. By 1830 it managed to send 1400 black people to Liberia. Critics pointed out that more slaves were born in a week than the society sent to pointed out that more slaves were born in a week than the society sent to Africa in a year.Africa in a year.

William Lloyd Garrison was one of the major abolitionist leaders along with William Lloyd Garrison was one of the major abolitionist leaders along with Frederick Douglass. Garrison’s approach declared slavery as sinful and that it Frederick Douglass. Garrison’s approach declared slavery as sinful and that it should be abolished immediately. His aggressive movement against slavery should be abolished immediately. His aggressive movement against slavery radicalized antislavery religious groups.radicalized antislavery religious groups.

The gag rule was instated in response to Antislavery petitions by president The gag rule was instated in response to Antislavery petitions by president Andrew Jackson. Andrew Jackson. Uncle Tom’s Cabin- Most successful novel in the nineteenth century about a Christ like slave, Uncle Tom, who endured the cruel treatment by his white master. This novel was written by Harriet Beecher.

The strongest social critique however was Frederick Douglass’s simple autobiography, “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass.” This told the story of his brutal life as a slave.

Compromises, Laws, and Compromises, Laws, and actionsactions

The Missouri Compromise- Admits Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state prohibits slavery in the rest of the Louisiana territory.

The Compromise of 1850- Admits California as a free state to the union, settles the borders of Texas (slave state) sets no conditions concerning slavery for the rest of the territory acquired from Mexico.

The Fugitive Slave Act- it was enacted in 1850 and it dramatically increased the power of slave owners to capture escaped slaves.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act- Congress opens Kansas and Nebraska territories for settlement under popular sovereignty. Open warfare between proslavery and antislavery factions break out in Kansas.

Compromises, Laws, and Compromises, Laws, and Actions continued…Actions continued…

Dred Scott decision-Dred Scott moved with his owner to Wisconsin which was a free state, but his owner died soon after moving so Scott though he was free. He got married and had children but a couple years later his previous owner’s wife said that he still belonged to her. So the case was presented to the Supreme Court to resolve the issue. The Supreme Court decided that slaves did not have the right to sue, that all African Americans (free and slave) could not become citizens and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.

John Browns Raid- John Brown was a crazy man who thought god told him that he was going to be the end to slavery. So in 1856 he slaughtered unarmed proslavery men in Kansas.

During and after the Civil WarDuring and after the Civil War The capture of port royal- it was captured in the South Carolina Sea Islands in

1861. White southerners fled at the Union advance, but 10,000 slaves greeted the troops with celebration.

The Emancipation Proclamation- On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the final emancipation proclamation. The proclamation freed the slaves in the areas of rebellion (the areas the union didn’t control) but specifically exempted slaves in the Border States and in former confederate areas conquered by the union.

As part of the emancipation Lincoln gave his support to the recruitment of black soldiers.

The 13th amendment was pronounced in January 1865 which prohibited slavery in the United States.

The Ku Klux Klan fought an ongoing terrorist campaign against reconstruction governments and local leaders from 1870-1872

Famous people to knowFamous people to know Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman- famous conductor of the Underground Railroad- famous conductor of the Underground Railroad

Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass- fearless leader of the abolitionist movement - fearless leader of the abolitionist movement

William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison- one of the main leaders behind the abolitionist - one of the main leaders behind the abolitionist movementmovement

John RusswurmJohn Russwurm- started the first black newspaper- started the first black newspaper

Harriet Beecher- Wrote Uncle Toms Cabin which turned out to be the most successful novel in the mid nineteenth century.

Dred Scott- slave who went to the Supreme Court to fight for his freedom

Important terms to knowImportant terms to know CofflesCoffles- slaves that were chained together around 50 or more- slaves that were chained together around 50 or more

Cotton ginCotton gin- machine invented by Eli Whitney which revolutionized cotton production - machine invented by Eli Whitney which revolutionized cotton production and increased the demand for slaves. and increased the demand for slaves.

The Black BeltThe Black Belt- an area stretching from western Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi - an area stretching from western Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi that had fertile soil.that had fertile soil.

Internal slave tradeInternal slave trade- the slave trade established within the United States which - the slave trade established within the United States which traded slaves throughout regions in a similar manner to the international slave trade.traded slaves throughout regions in a similar manner to the international slave trade.

House ServantHouse Servant- Slaves who worked within the house - Slaves who worked within the house

Gag ruleGag rule- law instated by Andrew Jackson which prohibited any discussion of - law instated by Andrew Jackson which prohibited any discussion of antislavery petitions.antislavery petitions.

SegregationSegregation- the separation or isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group by - the separation or isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group by enforced or voluntary residence in a restricted area enforced or voluntary residence in a restricted area

Important terms continuedImportant terms continued American Colonization societyAmerican Colonization society- Group of people who tried to figure out - Group of people who tried to figure out

ways to get rid of slavery.ways to get rid of slavery.

AmistadAmistad- Spanish slave ship which was mutinied upon and ended up in - Spanish slave ship which was mutinied upon and ended up in American territory; there was a huge court case over what should happen American territory; there was a huge court case over what should happen with the slaves. with the slaves.

Slave catchersSlave catchers- People who were hired to catch runaway slaves- People who were hired to catch runaway slaves

Ku Klux Klan- Group organized to enforce white supremacy

Uncle Tom’s Cabin-Famous Novel which sparked tons of debate about slavery

Fugitive slave act- Act enacted to make it easier for slave owners to catch runaway slaves.

Important terms continued…Important terms continued…

Emancipation Proclamation- Proclamation made by Lincoln to remove slavery in certain areas that the union army has conquered from the south

Missouri Compromise- Missouri was admitted as a slave

state but slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase.

Multiple Choice QuestionsMultiple Choice Questions 1.) Who invented the cotton gin?1.) Who invented the cotton gin? a.) George Washingtona.) George Washington b.) Eli Whitneyb.) Eli Whitney c.) Thomas Jeffersonc.) Thomas Jefferson d.) Frederick Douglassd.) Frederick Douglass 2.) What date was slavery outlawed in Britain?2.) What date was slavery outlawed in Britain? a.) 1800a.) 1800 b.) 1805b.) 1805 c.) 1775c.) 1775 d.) 1807d.) 1807

3.) When did the United States outlaw slavery?3.) When did the United States outlaw slavery? a.) 1807a.) 1807 b.) 1850b.) 1850 c.) 1808c.) 1808 d.) 1806d.) 1806 4.) Who was a famous African American conductor of the Underground Railroad?4.) Who was a famous African American conductor of the Underground Railroad? a.) Benjamin Bannekera.) Benjamin Banneker b.) Harriet Tubmanb.) Harriet Tubman c.) Martin Luther King Jr.c.) Martin Luther King Jr. d.) Phillis Wheatleyd.) Phillis Wheatley

Mc continued..Mc continued.. 5.) Who was a renowned African American leader of the abolitionist cause?5.) Who was a renowned African American leader of the abolitionist cause? a.) Frederick Douglassa.) Frederick Douglass b.) Robert E. Leeb.) Robert E. Lee c.) Thomas Jeffersonc.) Thomas Jefferson d.) Aphra Behnd.) Aphra Behn 6.) What was the average life expectancy of African American slaves?6.) What was the average life expectancy of African American slaves? a.) 50+a.) 50+ b.) 10-15b.) 10-15 c.) 41-45c.) 41-45 d.) 30-33d.) 30-33 7.) What was the cause of the African American population boom after 1808?7.) What was the cause of the African American population boom after 1808? a.) importationa.) importation b.) natural increaseb.) natural increase c.) higher life expectanciesc.) higher life expectancies d.) there was no population increase…d.) there was no population increase… 8.) What 2 states refused to ban the slave trade or heavily tax it?8.) What 2 states refused to ban the slave trade or heavily tax it? a.) New York and New Jerseya.) New York and New Jersey b.) North Carolina and Delawareb.) North Carolina and Delaware c.) South Carolina and Georgiac.) South Carolina and Georgia d.) South Carolina and Wisconsind.) South Carolina and Wisconsin

Mc continued..Mc continued.. 9.) What percent of all slaves engaged in cotton growing?9.) What percent of all slaves engaged in cotton growing? a.) 20%a.) 20% b.) 10%b.) 10% c.) 55%c.) 55% d.) 30%d.) 30%

10.) The mortality rates for slave children under 5 were twice that of white children because…10.) The mortality rates for slave children under 5 were twice that of white children because… a.) their pregnant mothers were inadequately nourished, worked to hard, or were too often a.) their pregnant mothers were inadequately nourished, worked to hard, or were too often

pregnantpregnant b.) their pregnant mothers worked to hardb.) their pregnant mothers worked to hard c.) their pregnant mothers were too often pregnantc.) their pregnant mothers were too often pregnant d.) all of the aboved.) all of the above

11.) What percent of the populace did free slaves count towards in 1860?11.) What percent of the populace did free slaves count towards in 1860? a.) 50%a.) 50% b.) 11%b.) 11% c.) 25%c.) 25% d.)30%d.)30% 12.) Which city was known as “the city of brotherly love?”12.) Which city was known as “the city of brotherly love?” a.) Charlestowna.) Charlestown b.) Bostonb.) Boston c.) Massachusettsc.) Massachusetts d.) Philadelphiad.) Philadelphia

Mc continued..Mc continued.. 113.) When employment for African Americans was deteriorating what job was still openly available?3.) When employment for African Americans was deteriorating what job was still openly available? a.) artisana.) artisan b.) armyb.) army c.) sailorc.) sailor d.) farmerd.) farmer 14.) Who started the first African American newspaper?14.) Who started the first African American newspaper? a.) Benjamin Bannekera.) Benjamin Banneker b.) John Russwurmb.) John Russwurm c.) Frederick Douglass c.) Frederick Douglass d.) Phillis Wheatleyd.) Phillis Wheatley 15.) Who was a renowned African American leader of the abolitionist cause?15.) Who was a renowned African American leader of the abolitionist cause? a.) Frederick Douglassa.) Frederick Douglass b.) William Lloyd Garrisonb.) William Lloyd Garrison c.) Thomas Jeffersonc.) Thomas Jefferson d.) Aphra Behnd.) Aphra Behn 16.) Who was the renowned white leader of the abolitionist cause?16.) Who was the renowned white leader of the abolitionist cause? a.) John Quincy Adamsa.) John Quincy Adams b.) Henry Clayb.) Henry Clay c.) Andrew Jacksonc.) Andrew Jackson d.) William Lloyd Garrisond.) William Lloyd Garrison

Mc continued..Mc continued.. 17.) Which president instated the Gag Law?17.) Which president instated the Gag Law? a.) John Quincy Adamsa.) John Quincy Adams b.) Andrew Jacksonb.) Andrew Jackson c.) James Monroec.) James Monroe d.) Thomas Jeffersond.) Thomas Jefferson 18.) What was the name of the Spanish slave ship which was mutinied upon and ended up turning 18.) What was the name of the Spanish slave ship which was mutinied upon and ended up turning

into a huge court case in the United States?into a huge court case in the United States? a.) Servilea.) Servile b.) Pizarrob.) Pizarro c.) Amistad c.) Amistad d.) Trevinod.) Trevino 19.) A riot on what date in Cincinnati sent over 1000 African Americans fleeing to Canada?19.) A riot on what date in Cincinnati sent over 1000 African Americans fleeing to Canada? a.) 1834a.) 1834 b.) 1831b.) 1831 c.) 1829c.) 1829 d.) 1820d.) 1820

20.) How many African Americans did the American colonization society manage to send back to 20.) How many African Americans did the American colonization society manage to send back to Africa?Africa?

a.) 100,000a.) 100,000 b.) 5,000b.) 5,000 c.) 25,000c.) 25,000 d.) 1400d.) 1400

Mc continued..Mc continued.. 21. When was the Missouri compromise instated? a.) 1827 b.) 1820 c.) 1835 d.)1811   22.) Who wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” a.) Frederick Douglass b.) Nathaniel Hawthorne c.) Herman Melville d.) Harriet Beecher   23.) What did the fugitive slave act accomplish? a.) it improved the chances for fugitive slaves to get to freedom b.) it sentenced all fugitive slaves to death c.) It made it easier for slave owners to catch runaway slaves d.) there was no fugitive slave act   24.) What was the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Dred Scott decision? a.) slaves cannot sue b.) all of the above c.) African Americans cannot become citizens d.) the Missouri compromise was unconstitutional

Mc continued..Mc continued.. 25.) What happened after the capture of Port Royal? a.) 10,000 slaves celebrated the union troop’s victory b.) the union retreated because they could not hold the port c.) the south were able to repulse the union attack d.) none of the above   26.) What did the compromise of 1850 do? a.) it split Kansas and Nebraska b.) it added Florida as a free state c.) it added all of Texas to the union d.) it added California as a free state to the union   27.) Which president made the emancipation proclamation? a.) John Quincy Adams b.) Abraham Lincoln c.) John Tyler d.) James K. Polk  28.) What does the 13th amendment declare? a.) the right to bear arms b.) freedom of speech c.) slavery was prohibited in the United States d.) slaves were considered ¾ of a person

Mc continued..Mc continued.. 29.) The Ku Klux Klan was a group that… a.) helped orphanages and raised money for the reconstruction effort b.) were a lot like the Society of Friends and loved everyone c.) white supremacy group who were having a terrorist campaign throughout the

reconstruction process d.) Group of radicals who hated republicans   30.) the strongest social critique written in the mid nineteenth century was? a.) Uncle Tom’s cabin b.) the Scarlet Letter c.) Moby Dick d.) Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass

Multiple choice answer keyMultiple choice answer key 1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (D) 7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (C) 10. (D)1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (D) 7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (C) 10. (D) 11. (B) 12. (D) 13. (C) 14. (B) 15. (A) 16. (D) 17. (B) 18. (C) 19. (C) 11. (B) 12. (D) 13. (C) 14. (B) 15. (A) 16. (D) 17. (B) 18. (C) 19. (C) 20. (D) 21. (B) 22. (D) 23. (C) 24. (B) 25. (A) 26. (D) 27. (B) 28. (C) 29. 20. (D) 21. (B) 22. (D) 23. (C) 24. (B) 25. (A) 26. (D) 27. (B) 28. (C) 29.

(C) 10. (D)(C) 10. (D)

ReferencesReferences

John Mack Faragher, Mari Jo Buhle, Daniel Citrom, John Mack Faragher, Mari Jo Buhle, Daniel Citrom, Susan H. Armitage. (2002) Susan H. Armitage. (2002) Out of Many a History Out of Many a History of the American Peopleof the American People. Upper Saddle River, New . Upper Saddle River, New

Jersey: Prentice HallJersey: Prentice Hall