=

NUOT=

SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

afAdlkAi pTobkdTe lc AalBb BofCh tAii sincenzo diamundoN, dian miero iignolaO, Andrea mrotaP, daetano ManfrediQ ABpToACT =mrevious= experimental=studies= showed= that= the=ratio=between=mortar=and=brick=mechanical=properties=EiKeK= strengthI= stiffness= and=voung=modulusF= influences=not= only= the= design= approaches= Ein= terms= of=basic= assumptions= and= analytical= models= eKgK= homogenizationF= but= also= the= global= response= of= the=masonry=walls= in=term=of=strength=and=ductilityK=A=specific=analysis= is=herein=presented=in=the=case=of=earth=bricks=or=adobe=constructionsI=highlighting=main=issues=and=variability=in=the=behavior=of=seismic=resisting=walls=varying=the=properties=EiKeK=soil=compositionI=curingF=of=the=materials=used=for=the=adobe=productionK= heywords: Adobe, Masonry walls, cinite element method, konlinear analysis,

peismic vulnerability NK fkTolarCTflk =barth= is= one= of= the= oldest= and= most= widespread= construction= material= used= in= the= construction= of=buildings=for=thousands=of=yearsK=barth=can=be=considered=as=the=cheapest=material=readily=available=for=constructionK= ft= has=been=used=extensively=for=wall=constructions=around=the=worldK=qhe=popularity=of=adobe=is=also=related=to=the=low=level=of=skill=and=technology=required=for= the=production=of=the=bricks=and= constructions= and= inherent= properties= of= earth= that= is= an= efficient= heat= and= sound= insulating=materialK= Adobe=earth=construction=was=copious= in=the=ancient= world=and=examples= in=many=different=places= have= been= discovered= so= that= preservation= of= historicI= or= even= archeologicalI= structures= is=nowadays= a= rising= awarenessK= aespite= the= numerous= advantagesI= adobe= constructions= are= prone= to=damage=under=seismic=actionsK=rnfortunately=research=on=the=structural=behavior=of=adobe=buildings=is=inadequate =so =farK =qhe =seismic =behavior =of =adobe =masonry =walls =is =related =to =the =inJplane =shear =behaviorK= qhe=typical= failure=mode= is= the=EdiagonalF= cracking=modeK=qhis=occurs=when=the=principal=tensile=stresses=developed=in=the=wall=under=a=combination=of=vertical=and=horizontal=loads=exceed=the=tensile=strength=of=the=adobe=materialK=qhe=seismic=characterization=of=the=masonry=structural=element=is= generally= carried= out= through= direct= shear= tests= or= diagonal= compression= testsK= qhe= diagonal=compression=test= is=a=research=test= method=that= covers=determination=of= the=diagonal= tensile=or= shear=strength=of=masonry=assemblages=by=loading=them=in=compression=along=one=diagonalI=thus=causing=a=diagonal=tension=failure=with=the=specimen=splitting=apart=parallel=to=the=direction=of=load=xNzK=qhis=test=allows=evaluating=the=effects=of=variables=such=as=type=of=masonry=unitI=mortarI=workmanshipI=etcK=xOzK==OK prMMAov lc bumbofMbkTAi lrTClMbp

OKNK Test setup bxperimental=diagonal=compression=tests=on=adobe=wall=panels=are=presented=by=quranly=and=paritas=OMNN=xPzK=All=the=tested=panels=were=subjected=to=diagonal=compressive=loads=Ecompressive=edge=loadF=acting= in= the= plane= of= wall= and= forming= a= QR°= angle= with= the= direction= of= the= mortar= bed= joints;=geometry=of=a= tested=panel= is= reproduced= in= EcigK=NFK=qhe=specimens= were=built= with= the=global= size=EUM=×=UM=cmOF=and=bricks=size=ENNKR=×=NMKR=×=ONKR=cmPF= as= shown=in=EcigK=NF=but= with=different=adobe=================================================N=mhKaK=ptudentI=rnivK=of=kaples=cederico=ffI=aeptK=of=ptructural=bngineeringI=vincenzoKgiamundo]uninaKit=O=Assistant=mrofessorI=rnivK=of=kaples=cederico=ffI=aeptK=of=ptructural=bngineeringI=glignola]uninaKit=P=Associate=mrofessorI=rnivK=of=kaples=cederico=ffI=aeptK=of=ptructural=bngineeringI=aprota]uninaKit=Q=cull=mrofessorI=rnivK=of=kaples=cederico=ffI=aeptK=of=ptructural=bngineeringI=gamanfre]uninaKit=

=

NUOU=

soil= composition= and= curing= for= both= the= bricks= and= the= mortarK= qhe= mortar= height= and= width= are=respectively=NM==cm=and=NNKR=cm=for=all=the=specimensK==

80

11.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 11,5

80

10,5

10,5

10,5

10,5

10,5

10,5

10,5

=cigK N=qested=panel=geometry=

=OKOK Material characterization qhe=mechanical=properties= are= in=part= given=by= xNz= and= in=part= achieved=by= fitting= numerical= global=experimental= dataK= qensile= and= compressive= strengths= for= different= curing= times= were= computed= by=interpolation=starting=from=the=values=suggested=in=xQzI=while=the=voung=jodulusI=bI=of=the=adobe=soil=was= achieved= by= fitting= global= response= curveI= because= such= mechanical= characterization= was=lacking=xNzK=qhe=trend=of=compression=and=tensile=strength=with=curing=time=is=shown=in=EcigK=OFI=based=on=tests=xQzK=puch=tests=provide=data=from=M=days=to=OU=days=curingI=both=for=plain=soil=and=soil=plus=NB=straw=contentK=cor=both=materialsI=the=strength=almost=doubledK===

0,00

0,25

0,50

0,75

1,00

0 7 14 21 28

Stre

ngth

rati

o

Curing days

Plain

Straw

=

cigK O=ptrength=trend=varying=curing=time==

pimilarlyI= the= trend= of= voung= modulusI= bI= varying= the= straw= content= was= given= in= refK= xRzK= qhe=experimental=trend= is=given=by=dots= in=EcigK=PF=and=a=exponential=trend= is= interpolated=in=dashed= lineK=qhe=main=outcome=is=a=descending=trend=with=straw=content;=in=particular=the=ratio=between=the=voung=modulus=for=adobe=soil=without=straw=and=with=NB=of=straw=content=is=about=MKRK==

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Straw (%) =

cigK P=Adobe=soil=voung=modulus=trend=varying=straw=content=

=

NUOV=

PK klkifkbAo krMbofCAi AkAivpbp

PKNK cinite-element method qo= understand= the= influence= of= the= different= constituent= materials= EiKeK= local= properties= of= soilI=compositionI= curingF= on= the= global= shear= mechanical= properties= andI= in= generalI= on= the= structural=behaviorI=a=cinite=blement=jethod=EcbjF=model=has=been=used=as=a= theoretical=toolK=qhe=cbj=model=has=been=validated=through=the=comparison=of= the=experimental=data=xPz=and=numerical=cbj=outcomesK=jicromodeling=was=adopted=and=some=parametric=analyses=were=conductedK=kumerical=twoJdimensional=analyses=have=been=performed=under=planeJstress=assumptionK=qhis=assumption=is=based=on=the=fact=that=the=width=of=the=panel=is=much=lower=than=the=other=two=dimensions=and=in=plane=load=were=appliedK=qhe=analyses= were= performed= varying= the= mechanical= parameters= for= both= the= bricks= and= the= mortar= and=different= strength= valuesI= according= also= to= curing= timeI= are= reported= in= EqabKNFK= aifferent= values= are=provided=for=plain=adobe=soil=at=different=curing=daysK=qhey=represent=different=aging=of=materials=at=time=of= testing=xPz=and=in=particularI=bricks=at=testing=time=were=OU=days=oldI=while=mortar=was=almost= freshK=pimilarly=different=compositions=were=tested=for= the=brickI=namely=with=the=addition=of=fly=ash=or=strawK=cor= comparison= purposeI= lacking= of= experimental= counterpartI= numerical= simulations= were= performed=applying= a= better= mortarI= namely= “mortar= B”= instead= of= plain= fresh= mortarI= and= considering= for= both=mortar=and=bricks=the=same=properties=due=to=long=curingI=namely=longer=than=OU=daysK=qhe=analyses= have=been=performed=by=means= of= the=qkl=afAkA=vVKQKP= codeK=qhe=simulated=panel=EcigK= QF= is= constituted= by= more= than= NPMMM= eightJnode= quadrilateral= isoparametric= plane= stress=elementsK=qhis=element=is=based=on=quadratic=interpolation=and=dauss=integrationK=

=Table N=jaterial=mechanical=properties=

=

mroperties mlain soil

mlain soil

mlain soil

cly Ash addition

NB ptraw content

Mortar B

Curing=days= M= OU= [OU= OU= OU= M=

qensile=ptrength=xkmaz= PVKO= TUKQ= VUKM= NNTKS= TUKQ= VUKM=

Compressive=ptrength=xjmaz= PKPO= SKSQ= UKPM= VKVS= SKSQ= UKPM==

=

cigK 4=qest=setupW=aF=experimentalI=bF=cinite=element=model=Ewith=meshF==

jortar= and= bricks= are= modeled= individually= without= interface= elements= between= themI= according= to=total= strain= model= coupled= with= the= rotating= crack= stressJstrain= relationship= approachK= keglecting=interface= elements= is= mainly= due= to= the= lack= of= experimental= properties= however= it= was= already=successfully= employed= in=previous= studies= xOI=SzK= fn= the=total= strain=approach=the= constitutive=model=describes=the=stress=as=a=function=of=the=strainK=fn=the=rotating=crack=approach=stressJstrain=relationships=are= evaluated= in= the= principal= directions= of= the= strain= vector= xTzK= cew= data= were= available= for=constituent=materialsI=especially=for=the=nonlinear=post=peak=phaseI=so=that=ideal=plasticity=was=assumed=

=

NUPM=

in=compressionI= while=in=tension=two=limit=cases=were=consideredI= namely=ideal=plasticity=and=brittle=failureK=All=the=analyses=were=performed=under=displacement=control=measuring=inJplane=deformations=and= evolution= of= reacting= stressesK= qhe= diagonal= compressive= axial= load= has= been= appliedI= as=a=displacement= loadI= through= two= wooden= supportsK= qhe= supports= have= been= modeled= at= the= two=opposite=corners=of=the=panel=EcigK=QF=according=to=experimental=test=setup=xNzK=qhese=wooden=supports=have=been=also=modeled=by=means=of=eightJnode=quadrilateral=isoparametric=plane=stress=elementK=As=a=boundary=condition=the=bases=were=fixedK=

=PKOK kumerical test program marametric= cbj= analyses= were= compared= to= experimental= tests= xNzK= sariable= parameters= were= the=mechanical =properties =of =the =soil =and =the =softening =model =in =tensionK =fn =particular =five =cases =were =consideredI= each= one= including= both= an= ideal= tensile= plastic= behavior= and= a= brittle= tensile= failureI=namelyW=

– plain=testedW=the=wall=is=made=of=plain=adobe=bricks=OU=ddK=curing=and=fresh=plain=mortar=EiKeK=M=ddK=curingFI=voung=modulus=for=both=materials=is=OM=jma=based=on=experimental=data=fitting;=

– straw=testedW=the=wall=is=made=of=adobe=bricks=OU=ddK=curing=with=NB=straw=content=and=fresh=plain=mortar=EiKeK=M=ddK=curingFI=voung=modulus=for=brick=is=NMM=jma=while=for=mortar=is=OMM=jmaI=it=is=based=on=experimental=data=fitting=accounting=for=the=ratio=MKR=due=to=straw=content=Esee=cigK=OF;=

– fly=ash=testedW=the=wall=is=made=of=adobe=bricks=OU=ddK=curing=with=NMB=fly=ash=content=and=fresh=plain= mortar= EiKeK= M=ddK= curingFI= voung= modulus= for= both= materials= is= RM=jma= based= on=experimental=data=fitting;=

– long=termW=this=wallI=not=tested=in=realityI=is=made=of=plain=adobe=bricks=and=plain=mortar=after=long=curing=time=EiKeK=curing=time=higher=than=about=OU=ddKF;=voung=moduli=were=the=same=as=the=first=caseI=for=comparison=purpose;=

– mortar= BW=this=wallI= not= tested=in= realityI= is= considered=for= comparison=only=purpose=with=plain=tested=wall;=the=wall=is=made=of=plain=adobe=bricks=OU=ddK=curing=and=a=better=mortar=compared=to=plain=soil;=voung=moduli=were=the=same=as=the=first=caseI=for=comparison=purposeK=

4K bumbofMbkTAi-TeblobTfCAi ClMmAofplk =qhe= behavior= of= adobe= wall= panel= was= analyzed= Evarying= softening= models= and= mechanical=parametersF= in= terms= of= loadJdisplacement= curveI= shear= stressJaverage= diagonal= strain= curveI= shear=stressJaverage=shear=strain=curveI=moisson=ratioJdisplacement=and=phear=modulusJdisplacement=curvesK=According= to= Apqj= bRNVJUN= xNz= standard= methodI= the= shear= stressI= τI= has= been= obtained= as=τ===MKTMT=sLAnI=were=s===diagonal=load=and=An===net=section=area=of=the=uncracked=section=of=the=panel=EAn===MKMVO=mO= in =the=present =caseFK =qhe=average=vertical =and=horizontal =strainsI =εv=and=εh= have=been=computed=as=the=average=displacement=along=the=compressive=and=tensile=diagonalsI=respectivelyI=over=the=same=gauge=length=EQMM=mmFK=qhe=shear= strainI=γI=according=to=Apqj=bRNVJUN=xNzI= is=γ===εv+εhK=qhe=phear= modulusI= dI= and= the=moisson=ratioI= νI=were=computed=according= to= the=wellJknown=solid=mechanics=relationshipI=respectively=as=ν===Jεh/εv=and=d===τ/γI=where=b=is=the=voung=jodulusK===

=

cigK R=bxperimental=failure=mode=Eplain=adobe=soilF=

=

NUPN=

cor=each=analysisI=the=failure=modes=were=also=checked=by=means=of=the=crack=patternsK=bxperimental=failure= mode= mainly= involved= cracking= and= detachment= of= lateral= corners= of= the= panelI= outside= the=compressed= strut= between= the= two= wooden= loading= supportsI= as= shown= in= EcigK= RFK= kumerical= tests=mainly=reproduced=the=same=cracking=patternI=but=the=spreading=of=cracks=Esmeared=crack=strain=field=in=numerical= simulationsFI= depends= mainly= on=post= peak= tensile= behavior= of= soilK= fn= next= figures= solid=signs=represent= experimental=dataI=while=continuous=and=dashed= lines=represent=brittle=and= ideal=post=peak=tensile=behaviorI=respectivelyK=A=small=cross=remarks=the=failure=point=for=brittle=materialK=

=4KNK cbM modelW plain tested qhe=plain=tested=panel=is=almost=homogeneous=panelI=in=the=sense=that=mortar=and=bricks=are=made=of=the=same=materialK=eoweverI=different=curing=times=differentiate=the=two=materialsW=mortar=is=almost=freshI=while=bricks=are=cured=for=OU=ddKI=so=that=their= strengthI=both=in=tension=and=compression=was=higherK= According= to= EcigK= SF= crack= pattern= almost= involved= vertical= lines= connecting= the= wooden=supportsK=dlobal=response=in=terms=of=corceLaisplacement=highlights=an=almost=linear=behaviorI=and=brittle= material= seems= to= better= catch= experimental= failureI= both= in= terms= of= crack= pattern= and= of=failure=loadK==

= =Crack pattern (brittle in tension) Crack pattern (ideal in tension)

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e [k

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x brittle failure

ideal curve

experimental

=

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-0.02 0 0.02 0.04

t [M

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eh [mm/mm] ev [mm/mm]

x brittle failurex brittle failure x brittle failure

=

9.19.29.3

0 5 10 15 20 25

G [M

Pa]

Misplacement [mm]

brittleideal

=

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0 0.02 0.04 0.06

t [M

Pa]

g [mm/mm]

x brittle failure

=

0.2

0.22

0 5 10 15 20 25

n [-]

Misplacement [mm]

brittleideal

= =

cigK S=bxperimentalJtheoretical=comparison=Eplain=adobe=soilF==

4KOK cbM modelW straw tested qhe= straw= tested= panelI= converselyI= is= not= homogeneous= panelW= mortar= and= bricks= have= different=stiffnessK=jortar=has=no=straw=contentI=soI=according=to=EcigK=OFI=its=voung=modulus=is=almost=doubled=if=compared=to=bricksI=having=NB=straw=contentK=citting=of=experimental=elastic=global=curve=leads=to=a=voung=modulus=of=bricks=about=R=times=higher=compared=to=previous=testK=eoweverI=the=modulus=of=bricks =smaller =than =mortar =produces =a =wider =crack =pattern =Esee =cigK =TF =compared =to =previous =testK =dlobal= response= in= terms= of= corceLaisplacement= highlights= an= almost= linear= behaviorI= and= brittle=

=

NUPO=

material=failure=matches=experimental=yielding=pointK=qhe=second=less=stiff=branch=is=almost=related=to=a=global=damageI=as=highlighted=by=sharp=change=in=shear=modulusI=dI=and=moisson=ratioI=νI=behaviorK=qhe=scatter=after=S=mm=displacement=is=mainly=due=to=the=ideal=behavior= in=compression=of=materialsI=while=a=softening=behavior= in=compression=can=be=expected;=however=the=limited=knowledge=in=terms=of=experimental=characterization=of=basic=materials=does=not=allow=to=better=fit=the=curve=up=to=failureK=fn=any=case=the=main=differenceI=compared=to=previous= testI=is=the=voung=modulus=Ewhile=strength=of=bricks=and=mortar=is=the=sameFI=and=the=global=effect=is=not=only=an=increase=of=shear=stiffness=Eabout=R=times=higher=as=the=increase=of=voung=jodulus=of=bricksFI=but=also=an=increase=of=shear=strengthI=about=PMBK=qhis= increase= in=global= shear= strength= is= not= related= to= any= increase=of= strength=of= constituent=materialsI=but=only=to=an=increase=of=voung=jodulusK==

===

=

Crack pattern (brittle in tension) Crack pattern (ideal in tension)

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e [k

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Misplacement [mm]

x brittle failure

ideal curve

experimental

=

0

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0.5

-0.005 0.000 0.005 0.010

t [M

Pa]

eh [mm/mm] ev [mm/mm]

x brittle failurex brittle failure

=

394245

0 5 10 15

G [M

Pa]

Misplacement [mm]

brittle ideal

=

0

0.25

0.5

0 0.005 0.01 0.015

t [M

Pa]

g [mm/mm]

x brittle failure

=

0.2

0.3

0.4

0 5 10 15

n [-

]

Misplacement [mm]

brittle

ideal

= =

cigK T=bxperimentalJtheoretical=comparison=Ebricks=having=NB=straw=contentF==

4KPK cbM modelW fly ash tested qhe=fly=ash=tested=panel=is=again=almost=a=homogeneous=panel=as=the=first=plain=oneI=in=the=sense=that=mortar=and=bricks=have=the=same=voung=jodulusK=eoweverI=a=different=strength=differentiates=the=two=materialsW=mortar=is=the=same=as=in=previous=testsI=almost=freshI=while=bricks=cured=for=OU=ddKI=so=that=their= strengthI=both=in= tension=and=compression=was=much=higher= Enot=only=due=to=OU=ddK=curingI=but=also=due=to=fly=ash=additionFK=citting=of=experimental=elastic=global=curve=leads=to=a=voung=modulus=of=bricks=about =OKR=times=higher =compared=to=first =testK =qhe=crack=pattern=Esee=cigK =UF =is =similar =to =first =plain=soil=testK=fn=this=case=the=second=less=stiff=branch=starts=before=major=cracking=Eand=before=brittle=material=failureF=and=the=scatter=after=about=P=mm=displacement=is=mainly=due=to=the=ideal=behavior= in=compression=of=materialsK=fn=any=case=the=main=differenceI=compared=to=first=testI=is=the=higher=voung=

=

NUPP=

modulus=Eabout=OKR=times=higherF=and=the=higher=strength=of=bricks=Eabout=RMB=higherFI=and=the=global=effect= is= not= only=an= increase=of=shear= stiffnessI=dI= Eabout=OKR= times=higherFI=but=also=an= increase=of=shear=strengthI=being=almost=TMB=higherK=fn=this=caseI=the=global=effect=of=shear=strength=increase=Eabout=TMB=compared=to=first=caseFI=is=almost=comparable= to= the= increase= of= brick= strength= Eabout= RMBF= emphasized= by= the= increase= of= voung=modulus=of=materials= Eas= in=previous=case=the= increase=of=voung=modulus=alone=was=able=to=slightly=increase=the=strengthF;=the=mortar=is=always=the=same=in=last=three=analysesK==

= =Crack pattern (brittle in tension) Crack pattern (ideal in tension)

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e [k

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ideal curve

x brittle failure

exprerimental

=

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0.40

0.60

-0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02

t [M

Pa]

eh [mm/mm] ev [mm/mm]

x brittle failure

x brittle failure

=

20

22

24

0 5 10 15 20

G [M

Pa]

Misplacement [mm]

idealbrittle

=

0

0.1

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0.4

0.00 0.01 0.02

t [M

Pa]

g [mm/mm]

x brittle failure

=

0.1

0.2

0.3

0 5 10 15 20

n [-

]

Misplacement [mm]

brittle

ideal

= =

cigK U=bxperimentalJtheoretical=comparison=Ebricks=having=NMB=fly=ash=contentF==

=4K4K cbM modelW long term curing qhe=long=term=curing=panel=was=not=experimentally=testedI=but=it=is=analyzed=to=assess=the=influence=of=strength= of= materials= on= global= behavior= of= the= masonry= panelK= ft= is= again= almost= an= homogeneous=panel= as= the= first= plain= oneI= in= a= general= sense= that= mortar= and= bricks= have= identical= mechanical=propertiesK=qhe=strength=of=the=two=materials=is=the=sameI=corresponding=to=more=than=OU=ddK=curing=and=it= is=about=ORB=higherI=compared=to=plain=soil=bricks= EOU=ddK=curingF=and=OKR=times=higher= than=plain=soil=mortar=EM=ddK=curingFK=qhe=crack=pattern=is=almost=similar=Esee=cigK=VaF=compared=to=previous=testI=but=the=panel=presents=a=higher=strengthK=qhe=global=response=in=terms=of=corceLaisplacement=is=almost=linear= up= to= failure=point= being= the=shear= strength= almost= doubled= if= compared= to= first= test= Efor= this=reason=the=crack=pattern=only=is=shownFK=fn=any=case=the=main=differenceI=compared=to=first=testI=is=the=strength=of=materialsI=and=the=global=effect= is=an= increase=of=shear= strengthI=being=comparable=to= the=increase=of=mortar=strengthK==4KRK cbM modelW mortar B qhe=panel=with=a=better=mortar=Ecompared=to=first=testFI=was=not=tested=in=realityI=but=it=is=analyzed=to=assess=the=influence=of=strength=of=materials=on=global=behavior=of=the=masonry=panelK=ft=is=again=almost=

=

NUPQ=

a=homogeneous=panel=as=the=first=plain=one=Ehaving=identical=voung=joduli=onlyFI=but=the=strength=of=the=mortar=is=about=OKR=times=higherI=compared=to=plain=soil=mortar=EM=ddK=curingF=brick=are=the=sameK=qhe=crack=pattern=is=almost=similar=Esee=cigK=VbF=compared=to=first=testI=but=the=panel=presents=a=higher=strengthI= and=also= the= global= response= in= terms= of=corceLaisplacement= is= similar= Efor= this= reason= the=crack=pattern=only=is=shownFK=qhe=comparison=with=the=first=test=allows=to=findI=in=generalI=a=spreading=of=crack=pattern=and=higher=global=performancesI=however=an=easier=and=more=direct=comparison=can=be=made=with=previous=testK=fn=fact=the=main=differenceI=compared=to=previous=testI=is=the=strength=of=brickI=and=the=global= effect= is=a=reduction=of=shear= strength=Ealmost=OMB=smallerFI=being=comparable=to=the=reduction=of=strength=of=the=bricksK==

= = = =Crack pattern (brittle in tension) Crack pattern (ideal in tension) Crack pattern (brittle in tension) Crack pattern (ideal in tension)

aF=

==========

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0 0.025 0.05

t [M

Pa]

g [mm/mm]

x brittle failure

=

bF=

==========

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0 0.025 0.05

t [M

Pa]

g [mm/mm]

x brittle failure

== = =

=

cigK 9=qheoretical=crack=pattern=and=τ-γ=curvesW=aF=plain=adobe=soil=having=long=term=curing;==bF=mortar=having=higher=strength=

=RK ClkCirpflkp =barth=is=still=diffused=as=construction=material=for=many=adobe=constructions=worldwideI=especially=for=its=cheapnessK= Also= many= historic= structuresI= built= for= thousands= of= yearsI= are= now= in= the= need= of=conservationK= aespite= their= diffusionI= only= few= experimental= tests= are= availableI= hence= numerical=experimentation= is= seen= as= a= feasible= way= to= deepen= knowledge= on= seismic= behavior= of= such=constructionsK=After=validating=the=numerical=modelI=cbj=simulations=can=be=used=as=a=tool=to=increase=the=knowledge=on=the=effect=of=constituent=materials=on=global=performancesK= fn=factI=both=the=intrinsic=variability=of= soil= materialI= and= the=variability=due= to=aging=and=compositionI= jeopardize= seriously= the=seismic= performance= of= adobe= constructionsK= pcope= of= present= study= is= to= highlight= the= influence= of=mortar=and=brick=composition=and=aging=on=the=shear=performance=of=inJplane=wallsI=after=validating=the=model=based=on=experimental=testsK=A=literature=survey=clarified=the=effect=of=curing=time=on=the=strength=of= soil= materialI= namely=an= increase=of= strength=both= in= tension=and= in= compressionI= and= the=effect= of=straw= additions= on= voung= modulus= and= of= fly= ash= on= strengthK= qhen= numerical= analyses= allowed= to=highlight=the=following=effectsK=fn=EqabK=OF=ratios=are=evaluated=with=respect=to=plain=soil=testK=voung= modulus= of= bricks= is= the= driving= parameter= for= the= shear= stiffness= of= the= panelI= in= fact= the=increase =of =stiffness =of =bricks =EeKgK =NB =straw =testF =directly =reflects =into =a =proportional =increase =of =global=stiffnessI= while= the= increase=of=mortar= stiffness=has= no=comparable=effectK=eowever= the=crack=pattern=is=directly=affected=by=an=increase=of=mortar=stiffnessI=in=fact=stiffer=mortar=is=able=to=spread=the=smeared= cracking= strain= fieldK= qhe= increase= of= stiffness= is= related= to= an= increase= of= global= shear=strengthI=even=if=there=is=no=increase=of=strength=of=basic=materialsK=qhis= is= confirmed= when= increasing= the= brick= strength= only= EeKgK= NMB= fly= ash= testFI= the= global= shear=strength=increase=is=more=than=proportional=if=attributed=also=to=the=increase=of=stiffnessK=

=

NUPR=

qhe=increase=of= mortar= strength=EeKgK= equal= for=both= long=term=curing=and=better=mortar= simulationsFI=yet=having=the=same=stiffness=of=basic=materialsI=leads=to=an=increase=of=global=shear=strengthK=eowever=the=increaseI=at=global=level=Eabout=OKR=timesFI=is=nearly=proportional=to=the=mortar=strength=increaseI=at=local=level=Eabout=OKR=timesFI=but=it=is=mitigated=by=the=reduction=of=brick=strengthI=in=fact=a=reduction=of=brick= strength= of= about= OMB= corresponds= almost= proportionally= to= a= OMB= reduction= of= global= shear=strengthK=

=Table O=jain=results=of=cbj=

=

cbM Model

Material ievel Einput dataF dlobal ievel oesults Brick

ptrength oatio

Mortar ptrength

oatio

Brick ptiffness

oatio

Mortar ptiffness

oatio

d [Mmaz

τ [Mmaz

d oatio

τ oatio

mlain= N= N= N= N= VKOP= MKNRN= N= N=ptraw=NB= N= N= R= NM= QOKTR= MKNVT= QKS= NKP=

cly=Ash=NMB= NKR= N= OKR= OKR= ONKMT= MKORR= OKP= NKT=iong=Curing= NKOR= OKR= N= N= VKOP= MKPOS= N= OKO=

jortar=B= N= OKR= N= N= VKOP= MKORV= N= NKT===obcbobkCbp xNz American= pociety= for= qesting= jaterials= EApqjFK= ENVUNF= ptandard test method for diagonal

tension EshearF in masonry assemblagesK=ApTM b RNVJUNK=xOz iignola= dKmKI= mrota= AKI= janfredi= dK= EOMMVF= konlinear= analyses= of= tuff= masonry= walls=

strengthened= with= cementitious= matrixJgrid= composites gournal of Composites for Construction ApCbI=NPEQFI=ppK=OQPJORNK

xPz quranli=iKI=paritas=AK=EOMNNF=ptrengthening=the=structural=behavior=of=adobe=walls=through=the=use=of=plaster=reinforcement=meshK=Construction and Building MaterialsI=OREQFI=ppK=NTQTJNTROK

xQz quranli=iKI=ENVURF=bvaluation of some physical and mechanical properties of plain and stabilized adobe blocksK= jaster= thesis= in= civil= engineeringK= jiddle= bast= qechnical= rniversityI= AnkaraI=qurkeyK

xRz nuagliarini= bKI= ienci= pK= EOMNMF= qhe= influence= of= natural= stabilizers= and= natural= fibres= on= the=mechanical= properties= of= ancient= roman= adobe=bricksK= gournal of Cultural eeritageI= NNEPFI= ppK=PMVJPNQK

xSz iignola= dKmKI= mrota= AKI= janfredi= dK= EOMNOF= kumerical= investigation= on= the= influence= of= com=retrofit= layout=and=geometry=on=the= inJplane=behavior=of=masonry=wallsK=gournal of Composites for Construction ApCbI=fn=pressI=doiW=NMKNMSNLEApCbFCCKNVQPJRSNQKMMMMOVTK=

xTz janie =gKI =hikstra =tKmK =EOMNMF =afAkA =cinite =blement =AnalysisK =rser’s Manual release VK4KPK blement iibraryI=qkl=afAkA=bvI=aelftI=qhe=ketherlandsK