Afl - All Five Units Ppt

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    Executive Placement 2003  BIM 

    School of Management Studies –  Striving towards Excellence 

    Vels University www.velsuniv.org

    ACCOUNTS AND

    FINANCE FOR LOGISTICIANS

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    Executive Placement 2003  BIM 

    School of Management Studies –  Striving towards Excellence 

    Vels University www.velsuniv.org

    INSTRUCTIONS

    • ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS• WRITE IN POINTS

    AND NOT IN PARAGRAPH• IF 5 MARKS, WRITE MINIMUM 2 PAGES• IF 10 MARKS WRITE, WRITE MINIMUM PAGES• CASE STUDY ! COMPULSORILY ATTEND

    • IN PPTS, ONLY HINTS ALONE GIVEN, U DEVELOPACCORDING TO QUESTIONS

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    SYLLABUS

    • UNIT I:•  • F"#$#%"$& A%%'(#)"

    #*+ M$#"#* '- .'(& #)$%%'(#)"#*, M$#"#*, #$)( $#. "3')$#%A%%'(#)"#* %%&, $%%'(#)"#* 4($)"'# 6'(#$&, L.*$#. T"$& B$&$#% A%%'(#)"#* %'#%3)7 $#.%'#8#)"'#7, F"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)79 P'-") : L'77$%%'(#) : B$&$#% 7;) F"#$#%"$& 7)$)#) A#$&7"79

    C'3$$)"8 A#$&7"7, C''# 7"

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    • UNIT II•  • F"#$#%"$& S)$)

    #) A#$&7"7 9 R$)"' $#$&7"7 !C&$77"-"%$)"'# '- $)"'7, A.8$#)$*7 : D"7$.8$#)$*7 9F(#. -&'= 7)$)#)7 $.8$#)$*7 $#. ."7$.8$#)$*79M$*"#$& %'7)"#* ! C'7) V'&( P'-") $#$&7"7 ! B$>E8# $#$&7"7 ! BEP, P/V $)"', MS

    •  

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    • UNIT III:• I#)'.(%)"'# )' F"

    #$#%"$& M$#$*#) ! N$)( '-F"#$#%"$& $#$*#) !O@%)"87 '- -"#$#%"$&$#$*#) 9F"#$#%"$& D%"7"'#79 O*$#"

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    • UNIT IV• S'(%7 '- %$3")$& 9C'7) '- C$3")$& ! M$#"#* $#.

    S"*#"-"%$#% ! C'3'##)7 ! C'7) '- E4("), C'7) '-D), C'7) '- P-. %$3")$&, C'7) '- )$"#.$#"#*7 $#. ="*;). $8$* %'7) '- %$3")$& C$3")$&(.*)"#* ! $#"#* ! D"--#) );'.7 ! P$$%>, N)P7#) V$&(, I#)#$& $) '- )(#, P'-")$"&")"#. $#. $8$* $) '- )(#

    •  

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    • UNIT V•  • F"#$#%"$& ,O3$)"#* $#. C'"#. L8$*7 !M$#"#*

    '- C$3")$& S)(%)( 9D)"#$#)7 '- %$3")$&7)(%)( D"8".#. .%"7"'# ! D"8".#. 3'&"% 9 D"8".#.);'"7 ! W$&) $#. G'.'# '.&'- ."8".#. !S)$"&") '- ."8".#. ! S;$ 73&") ! B($%> '- 7;$7

    •  

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    REFERENCES

    •  • 1 IMP$#., F"#$#%"$& M$#$*#), V">$7 3(&"7;"#*

    ;'(7 L)., ); .")"'#, 200• 2 P$7$##$ C;$#.$, F"#$#%"$& M$#$*#) T;' $#.

    P$%)"%, T$)$ M%G$= H"&&, ); E.")"'#, 200• F"#$#%"$& $#. M$#$*#) $%%'(#)"#* R.. $#.

    M'');

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     UNIT 1

    • ACCOUNTING+

    • A%%'(#)"#* "7 ); 3'%77 '- %'&&%)"#*, %'."#*,%&$77"-"#* 7($"

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    CLASSIFICATION (OR) BRANCHES OFACCOUNTING• FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

     – 6OURNAL, LEDGER AND TRIAL BALANCE – FINAL ACCOUNTS

    • TRADING ACCOUNT• PROFIT : LOSS ACCOUNT• BALANCE SHEET

    • COST ACCOUNTING – COST SHEET – STANDARD COSTING

    • VARIANCE ANALYSIS• MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING•  9 FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS ! COMPARATIVE, COMMON SIZE, TREND ANALYSIS

     –

    CAPITAL BUDGETING – RATIO ANALYSIS – FUND FLOW STATEMENT – MARGINAL COSTING

    • BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS• P/V RATIO• MARGIN OF SAFETY

    BIM

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    Financial acc!n"in#

    • T; $"# 3(3'7 "7 )' $7%)$"# ); 3'-") ' &'77 $#.)' "#."%$) ); -"#$#%"$& 3'7")"'# '- ); %'3$#

    • T; )=' "3')$#) 7)$)#)7 33$. "# -"#$#%"$&$%%'(#)"#* $ P'-") : &'77 $%%'(#)7 $#. B$&$#%

    7;)• P'-") : &'77 $%%'(#)7 ! )' >#'= ); 3'-")$"&") '- );

    %'3$#• B$&$#% 7;) ! )' >#'= ); -"#$#%"$& 3'7")"'# '- );

    %'3$# '# $ 3$)"%(&$ .$)

    BIM

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    F!nc"in$%a&'an"a#$%n&%i*+"anc%*!+*$%,-c"i'$%!$$ . .inancial acc!n"in#

    • B''> >3"#* -(#%)"'#7• C&$77"-"%$)"'# '- -(#%)"'#7• P3$$)"'# '- -"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7• S**$)"#* -"#$#%"$& )$#7$%)"'#7• I#)3)$)"'# '- -"#$#%"$& .$)$• R3')"#* '- "#-'$)"'#• P'8"."#* $%%($) $#. &"$& "#-'$)"'#

    BIM

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    Lii"a"in$%&i$a&'an"a#$ . .inancial acc!n"in#

    • H"7)'"%$& .$)$• F"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 -' ); #)3"7 $7 $ =;'&• I) -$"&7 )' ;&3 "# 3"% -"$)"'#• N') (7-(& "# %'7) %'#)'&• E8$&($)"'# '- 3'&"%"7 #') 3'77"&• A%)($& %'7)7 $&'# $ %'..• D'7 #') 3'8". "#-'$)"'# -' 7)$)*"% .%"7"'#

    $>"#*• C'3&"%$). $#. )%;#"%$& 7(@%)• M'#)$ 7(@%)• C;$#%7 -' $#"3(&$)"'# ' W"#.'= .77"#*

    BIM

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    C$" acc!n"in#

    • T; 3'%77 '- $%%'(#)"#* -' %'7) -' ); 3'"#) $)=;"%; 3#.")( "7 "#%(. ' %'")). )' );%'3$# '- ")7 (&)"$) &$)"'#7;"3 ="); %'7) %#)7$#. %'7) (#")7

    l BIM

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    F!nc"in$%A&'an"a#$%n&%i*+"anc%*!+*$%,-c"i'$%!$$ . c$" acc!n"in#

    • A7%)$"#"#* %'7)• F"$)"'# '- 7&&"#* 3"%• C'7) %'#)'&• C'7) .(%)"'#• E8$&($)"'# '- 3-'$#%

    E i Pl 2003 BIM

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    Lii"a"in$%&i$a&'an"a#$ . c$" acc!n"in#

    • I) "#8'&87 )'' $# -'7 $#. 7)$)#)7• I) "#8'&87 ' %&"%$& ='>• I) "7 %'7)& )' "#)'.(% $#. '3$)• I) .3#.7 '# -"#$#%"$& $%%'(#)"#* I- $# ' "#

    -"#$#%"$& $%%'(#)"#* ="&& $--%) %'7) $%%'(#)"#* )''• I) "7 ."--"%(&) )' $7%)$"# ); -(&& &"$& %'7)• E$%; %'7) $%%'(#)$#) $ (7 ."--#) );'. =;"%;

    %$) %'#-(7"'#• S"#% ."--#) %'3$#"7 (7 ."--#) );'.7, ") "7

    ."--"%(&) )' %'3$ ); %'3$#"7

    E ti Pl t 2003 BIM

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    Mana#n" acc!n"in#

    • M$#$*#) $%%'(#)"#* "7 ); 37#)$)"'# '-$%%'(#)"#* "#-'$)"'# "# 7(%; $ =$ $7 )' $77"7)$#$*#) "# ); %$)"'# '- 3'&"% $#. "# ); .$ )'.$ '3$)"'#7 '- ); %'3$#

    E ti Pl t 2003 BIM

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    F!nc"in$%A&'an"a#$%n&%i*+"anc%*!+*$%,-c"i'$%!$$ . Mana#n" acc!n"in#

    • T' ;&3 "# 3&$##"#* $#. 3'&"% -'(&$)"'#• T' ;&3 "# ); "#)3)$)"'# 3'%77• T' ;&3 "# .%"7"'# $>"#*• T' ;&3 "# %'#)'&&"#* 3-'$#%• T' ;&3 "# %''."#$)"#*• T' ;&3 "# '*$#"

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    Lii"a"in$%&i$a&'an"a#$ . ana#n" acc!n"in#

    • W$>#77 '- 7'(% %'.7• C'#7"7)#) --')7• M$#$*#) $%%'(#)"#* "7 #') $ 7(7)")()• M". ."7%"3&"#• R7"7)$#%• C'7)& "#7)$&&$)"'#• D8&'3#)$& 7)$*• S(@%)"8")

    Executive Placement 2003 BIM

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    U$+$ . acc!n"in# in.+a"in

    • Internal users (Primary Users)  of accounting information include the

    following:

     – Management: for analyzing the organization's performance and

     position and taking appropriate measures to improve the company

    results. – Employees: for assessing company's profitability and its consequence

    on their future remuneration and job security.

     – Owners: for analyzing the viability and profitability of their

    investment and determining any future course of action.

    •  Accounting information is presented to internal users usually in the formof management accounts, budgets, forecasts and financial statements.

    Executive Placement 2003 BIM

    http://accounting-simplified.com/elements-of-financial-statements.htmlhttp://accounting-simplified.com/elements-of-financial-statements.html

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    U$+$ . acc!n"in# in.+a"in/

    • External users (Secondary Users) of accounting information include the

    following: – Creditors:  for determining the credit worthiness of the organization. erms of credit are

    set by creditors according to the assessment of their customers' financial health. !reditors

    include suppliers as well as lenders of finance such as banks.

     – ax !uthorities:  for determining the credibility of the ta" returns filed on behalf of the

    company.

     – Investors:  for analyzing the feasibility of investing in the company. #nvestors want to

    make sure they can earn a reasonable return on their investment before they commit any

    financial resources to the company.

     – Customers:  for assessing the financial position of its suppliers which is necessary for

    them to maintain a stable source of supply in the long term.

     – "egulatory !uthorities: for ensuring that the company's disclosure of accountinginformation is in accordance with the rules and regulations set in order to protect the

    interests of the stakeholders who rely on such information in forming their decisions.

    Executive Placement 2003 BIM

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    ACCOUNTING CYCLE

    • 6OURNAL 9RECORDING

    • LEDGER 9CLASSIFYING

    • TRIAL BALANCE 9SUMMARISING

    • FINAL ACCOUNTS 9 INTERPRETING

     – TRADING ACCOUNT – PROFIT : LOSS ACCOUNT FINANCIAL – BALANCE SHEET STATEMENTS

    Executive Placement 2003 BIM

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    ACCOUNTING CYCLE/

    • 6OURNAL+ – 6'(#$& "7 $ .$"& %'. '- (7"#77 )$#7$%)"'#7 – I) "7 $&7' %$&&. $7 .$ ''> – T; 3'%77 '- %'."#* )$#7$%)"'#7 "# ); @'(#$& %$&&.

    6'(#$&"

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    ACCOUNTING CYCLE/

    • FORMAT OF 0OURNAL

    • SN' D$) P$)"%(&$7 LF D")R7 C.")R7

    •   N$ '- ); A/%•   T' N$ '- ); A/%•   N$$)"'#

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    ACCOUNTING CYCLE/

    • ADVANTAGES OF 6OURNAL+ – I) .(%7 ); 3'77""&") '- '7 – I) 3'8".7 $# 3&$#$)"'# '- ); )$#7$%)"'# – I) 3'8".7 $ %;'#'&'*"%$& %'. '- $&& )$#7$%)"'#7 – 6'(#$& 3'8".7 %'.7 '- $&& (7"#77 )$#7$%)"'#7 "# '# 3&$% '# ); )" $#. .$) $7"7 – A&& )$#7$%)"'#7 $ %'.. '# ); $7"7 '- %"3)7 ' "&&, 7' = %$# %;%> $();#)"%") '- $%; @'(#$& #)"7

    ="); );" "&&7 –

    T; "7 "#"( %;$#% )' $8'". $# 3$)"%(&$ )$#7$%)"'# %$(7 "# @'(#$& )$#7$%)"'#7 $ %'.. .$)$7"7 – A%%'(#)$#) =")7 8 @'(#$& #)7 #$$)"'# &&'= '- );$) @'(#$& #), 7' '); $(.")' %$# >#'= =;$) );

    $7'# '- );$) @'(#$& #) "7 – I# @'(#$&, 8 )$#7$%)"'# "7 %'.. $-) .3 $#$&7"7 '- )=' $%%'(#)7 '# ); $7"7 '- .'(& #) 77), 7'

    ); "7 "#"( %;$#% '- "7)$> "# @'(#$& – 6'(#$& "7 ); $7"7 '- 3'7)"#* "# &.* $%%'(#)7 W"); $>"#* '- @'(#$&, $%%'(#)$#) %$# #') $> &.*

    $%%'(#)7 – I- ); "7 "7)$> "# &.*, = %$# %)"- ") ="); ); ;&3 '- @'(#$& ' %)"- @'(#$& #) "# @'(#$& – A&& '3#"#* @'(#$& #)"7 , %&'7"#* @'(#$& #)"7 $#. $&& '); )$#7$%)"'#7 =;"%; "7 #') %'.. "# $# ');

    7(7"."$ ''>7 , ="&& %'.. "# @'(#$&  – 6'(#$& "7 $&7' #.. "# 8 )3 '- $%%'(#)"#* 7'-)=$ T;7 $%%'(#)"#* 7'-)=$ %$# $> $()' 77) '-

    3'7)"#* @'(#$& #)"7 );" $()'$)"% 3'%77"#* , () $%%'(#)$#) (7) -. @'(#$& #)"7 "# @'(#$& $#.'); 73%"-"% 8'(%;7 '- @'(#$&

     – I# @'(#$& , ); "7 '# %'&(# '- &.* -'&"' I) "7 8 "3')$#) -' %;%>"#* -#% '- $%; $%%'(#)73'7)"#* ="); ")7 '"*"#$& @'(#$& #)

    Executive Placement 2003 BIM

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    ACCOUNTING CYCLE/

    • DISADVANTAGES OR LIMITATIONS OF 6OURNAL+ – I) ="&& )'' &'#* "- $&& ); )$#7$%)"'#7 $ %'.. – D"--"%(&) )' $7%)$"# ); $&$#% '- $%; $%%'(#)

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    S h l f M S di S i i d E ll

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    ACCOUNTING CYCLE/

    • LEDGER+ – L.* 3'8".7 $ 7($ '- 7""&$ )$#7$%)"'#7 $) '#

    3&$% – I) "7 $ 7($ 7)$)#) '- %'3&) )$#7$%)"'#7 &$)"#* )'

    $# $%%'(#) – L.* "7 %'#7".. $7 $"# ''> '- $%%'(#)7 – I) "7 %'#7".. )' ); 3"#%"3$& ''> '- $%%'(#)7 =;"%;

    ;&37 (7 "# $))$"#"#* ); $"# '@%)"8 '- $%%'(#)"#* – I) 3'8".7 8")$& "#-'$)"'# &">

    T')$& 7$&7 8$&( 3"'."%$&&• T')$& 3(%;$77 3"'."%$&&• A'(#) .( -' "#."8".($& %(7)'7• A'(#) .( )' "#."8".($& 7(33&"7• A'(#) 73#) '# 73%"-"% ")7 '- 3#.")( )%

    Executive Placement 2003 BIM

    S h l f M t St di S i i d E ll

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    ACCOUNTING CYCLEDIFFERENCE BET2EEN 0OURNAL AND LEDGER 

    • 6OURNAL – I) "7 $ ''> '- '"*"#$& #)

     – A&& )$#7$%)"'#7 $ %'.. "# $%;'#'&'*"%$& '.

     – I) ;$7 *$) ="*;)$* %$(7 ") "7 $ ''>'- 7'(% '- #)

     – U#") '- %&$77"-"%$)"'# '- .$)$ "7 )$#7$%)"'#

     –

    P'%77 '- %'."#* -"#$#%"$& )$#7$%)"'#7 "7%$&&. $7 6'(#$&"7"#*

     – I) "7 $ %'#)"#('(7 3'%77 .$ $-) .$

     – E#)"7 $ )$#7-. )' ); &.*

    • LEDGER – I) "7 $ 7'(% '- 7%'#.$ #)

     – A&& )$#7$%)"'#7 3)$"#"#* )' $ 3$)"%(&$$%%'(#) $33$ $) '# 3&$%

     – I) "7 ); $"# 7'(% '- "#-'$)"'#

     – U#") '- %&$77"-"%$)"'# '- .$)$ "7 ); $%%'(#)

     – P'%77 '- %'."#* )$#7$%)"'#7 "# );&.* "7 %$&&. $7 3'7)"#*

     – L.* 3'7)"#* %$# .'# $%%'."#* )'%'#8#"#%

     – F' ); &.*, -"7) ); )"$& $&$#% "7.$=# $#. );# -"#$& $%%'(#)7 $ 33$.

    Executive Placement 2003 BIM

    S h l f M t St di St i i t d E ll

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    ACCOUNTING CYCLE

    • DIFFERENCE BET2EEN 0OURNAL AND LEDGER 

     – 6'(#$& "7 ); ''> '- 3" -"7) #), =;"& L.* "7 ); ''> '- -"#$& #) – J I# '); ='.7, &.* %'#)$"#7 $#$&)"%$& %'.7, =;"& @'(#$& %'#)$"#7 %;'#'&'*"%$& %'.7 – J N$$)"'# "7 4(". "# $ @'(#$& );$) "7 #') ); %$7 "# ); &.* – J T$#7$%)"'#7 $ %'.. "# ); 74(#% '- '%%(#% "# ); @'(#$&, =;$7 )$#7$%)"'#7 $

    %&$77"-". $#. %'.. "# &8$#) $%%'(#)7 "# ); &.* –

    J D$)$ %$# %&$77"-". $7. '# )$#7$%)"'# "# ); &.*, =;"& ); $7"7 '- %&$77"-"%$)"'# '- .$)$ $$%%'(#)7 "# ); &.* – J A )$#7$%)"'# "7 -"7)& %'.. "# ); @'(#$& 7''# $-) ); '%%(#% '- ") ") "7 '#& );# )$#7-.

    )' ); &.* – J F"#$& $%%'(#)7 %$##') ."%)& 33$. -' @'(#$&, () &.*7 -' ); $7"7 -' $7

    33$$)"'# '- -"#$& $%%'(#)7 – J A%%($% '- @'(#$& %$##') )7)., () $%%($% '- &.* %$# )7). )' $ %)$"# )#) (7"#*

    )"$& $&$#% – J 6'(#$& ;$7 )=' %'&(#7 -' .") $#. %."), =;$7 $ &.* ;$7 )=' 7".7 '- $# $%%'(#) '# -'

    .") $#. ); '); -' %.") – J 6'(#$&7 $ #') $&$#%. $) ); #. '- $ 3"'., () $%%'(#)7 "# ); &.* $ $&$#%. $) ); #. '-

    $ 73%"-"% 3"'.

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    S h l f M t St di St i i t d E ll

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    ACCOUNTING CYCLE

    • TRIAL BALANCE+ – A 7)$)#) %'#)$"#"#* ); $&$#%7 '- $&& &.* $%%'(#)7, $7

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    S h l f M t St di St i i t d E ll

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    ACCOUNTING CYCLE• IMPORTANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF TRIAL BALNCE+

     – S($ '- 8$"'(7 $%%'(#)7 – P''- '- .'(& #) – E#7("#* '- $");)"%$& $%%($% – T"$& $&$#% -$%"&")$)7 33$$)"'# '- -"#$& $%%'(#)7 – T"$& B$&$#% $%)7 $7 ); -"7) 7)3 "# ); 33$$)"'# '- -"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 I) "7 $

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    ACCOUNTING CYCLE

    • LIMITATIONS OF TRIAL BALANCE+ – T"$& B$&$#% '#& %'#-"7 );$) ); )')$& '- $&& .") $&$#%7

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    http://www.letslearnaccounting.com/voucherhttp://www.letslearnaccounting.com/voucher

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    Acc!n"in# *+inci*l$ (+) Acc!n"in# cnc*"$

    • A%%'(#)"#* 3"#%"3&7 $ ); 7) '- (&7 $#. *(".&"#7 -' );33$$)"'# '- -"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 $#. 3')7

    • T; $%%'(#)"#* %'#%3)7 $• B(7"#77 #)") %'#%3)• G'"#* %'#%# %'#%3)

    • M'# $7(#) %'#%3)• A%%'(#)"#* 3"'. %'#%3)• D($& $73%) %'#%3)• C'7) %'#%3) ! $77)7 "# ;"7)'"%$& %'7)• M$)%;"#* %'#%3) ! 8#( $#. 3#77 $)%;. )' >#'= 3'-")•

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    • O@%)"8 8".#% %'#%3) ! 8);"#* $7. '# 8".#% !$(.")'

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    Acc!n"in# cn'n"in$

    • C'#8#)"'# '- -(&& ."7%&'7( – A&& "#-'$)"'# 7;'(&. 8$&.

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    • C'#8#)"'# '- %'#78$)"7 – P&$"#* 7$- T' ;$8 $%%'(#)"#* $&)#$)"8 -' )$#7$%)"'#7

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    Di..+nc ,"3n B4 4*in# an& Acc!n"in#

    • B''>>3"#* "7 ); 3'%77 '- %'."#*, "#%;'#'&'*"%$& '., ); .$"& )$#7$%)"'#7 '- $ (7"#77#)") I) -'7 3$) '- ); $%%'(#)"#* "#-'$)"'#77)

    • O# ); '); ;$#., $%%'(#)"#* "7 $# "#-'$)"'# 77)! "#%&(.7 ); 3'%77 '- %'."#*, %&$77"-"#*,7($"

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    S5$"$ . ,4 4*in#

    • S"#*& #) 77)

    • D'(& #) 77)

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    Sin#l n"+5 $5$"

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    • S"#*& #) 77) "7 $&=$7 $ "#%'3&) .'(& #)

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    Sin#l n"+5 $5$"/

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    W"); );"7 7"#*& #) 77) '- $%%'(#)"#*, 3'-") : &'77$%%'(#) $#. $&$#% 7;) %$# #') 33$.• T;"7 77) "7 -'&&'=. "# 7$&& (7"#77•   E*+ S'& 3'3")'7;"3

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    D!,l n"+5 $5$"

    • I# .'(& #) 77), "# 8 )$#7$%)"'#, ); ="&& '# .") $#. '# %.")

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    A&'an"a#$ . &!,l n"+5 $5$"

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    Di..+nc ,"3n $in#l n"+5 an& &!,l n"+5 $5$". ,4 4*in#

    • S"#*& #) "7 $# "#%'3&) $#. (#7%"#)"-"% );'. '-''> >3"#* =; $7 .'(& #) "7 $ %'3&) $#.7%"#)"-"% );'. '- ''> >3"#*

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    D,i" an& C+&i"

    • D")+ D – B#-") %"8"#* $73%)

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    g g

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    • ALL THE FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS HAVE TWO ASPECTS

    DOUBLE ENTRY SYSTEM

    DEBIT ! BENEFIT RECEIVING ASPECTCREDIT ! BENEFIT GIVING ASPECT

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    NATURE OF ACCOUNT

    • PERSONAL ACCOUNT• EG+ RAMU A/C, GANESH A/C, BANK A/C, RS : CO A/C ETC

    • REAL ACCOUNT• TANGIBLE ASSETS

     – EG+ MACHINE, LAND, STOCK ETC• INTANGIBLE ASSETS

     – EG+ GOODWILL, PATENTS ETC

    • NOMINAL ACCOUNT• EPENSES

     –

    EG+ SALARY A/C, RENT A/C• INCOME

     – EG+ INTEREST RECEIVED

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    GOLDEN RULE OF ACCOUNTSNATURE OFACCOUNT

    DEBIT (DR) CREDIT (CR)

    PERSONAL

    A/C

    THE

    RECEIVER

    THE GIVER

    REAL A/C WHATCOMES IN

    WHAT GOESOUT

    NOMINALA/C

    EXPENSESAND LOSSES

    INCOME ANDGAINS

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    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

    • PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

    • BALANCE SHEET

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    PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

    • P'-") : &'77 $%%'(#) "7 33$. )' $7%)$"# ); #) 3'-") ' #) &'77 '- ); %'3$# "# $#$%%'(#)"#* 3"'.

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    • I- "#%' "7 &77 );$# ); 3#77, );# ") "7 N) &'77

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    PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

    • I3')$#) 3#77 – C$"$* "#=$.7 ! )$#73') %;$*7 3$". =;"& "#*"#* );

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    3'.(%)7 )' %(7)'7 – B$. .)7 ! $'(#) =;"%; "7 *"8# $7 %.") () #') %"8. – D3%"$)"'# – T$, "#)7), ."8".#. 3$". – S$&$, =$*7, #) 3$". –

    D"7%'(#), %'"77"'# 3$".

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     PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

    • I3')$#) "#%'+ – S$&7 – I#)7), ."8".#. %"8. – R#) %"8. –

    C'"77"'#, ."7%'(#) %"8. )%

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     PROFORMA OF PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

    • EPENSES – P(%;$77 – W$*7 – S$&$, #) – D"7%'(#)

     – T$ – I#)7) – P'= – E&%)"%") – C$"$* "#=$.7 – C$"$* '()=$.7

     – C&$"#* %;$*7 – P$%>"#* %;$*7 – D'%> .(7 – C'$&, *$7 – F$%)' &"*;)

    • INCOME – S$&7 – C'"77"'# %"8. – R#) %"8. – I#)7) %"8.

     – D"8".#. %"8. – D"7%'(#) %"8. – O); "#%'

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    PROFORMA OF PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT/

     – D"8".#. 3$". – T$. %;$*7 – M$#(-$%)("#* 3#77 – S)$)"'#$ – I#7($#% – R3$" – O--"% 3#77 – S(#. 3#77 – E7)$&"7;#) 3#77 – C'"77"'# 3$". – A.8)"7 3#77 – S&&"#* $#. ."7)"()"'# 3#77

     – A(.") 3#77 – D3%"$)"'# – B$. .)7 – T$8&&"#* 3#77

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    BALANCE SHEET

    • T; $&$#% 7;) %'3"77 '- &"7) '- $77)7 $#.&"$"&")"7 '- ); %'3$# '# $ *"8# .$)

    • I) 37#)7 ); -"#$#%"$& 3'7")"'# '- $ %'#%#

    • I) "7 %$&&. $7 7)$)#) '- 4($&")

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    PROFORMA OF BALANCE SHEET

    LIABILITIES• CURRENT LIABILITIES• C.")'7• B"&&7 3$$&• O()7)$#."#* 3#77•

    T$ 3$$&• D"8".#. 3$$&• B$#> '8.$-)• LONG TERM LIABILITIES

    • E6UITY

    • E4(") 7;$ %$3")$&• P-#% 7;$ %$3")$&•

    R787 : S(3&(7 R)$"#. E$#"#*7• DEBT

    • D#)(7• B$#> &'$#

      ASSETS• CURRENT ASSETS• C$7; "# ;$#.• C$7; $) $#>• D)'7•

    B"&&7 %"8$&• S)'%>• P3$". 3#77• S;') ) "#87)#)7• FI7ED ASSETS

    • L$#. : ("&."#*• P&$#) : $%;"#•

    F(#")(• L''7 )''&7• M')' %$• L'#* ) "#87)#)• G''.="&&• P$)#)7 : %'3"*;)7

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    CURRENT ASSETS AND FI7ED ASSETS

    CURRENT ASSETS• T; $77) =;"%; %$# %'#8). "#)' %$7; =");"# '#

    $%%'(#)"#* 3"'.• E• D)' ! %'3$# *"87 %.") )' %(7)'7 C(7)'7

    ="&& 3$ &$) )' ); %'3$# T"&& );# ); %(7)'7$ #)"'#. $7 D)'7

    • B"&& %"8$& ! S$ $7 .)' T; $"# ."--#% "7);$) "&&7 %"8$& "7 %'#7".. $7 3'"77' #')E8# "- %(7)' %;$)7, %'3$# %$# )$> $%)"'#$*$"#7) );

    • S)'%> ' I#8#)' ! I) $ R$= $)"$& ' W'> "#3'*77 $#. F"#"7;. *''.7

    • P3$". 3#77 ! $'(#) 3$". ); %'3$# "#$.8$#%

    • S;') ) "#87)#) ! %'3$# "#87) );" 7(3&(7

    %$7; "# 7;') )" -' 3"'. &77 );$# '# $• C$7;• C(#) $77)7 $, );-', 8 "3')$#) )' %$7;

    -&'= $#$*#) $#. -'%$7)"#*, %$(7 ); $); $77)7 );$) $ (7"#77 (77 )' 3$ ")7 "&&7, 3$''="#*7, 3$ ."8".#.7 $#. 7' '#,

    FI7ED ASSETS• T; $77) =;"%; )$>7 ' );$# '# $ )'

    %'#8) "#)' %$7;• E• L$#. : ("&."#*• P&$#) : $%;"#

    • F(#")(• L'#* ) "#87)#)• L''7 )''&7• M')' %$• G''.="&&• P$)#)7 $#. %'3"*;)7• F". $77)7 $ #') ;&. -' 7$& () -' );

    3'.(%)"'#, 7(33&, #)$& ' $."#"7)$)"8

    3(3'77• F". $77)7 $ #'$&& 3%). )' (7. -'' );$# '# $%%'(#)"#* 3"'. =;"%; "7 =;); $ 3$) '- N'# C(#) A77)7 '- ); #)")E%'#'"% #-")7 -' -". $77)7 $ );-'."8. "# ); &'#* )

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    CURRENT LIABILITIES AND LONG TERMLIABILITIES

    CURRENT LIABILITIES• T; &"$"&") =;"%; ;$7 )' 3$". ); %'3$#

    =");"# '# $%%'(#)"#* 3"'.• E• C.")'7 ! %.") %"8. ); %'3$# -'

    ); 7(33&"7•

    B"&&7 3$$& ! 7""&$ )' %.")'7 () "&&7 3$$&"7 $ 3'"77' #') I- %'3$# .-$(&)7, );#); 7(33&"7 ="&& )$> $%)"'# $*$"#7) ); %'3$#

    • O()7)$#."#* 3#77 ! 3#77 #') 3$". );%'3$# *+ O()7)$#."#* #), '()7)$#."#* 7$&$

    • T$ 3$$&• D"8".#. 3$$&• B$#> '8.$-) ! %'3$# $ =");.$= '

    -' );" %(#) $%%'(#) $'8 ); $8$"&$&

    $&$#% $#. )' 3$". =");"# ); $

    LON TERM LIABILITIES• T; &"$"&")"7 =;"%; %$# 3$". 8# $-) '#

    $ ); %'3$# "7 %$&&. $7 &'#* )&"$"&")"7

    • E*• E6UITY•

    E4(") 7;$ %$3")$& ! $'(#) %"8. );%'3$# "77("#* 4(") 7;$ F' );"7 %'3$#3$7 4(") ."8".#. )' ); 4(") 7;$;'&.7T; ."8".#. $) "7 #') -".

    • P-#% 7;$ %$3")$& ! $'(#) %"8. );%'3$# "77("#* 3-#% 7;$ F' );"7%'3$# 3$7 -". 3-#% ."8".#. )'3-#% 7;$;'&.7

    • R787 : S(3&(7 R)$"#. E$#"#*7 ! (#(7.

    &$7) $ 3'-")• DEBT• D#)(7 ! $'(#) %"8. ); %'3$#

    "77("#* .#)(7 F' );"7 %'3$# 3$7 -"."#)7) )' ); .#)( ;'&.7

    • B$#> &'$#

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    FINANCIAL STATEMENT

    • F"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 - )' -'$& $#. '"*"#$&7)$)#)7 33$. $ (7"#77 %'#%# )' ."7%&'7")7 -"#$#%"$& "#-'$)"'#

    • T; )=' $@' -"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 $ – P'-") : &'77 $%%'(#) – B$&$#% 7;)

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    USES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

    • P'73%)"8 "#87)'7 (7 -"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 )' 3-' -"#$#%"$& $#$&7"7, =;"%; "7 $ > %'3'##) "# $>"#* "#87)#) .%"7"'#7

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    • Mana#+$ 4(" F"#$#%"$& S)$)#)7 )' $#$* ); $--$"7 '- ); %'3$# $7777"#* ")7 -"#$#%"$& 3-'$#% $#. 3'7")"'# $#. )$>"#*"3')$#) (7"#77 .%"7"'#7

    • S8a+8l&+$ (7 F"#$#%"$& S)$)#)7 )' $7777 ); "7> $#. )(# '- );" "#87)#) "# ); %'3$# $#. )$> "#87)#) .%"7"'#7 $7. '# );"$#$&7"7

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    https://www.boundless.com/finance/definition/credithttps://www.boundless.com/finance/definition/credithttps://www.boundless.com/finance/definition/credit

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    ESSENTIALS OF GOOD FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

    • Si*lici"5: F"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 7;'(&. 7"3& 7' );$) %'#%#. "#."8".($&7 %$# $7"& (#.7)$#. $#. "#)3) ); 3'3& F' );"7, );7)$)#)7 (7) 7"3& $#. %&$

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    Di$cl$!+: T; -"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 7;'(&. ."7%&'7 $&& ); &8$#) $#. $)"$& -$%)7 I) 7;'(&. )$#73$#) 7' );$) ); (77 '- $%%'(#)"#*"#-'$)"'# %$# .$= #$) %'#%&(7"'#7

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    • C*l" an& acc!+a" in.+a"in$: F"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 7;'(&. "#%&(. ); %'3&) $#. $%%($) "#-'$)"'# $'() ); 3'*77 '- $ (7"#77$#. ")7 -()( 3'73%)7 I#-'$)"'#7 7;'(&. $7. '# -$%)7 F$&7 $#. "#%'3&) "#-'$)"'# 7(&)7 "# ='#* "#)3)$)"'#

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    LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

    • Ba$& n "+a&i"in$ an& cn'n"in$: F"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 $ 33$. $#. $7. (3'# )$.")"'#7 $#. %'#8#)"'#7 =;"%; $&&'= ); (7$* '- 37'#$& @(.*#)7

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    • A+"i.icial 'i3: F"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 .' #') 8$& $ $& $#. %'%) 3"%)( '- ); ='); '- $77)7 $#. );" &'77 '- 8$&( T; $7'# "7 );$) ); $ 7;'=# '#;"7)'"%$& %'7) T;(7, );7 7)$)#)7 3'8". $)"-"%"$& 8"= M$>) ' 3&$%#) 8$&( $#. ); --%) '- ); %;$#*7 "# ); 3"% &8& $ %'3&)& "*#'.

    • Inca*a,l: F"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 $ "#%$3$& '- 7;'="#* 3'-")$"&"), '3$)"'#$& --"%"#%, -"#$#%"$& 7'(#.#77, )% '- ); (7"#77T;7 &"")$)"'#7 '- -"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 %$# '8. --"%"#) $#$&7"7 $#. "#)3)$)"'# '- ); -"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7

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    TECHNI6UES OR TOOLS FOR FINANCIALSTATEMENT ANALYSIS• COMPARATIVE STATEMENT ANALYSIS OR HORIZONTAL ANALYSIS

     – C'3$$)"8 -"#$#%"$& 7)$)#) "7 $ $#$&7"7 '- -"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 '- ); %'3$# -' )=' $7 ' '-); )=' %'3$#"7 '- 7""&$ )37 H'" %'3$"7'# )=# )=' -"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 B"#*$ )%;#"4( '- ;'"

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     TECHNI6UES OR TOOLS FOR FINANCIALSTATEMENT ANALYSIS• TREND ANALYSIS

     – T#. $#$&7"7 "7 ); $#$&7"7 '- ); )#. '- ); -"#$#%"$& $)"'7 '- ); %'3$# '8 );$7 I) "7 $# "3')$#) )''& '- ;'"

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     TECHNI6UES OR TOOLS FOR FINANCIALSTATEMENT ANALYSIS• FUND FLOW STATEMENT

     – T; '@%)"8 '- );"7 $#$&7"7 "7 )' )$%) ); "#-'$)"'# &$)"#* )' ='>"#* %$3")$& T;$'(#) '- #) ='>"#* %$3")$& "7 .)"#. ..(%)"#* ); )')$& '- %(#) &"$"&")"7-' ); )')$& '- %(#) $77)7 T; 7)$)#) '- %;$#*7 "# ='>"#* %$3")$& 3'8".7 );"#-'$)"'# "# &$)"'# )' ='>"#* %$3")$& )=# )=' -"#$#%"$& 3"'.7

    • CASH FLOW STATEMENT

     – C$7; -&'= $#$&7"7 "7 ); $#$&7"7 '- ); %;$#* "# ); %$7; 3'7")"'# .("#* $ 3"'.

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    UNIT

    • RATIO ANALYSIS – A $)"' "7 $ $);$)"%$& &$)"'#7;"3 )=# )=' ")7 377. "# $

    4($#)")$)"8 -' – A# $%%'(#)"#* $)"' %$# .-"#. $7 4($#)")$)"8 &$)"'#7;"3 )=# )=' '

    ' ")7 '- ); -"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 %'##%). ="); $%; '); – I) "7 $ %'3$"7'# '- ); #($)' ="); ); .#'"#$)' – E$3&7+ L"4(".") $)"'7, P'-")$"&") $)"'7, T(#'8 $)"'7, 7'&8#% $)"'7 – A#$&7"7 $#. "#)3)$)"'# '- -"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 ="); ); ;&3 '- $)"'7 "7

    ). $7 $)"' $#$&7"7 – I) "#8'&87 ); 3'%77 '- %'3()"#*, .)"#"#* $#. 37#)"#* );

    &$)"'#7;"3 '- ")7 ' *'(37 '- ")7 '- -"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 – I) "7 $# $* '&. )%;#"4( '- -"#$#%"$& $#$&7"7 – T; $ ); 7)37 "# $)"' $#$&7"7 $ S&%)"'# '- &8$#) "#-'$)"'#

    C'3$"7'# '- %$&%(&$). $)"'7 % I#)3)$)"'# $#. 3')"#*

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    I*+"anc . +a"i anal5$i$

    • Ai& " a$!+ #n+al ..icinc5+• R$)"'7 #$& ); $77 '- $%%'(#)"#* .$)$ )' 7($""#* --%)"8 %'#)'& '- ); (7"#77 !$7("#* 3-'$#% %'#)'& '- %'7) )%• E--%)"8 %'#)'& "7 > #') '- --%)"8 $#$*#)•  

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    A&'an"a#$ . Ra"i anal5$i$

    1 Hl*.!l in Dci$in Ma4in#A&& '( -"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 $ $. -' 3'8"."#* "#-'$)"'# B() );"7 "#-'$)"'# "7 #') ;&3-(& -' .%"7"'# $>"#* %$(7 -"#$#%"$& 7)$)#)7 3'8". '#& $="#-'$)"'# W;# = %$&%(&$) ."--#) $)"'7 "# $)"' $#$&7"7, $) );$) )", = *) (7-(& "#-'$)"'# I %$# 3&$"# ") ="); 7"3& $3& S(33'7, = %$&%(&$)'( "#)7) %'8$* $)"' =;"%; "7 10)"7 () '( %'3)")' %'3$#7 "#)7) %'8$* $)"' "7 15 )"7 I) $#7 %$3$%") '- ); 3'-") '- '( %'3)")'%'3$# "7 ' );$# (7 B 7"#* );"7, = %$# )$> .%"7"'#7 -' "#%$7"#* '( 3'-")$"&") Hl*.!l in Financial F+ca$"in# an& Plannin#E8 $ = %$&%(&$) &')7 '- $%%'(#)"#* $)"'7 W;# = $> )#. '- $&& );7 $)"'7, = %$# *) (7-(& "#-'$)"'# -' '( -()( -'%$7)"#* $#. 3&$##"#* F'$3&, = %$# )&& -"8 $ %'&&%)"'# 3"'. ="); -'&&'="#* =$F' );"7 )#., = >#'= );$) = $ .%$7"#* ); .$7 -' %'&&%)"'# '# -' '(.)'7 W"); );"7 "#-'$)"'#, = %$# $> )=' 3&$#7 O# "7 --%)"8 (7'- '# =;"%; = $ *))"#* -' '( .)'7 ' -$7)& $#. 7%'#. = %$# $&7' %;%> ); ;$8"' '- '( .)'7 %'3$"#* );"7 ="); 7$&7 )#. L"> );"7,); $ &')7 '- $)"'7 =;"%; $ $&7' (7-(& -' )) 3&$##"#*; Hl*.!l in C!nica"inR$)"' $#$&7"7 $ ' "3')$#) -' %'(#"%$)"'# 3'"#) '- 8"= S(33'7, = ;$8 )'$33'"#) #= 7$&7 $*#)7 -' '( %'3$# A) );$) )", = %$#

    %'(#"%$) ); (7"#* '( %'3$#7 7$&7 $#. 3'-") &$). $)"'7 T; "7 #' #. '- ;"9)%; -' (#.7)$#."#* ); $#"#* '- $# 73%"-"% $)"' F'$3&, '( *'77 3'-") "# 2010 "7 2 $#. "# 2011, ") "7 255 B @(7) )&&"#* );"7 $)"', = %$# (#.7)$#. =;); '( %'3$# "7 *'="#* ' -$&&"#*• Hl*$ in Cn"+lR$)"' $#$&7"7 %$# $&7' (7 -' %'#)'&&"#* '( (7"#77 W %$# $7"& %$) ); 7)$#.$. '- $%; -"#$#%"$& ") '- '( $&$#% 7;) $#. 3'-") $#. &'77 $%%'(#) O#);"7 $7"7, = %$# $&7' %$&%(&$) 7)$#.$. $)"'7 B %'3$"#* 7)$#.$. $)"'7 ="); $%)($& $%%'(#)"#* $)"'7, = %$# -"#. 8$"$#% T;7 8$"$#% $ -$8'$&$#. (#-$8'$& O# );"7 $7"7, = %$# %'#)'& '( (7"#77 -' -"#$#%"$& 3'"#) '- 8"=? Hl*.!l .+ S8a+8l&+@$ &ci$in$F' $3&, I $ $ 7;$;'&. I =$#) )' "#87) "# $# %'3$#7 7;$7 B-' ("#* $# %'3$#7 7;$7, I ="&& "#)7). )' >#'= %'3$#7 &'#* )7'&8#% S', I ;$8 )' %$&%(&$) &'#* ) 7'&8#% $)"'7 I# =;"%;, I ;$8 )' %$&%(&$) -". $77)7 )' #) ='); $)"', -". $77)7 )' &'#* ) .) $)"' O# );"7$7"7, I %$# >#'= ); &8& '- -". $77)7 $#. ")7 $"# 7'(% A-) %;%>"#* '#7 7%("), I ="&& "#)7). )' >#'= )(# '# );"7 "#87)#) ROI,EPS $#. DPS $ '7) (7-(& $)"'7 =;"%; I %$# %$&%(&$) -' >#'="#* );"7 Hl*.!l .+ C+&i"+$@ &ci$in$C.")'7 $ );'7 37'#7 =;' 3'8". *''.7 '# %.") )' %'3$# ' 3'8".7 7;') 3"'. &'$# )' %'3$# A&& ); %.")'7 $ "#)7). )' >#'= =;);%'3$# ="&& 3$ );" .) ' #') F' );"7, ); %$&%(&$) %(#) $)"' $#. 4("%> &"4(". $)"' $#. $8$* 3$#) 3"'. O# );"7 $7"7, ); )$> .%"7"'#7 Hl*.!l .+ *l5$@ &ci$in$E8 3&' =$#)7 )' "#%$7 ;"7 7$&$ H $&7' =$#)7 )' *) ' $#. ' "#%#)"87 -' %'3$# F' );"7, ; )$>7 ;&3 -' %'3$#7 3'-")$"&") $)"'7P'-")$"&") $)"'7 ="&& ;&3-(& -' 3&'7 )' 377( '# ); %'3$# -' "#%$7"#* );" 7$&$ Hl*.!l .+ G'" &ci$in$D"--#) %'3$#"7 $#$&

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    CLASSIFICATION OF RATIOS

    • Cla$$i.ica"in . +a"i$ ,5 *!+*$ + .!nc"in – T;7 $)"'7 $ (7. -' ); 3(3'7 '- $7777"#* 3'-")$"&"), $%)"8") ' '3$)"#* --"%"#% $#. -"#$#%"$& 3'7")"'# '- $ %'#%# – T;7 $)"'7 $ %&$77"-". $7 3'-")$"&") $)"'7, T(#'8 $)"'7, F"#$#%"$& ' 7'&8#% $)"'7 – P'-")$"&") $)"'7 "#%&(. R)(# '# "#87)#), N) 3'-") $)"', G'77 3'-") $)"', O3$)"#* 3'-") $)"' )% – T(#'8 $)"'7 "#%&(. S)'%> )(#'8, D)' )(#'8, C.")'7 )(#'8, W'>"#* %$3")$& )(#'8 )% – F"#$#%"$& ' 7'&8#% $)"'7 "#%&(. %(#) $)"', &"4(". $)"', P'3")$ $)"', D) 4(") $)"' )%

    • Cla$$i.ica"in . +a"i$ ,5 i*+"anc

     – T;"7 %&$77"-"%$)"'# "7 "#* $.'3). ); B")"7; I#7)")() '- M$#$*#) T;7 $)"'7 $ %&$77"-". $7 – P"$ $)"'7 ! A&7' >#'=# $7 E3&$#$)' $)"'7 =;"%; "#%&(. R)(# '# %$3")$& 3&'., A77)7 )(#'8, P'-") $)"'7 – S%'#.$ 3-'$#% $)"'7 ! W'>"#* %$3")$& )(#'8, S)'%> )' )(#'8, C(#) $77)7 )' -". $77)7, F". $77)7 )' )')$& $77)7 )% – S%'#.$ %.") $)"'7 "#%&(. C.")' )(#'8, D)' )(#'8, L"4(". $)"', C(#) $)"' )%

     – G'=); $)"'7 "#%&(. *'=); $) "# 7$&7, *'=); $) "# #) $77)7• Cla$$i.ica"in . +a"i$ ,5 !$+$

     – R$)"'7 $ %&$77"-". '# ); $7"7 '- 3$)"7 =;' (7 ); $)"'7 – R$)"'7 $ %&$77"-". -' $#$*#), %.")'7 $#. 7;$;'&.7 – T; -'&&'="#* $ ); $)"'7 -' $#$*#) 8"< O3$)"#* $)"'7, S)'%> )(#'8 $)"', D)' )(#'8 $)"', F". $77)7 )(#'8 $)"'7,

    C.")' )(#'8 $)"', N) 3'-") $)"', G'77 3'-") $)"' )% – R$)"'7 -' C.")'7 $ F". %;$*7 %'8, D) 78"% %'8, L"4(". $)"', C(#) $)"', D) 4(") $)"', C$3")$& *$"#* $)"', S'&8#%

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    I*+"an" +a"i$

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    6UIC RATIO

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    http://www.accountingformanagement.org/current-ratio/http://www.accountingformanagement.org/current-ratio/

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    http://www.accountingformanagement.org/current-ratio/http://www.accountingformanagement.org/current-ratio/http://www.accountingformanagement.org/current-ratio/

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    C!++n" a$$"$

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    C!++n" lia,ili"i$

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    http://www.accountingcoach.com/blog/balance-sheethttp://www.accountingcoach.com/blog/what-is-a-liabilityhttp://www.accountingcoach.com/blog/what-is-an-account-payablehttp://www.accountingcoach.com/blog/debtorhttp://www.accountingcoach.com/blog/debtorhttp://www.accountingcoach.com/blog/what-is-an-account-payablehttp://www.accountingcoach.com/blog/what-is-a-liabilityhttp://www.accountingcoach.com/blog/balance-sheet

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    School of Management Studies –  Striving towards Excellence 

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    DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPANIES

    • SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP• PARTNERSHIP COMPANY• PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY• PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY

    Executive Placement 2003  BIM 

    School of Management Studies –  Striving towards Excellence 

    BALANCE SHEET

  • 8/19/2019 Afl - All Five Units Ppt

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    LIABILITIES• CURRENT LIABILITIES• C.")'7• B"&&7 3$$&• O()7)$#."#* 3#77• T$ 3$$&• D"8".#. 3$$&• B$#> '8.$-)• LONG TERM LIABILITIES• E6UITY• E4(") 7;$ %$3")$&• P-#% 7;$ %$3")$&• R787 : S(3&(7 R)$"#. E$#"#*7• DEBT• D#)(7• B$#> &'$#

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