AET—a New Job-Analysis Method

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AET—a new job-analysis methodW. ROHMERT

a

a Instituts Für Arbeitswissenschaft der Technischen Hochschule, Darmstadt, F.R., Germany

Published online: 30 May 2007.

To cite this article: W. ROHMERT (1985): AET—a new job-analysis method, Ergonomics, 28:1, 245-254

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ERGONOMICS,

1985,

VOL.

28,

NO.

I, 245-254

AET-a newjob-analysis method

By W.

ROHMERT

Instituts Fur Arbeitswissenschaft der Technischen Hochschule,

Darmstadt, F.R. Germany

The stress-relevant scaling of vocational activities byAET ascertains and compares

job demands which are characterized bymany different human activities. The AET

results thus form a

data

bank which issuitable for various aims of ergonomicwork

evaluation and work design. The application of the specific supplement of H-AET

in addition toAET itself allows detailed strain classification, especially in the field

of demands of activity. If, bya stress-oriented taxonomy for work carried out in the

range of vertical reach of the arms, anatomic-geometrical differentiations of

vertical reach and biomechanical postural forces are coupled to the workplaces, it is

possible to differentiate the scaledactivities in a strain-relevant bottle-neckanalysis.

The characteristics

of

the scaled items allow the immediate determination of

biomechanical risks

of

damage or the derivation ofmeasures for workplacedesign.

1. Introduction

It is the

aim

of all

ergonomic

efforts to

harmonize the

influences resulting from

the

configuration

of

work content ,

workplace, equipment,

working environment and

work organization

with

man s

physical and

mental

abilities

and

his psychosocial needs.

Such a wide field, which isclosely linked with the interdependenceof

human

stress and

strain, suggests the development of analysing

methods

in

order

to examine

the

degree

by which-in a given individual

case--the aim has

been

approximated.

is therefore

necessary to examine the

state

ofdesign of existing

or planned working

systems in view

of

human

stress

and

strain; the

analyst s

practical

and personal

possibilities, however,

will often be exceeded, if this is

done

by physical

and work

physiological measuring.

It is therefore necessary to develop a less expensive

method

for

ergonomic

analysis

and

description of

man-at-work

systems which

can either

completely replace physio-

logical investigations or,

at

least, restrict

them

to small bottle-neck situations.

The description of

working

systems necessary to analyseand

compare

the influence

of stress, existing

human

abilities and the effect of

strain

requires a

standardized

linguistic

arrangement,

which can be employed

and understood

both by

the ergono-

mist and the experienced practician.

This

requires a

rather

pragmatically

oriented

method

of

work

analysis which is

suitable for

employment

at reasonable expense, reliability

and

in a

standardized way

and

language in a

multitude

of workplaces. It was

under

these aspects

that the

new

job-

analysis

method AET (AET

is

the abbreviation

of rbeitswissenschaftliches Erheb-

ungsverfahren

zur

Tatigkeitsanalyse ) was developed [353, 519].

AET should

be

considered an

instrument

of analysis

combining

engineering, physiological,

behavioural-psychological elements.

2. Basic theoretical concept

AET has been developed to

judge working

systems, in which the

working

person

essentially involved in a

production

process

or

in rendering a service.

The

theoretical



246

W ohmert

Put A - Work System Anl.lysis

Work objects .

1.1 ma te ri al

work

objects (physical

condition,

special

properties of

the materil.l.

quality

of surfaces, manipull.tion delicacy,

form,

size,

weight,

dangerousness)

1.2 energy as

work object

1.3 information as work

object

1.4 man. animats, plants as work objects

2

Equipment

2.1 working equipment

2.1.1 equipment. tools, machinery to change the properties of work objects

2.1.2 means of transport

2.1.3

controls

2.2 other

equipment

2.2.1 displays, measuring instruments

2 .2 .2 t echn ical aids to support

human

sense

organs

2.2.3 work chair. table,

room

3 Work

environment

3.1 physical environment

3.1.1 environmental influences

3.1.2 dangerousness of work and risk of occupational diseases

3.2 organizatiOnal and social

environment

3.2.1

temporal organization

of

work

3.2.2

position

in the

organization

of work

sequence

3.2.3 hierarchical position in the organization

3 .2 .4 pos it ion in the communication svstern

3.3 princ ip le s and methods of remuneration

3.3.1 principles

of remuneration

3.3.2

methods

of

remuneration

Part

B - Task Analysis .

1 t asks rei a ti ng to mater ia l work

objects

2 lash relating to abstract work ceje crs

3 rnan-related tasks

4

number

and repetitiveness of tasks

Part C. - [ob Demand AnalY,sis

Demands on

perception

1.1 mode of

perception

1.1.1 visual

1 .1 .2 aud i to ry

1 .1 ,3 t ac ti le

1.1.4 olfactory

1.1.5

proprioceptive

1.2 absolute/relative evaluation of perceived information

1.3 ac cu ra cy of

perception

2

Demands

for decision

2.1 complexity of decision

2.2 pressu re of

time

2.3 requi red knowledge

Demands r

response/activity

3.1 body postures

3.2 s ta tic work

3.3 heavy muscular work

3.4 light muscu la r

work,

active light work

3.5 strenuousness and frequency of movements

Figure 1. Contents of AET.

model of the working system ispart

of

the basic concept by which the completeness

of

the item measured by AET can be checked. A further component of the basic

theoretical concept is the stress-strain concept

[518].

AET can do without measuring; human activities at practical workplaces are



ndustrial back pain in urope

247

described by observation and, if necessary, in certain cases by interviewing the

incumbent himself or his superior. AET resolves working systems into individual

elements describing and scaling their interdependences. Work analysis proceeds from a

model

of

the

job

and registers all relevant aspects

of

the work object, the equipment,

the working environment, the task as well as the job demands. Thus, stress and the

elements by which it is

determined-tasks,

demands, environmental conditions,

required

skills-are

analysed. The observation interview taken at the workplace leads

to quantifying phases

of

stress according to their duration, height, sequence and

temporal distribution within the work shift. The resulting description

of

stress can he

associated with strains, as the concept

of

AET is based upon categories of strain.

3. Choice of items

AET contains 216 items along which work analysis isdone according to figure 1.In

part A the working system is analysed with 143items. They describe the work objects,

the work tools, the equipment and the physical, organizational, social and economic

conditions of work. Figure 2 contains the respective classification

of

equipment and

shows-as

an

example-how

this ergonomic analysis considers engineering aspects.

Part B

of

the task analysis contains 31 items which are classifiedalong the different

kinds of work objects.

The third part, C,

of

the analysis of demands is based on the human activity model

by Welford

[645]

which follows the idea of an engineering physiological model and

considers theelements of perception, decision and response/activity. That part

of

AET

contains 42 items. Figure 3 gives an example

of

the classification

of

these items as

related to stress analysis in the work process.

DC,

Working

Ob1l :ct

Ded i.o n C d t r iu l l (OCt

DC,

lli.

DC.

Technolo9Y

p

repe

r e t

Ic n

01 m a t e r i a l

product ion

of

t .e r

pllotterna

d iv ia iO n b in d ln q

s p u t t. e r in g a s s e m b .l n q

c u t l i n 9

c o a t i n g

cleaning

WT

aan-

InOIJltd

WT

oo t

Man .oved

con t Inuou8

eenveyc

e

i t t l n l l

equiPMent

b o i e t i n 9

a p p l h n c n

Figure 2. Classification of equipment in AET (according to function, type of working object,

size and technology).



248

W Rohmer

POSTURAL

WORK

s i t t i n g normal

s i t t i n g s t o o p e d

s t a n d i n g

normal

e t c

f i n g e r h a n d

f o r e a r m

a r m s h o u l d e r

back

l e g f o o t

arm s and t r u n k

m u s c l e s

l e g s and p e l v i s

m u s c l e s

PARTIAL

DYNAMIC WORK

f i n g e r h a n d

hand-arm

f o o t l e g

F u r t h e r

c r i t e r i a : e x e r t i o n

o f

f o r c e

motipn f r e q u e n c y

Figure 3. Analysis of stresses during activity carried out with AET.

4. Texts Ond codes of items

Besides the structure of its contents the formal s tructure of AET may be

characterized as follows: each of the.216 items of

AET

consists of the description of the

problem, which characterizes the circumstances in catchwords, an explanation and the

code bywhich this item should be scaled. Figure4 demonstrates the formal structure of

AET

by the example

of

item 205 (stress by static work

of

fingers, hand and forearm),

Item

no .

Item Item text

code

Stress by Static Iobrk

Problem:

During what

period

of th e s h i f t i s

th e

nQrking person exposed .to

stress by s t a t i c nQrk7

catch

words and

explanation:

2he

term s t a t i c nQrk

.Implies

a long-tenn (

4 s

) nuscular

e f f o r t

which

does

no t

resu l t in a rtOVarent of

th e

bcx:ly COl

t ra ry to

dynamic nQrk).

Static

nQrk i s t her e fo r e no t

rreasur-

able th e rrec:hanical sense.

D.1ring s t a t i c work, a

muscular

e f f o r t

can take

place

not

onl y due to t he exer tion of an

external

foroe but also

because

of th e e f f o r t required to bear th e of th e

bcx:ly extremities. 0

205

cxiy regions exposed to stress:

Finger - hand

-

forearm

Olaracteris t ic: Muscular effort without suppozt, of

body

ElcaJTple:

seizing

and maintaining objects

of

Nark

operating

a keyboard

Cede t o be

used:

Code of duration D

o

does

no t

apply

or

does apply

very infrequently

1 under 1/10 of working (shift) time

2

under

1/3 of

working (shift ) time

J

between

1/3

and

2/ 3 of nQrking

(shift)

ti.ITe

4

norc th an 2 /3 of working (shift) time

5 nearly uninterrupted during th e

whole

nQrking (shift) tilre

Figure 4. AET item stress

by

static work




249

The

explanation of the circumstances given by the item text subsequent to the

description

of

the

problem

should, by catchwords, define the respective item with

respect to scope, extent and scaling. Those items which could possibly be difficult for a

practitioner

who

is

not

sufficiently trained in ergonomics to answer

contain

additional

classification aids, such as text examples or task

and

activity scales, respectively. The

item is finally scaled by the item code, which, in the case of static work, is the code of

duration (D).

Besides the choice

of

the respective item and the formulation of the item text,

special attention must be paid to the

adequate and

clear scaling of items which exert

stress on the working person

at

his workplace. For this purpose,

AET

uses fivedifferent

codes:

(I ) One code defines the stressors:

work

element does/does

no t

apply, so-called

alternative code A .

2

Two codes define the height

of

stress: special code which always refers to the

item it is applied to, so-called special code (S);code

of

importance/significance

of the item for the job

done

(I).

(3) Two

codes define the

duration

of stress:

duration

0 as well as item frequency

in the course

of

a work shift (F).

5.

Practical

AET application

The

analyst

in charge

of

the

ergonomic

analysis visits the workplace in question. He

observes

the

activity and all conditions related to work and workplace. Items that

cannot be observed will be collected in an interview with the incumbent or his superior.

Study

of the handbook and the booklet

of

items

[517,519)

is generally sufficient to

carry out

ergonomic

work analysis. Less-experienced analysts can gain the necessary

knowledge and training by participating in special 3

day

seminars. Generally, we may

expect an analyst to analyse an entire man-at-work system within 2 hours. AET has

meanwhile been applied so extensivelyand frequently that a first collection of practical

examples

[354]

has been published. The book reports on the experience and results

gained by

23

practicians

and

scientists. Meanwhile,

AET

has been translated

into

Finnish

and

English.

6. . Evaluation of AET data

The

analyst

scores his scalings for each AET item in a computer processable

marking document. These marking documents may be bought from Huber Verlag,

who (according to a

corresponding

price list) will also

carry ou t

further evaluation of

the marking documents as well as a comple te evaluat ion

of

data.

This evaluation

service, which is described in the

handbook [519

p. 197], offers a series of statistical

evaluation processes for AET users. They cover analysis

of

frequency of AET item

sealings, profile analysis with individual profiles, branch profiles and sum profiles, as

well as cluster analyses. Upon request, factor analyses will also be carried

out. The

published collection

of

practical examplesoffers the possibility

of

profitably discussing

and applying these evaluation results.

7. AET supplements

Meanwhile, it has

proved

reasonable and, at the same time, economical to further

detail ergonomic job analysis by AET. Specific aims of application can be reached

without ergonomic measuring. The supplement activity

(H-AET)

is one further

development in the scope

of

demands (figure 5). This supplement was developed to



250

W

Rohmer

P a r t A:

Analysis o f

anthropometr ic

d a t a o f

th e working system

1.

Analysis o f working person

1.1

Sex

1.2

S t a t u r e

1 .3

Height

2. Place

o f

assembly

2.1 P os iti o n o f

p la c e o f

assembly

2 . 1 . 1 P o s i t i o n

o f assembly

2 . 1 . 2 A c t i v i t y

r e l e v a n c e

o f p os t u re

2 . 1 . 3

Leaving

p l a c e

o f assembly

P a r t B: A c ti vi ty a n a ly s is

1.

S t a t i c components o f a c t i v i t y

1.1 S t a t i c work

1 . 1 . P o s i t i o n

o f a p p l i c a t i o n o f

f o r c e

1 . 1 . 2 Ene rgy con sumpt ion

1 .1 .3 D ir ec ti on o f

f o r c e

1.2

P o s t u r a l

work

1 .2 .1 S tan din g

1 . 2 . 1 . 1

P o s i t i o n

o f tr u n k

t w i s t i n g

1 . 2 . 1 . 2

P o s i t i o n

o f

head

/

t w i s t i n g

1 . 2 . 1 . 3

P o s i t i o n

o f

a p p l i c a t i o n

o f f o r c e

1 . 2 . 1 . 3 Bracing a r e a s

1 . 2 . 2 S i t t i n g

1 . 2 . 2 . 1 S i t t i n g f a c i l i t i e s

1 .2 .2 .2 P os it io n

o f t r u n k

1 . 2 . 2 . 3

P o s i t i o n o f

head

1 .2 .2 .4 P os iti o n o f a pp li c at io n

of

force

1 . 2 . 2 . 5 Bracing a r e a s

2.

Dynamic components o f a c t i v i t y

2.1 P a r t i a l dynamic work

2 .1 .1 C at eg o r ie s

o f motion

2 . 1 . 2 Elements

o f

motion

2 . 1 . 3

Length

o f

way

2 ; 1 . 4 Frequency o f

motion

2 . 1 . 5 P os it io n o f a pp li c at i o n o f force

2 . 1 . 6

Energy

consumption

2 .1 .7 D ir ec tio n

o f

f o r c e

Figure 5. Classification of H AET

cover and judge body postures and movements in industrial assembling activities [515].

As supplement data are always collected in addition to the basic AET, the possibility

of

comparing activities in various working systems remains untouched for the future.

According to the analysis

of

demands, which is the concept underlying the field

of

activities, H-AET is divided into:

Part

A. Analysis of anthropometric

data

of

the working system.

Part

B. Activity analysis.

B1 Analysis of static activity components.

B2. Analysis

of

dynamic activity components.

The

division

ofthese

two main parts

ofH-AET

isshown in figure 5.

Part

A (analysis

of

anthropometric data) covers factors influencing muscle strength (sex, bodily

structure) aswellas the position

of

the work object and the equipment (working aids as




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0

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-

1

I

- ,

,

,

a r e a

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-

-

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,-

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- -

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f--

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I

,

,

-

-

,

,

,.

,

,

,

a rea A

-

,

- -

,

,

,

,

,

,

ti

b i a

k

nee

ve r t

i c

a l

A f l oo r

g r i p d i s t an c e,__ m m ~ ~ __ __ ~ 2 __ ~ L __

( \

g h

0

B

c

M

L

c rOW

K

e y

e s

J

ch i n

H

shoulde r

C

c h.e s t

r

e l b o

E hi p

0

hand

Figure 6. DilTcrenliallon of grip reach according 10 anat omic p e c t s (A- Ml and rorce-

oriented reach areas (areu A

-F )

.

well) with respect to the working person (figure 6). Part 81 (analysis of static activity

components) is divided into the analysis of static and postural work . Static work is

scaled by special codes refer ring to in tensity, d uration and direction of stat ic muscular

activities. Postural work contains taxonomies for standing and sitting which refer 10

the

pos

ition of the head, trunk and upper and lower limbs. Part 82 (analysis of

dynamicactivity components) is

based

upo n a taxonomyofmovementsas seen from a

quasi-static point ofview.The motion categories of arms, hands, fingers, legs and feet,

as well as the twisting movements of hands and trunk, arc scaled in strain-relevant

ranges, which a

rt

determined by a superimposition of the maximum forces appl icable

in the

ver t ical

and horizontal fields of movement.



252

IV

o m r

The f

onnal

concept of

H AET

is modelled on T for reasons of easier

transf

erabi lity and c

ompatib

ility. Problem description s for

H AET

items include the

specific scaling code which . upon explanati on of t he item, is.

if

necessary.completed by

a sca ling aid . Frequent ly occ urring

seatings

a re added as standard values; the crucial

po int in defining an item is to check

its

deviation from the

standa rd.

The

final example. of

ca r

-engine assembling, is to show how AET. the supplement

II -A

ET and the mentioned vertical classification of reach space, which scales d uration

and forces to be

ap p

lied for relevant spaces , a re employed in the a nalysis of an

assembly-line wo rkplace.

Complex application

uf A l l

in

u<,(

mbling

Figure 7 shows an assembly-line wo rkplace in engine assembling where the fou r

ignitio n cables are connected to the spa rk plugs in the dist ributo r by

app

lying forces of

7 k

p

or 5·5 k

p.

respectively. Fa stening the ignition cables to the:

CIt

hie con ta iner req uires

forcesof7·5 kp . e.g. a total force o f 80 kp is requ ired per cycle .The mere comparison of

figures- which, by the way, is highly

obvious-csuggests

that this work ing person has

to apply seven times as much f

orce

per cycle than the assembling person who . with both

han

ds, feeds heav y

cr

ank

shafts

into the sto rage for automa tic opera tion .

Due to the unfavourable accessibility of the assembling position and lack of tools,

these relatively high forces must be ap plied by fingers o r th umbs. respectively. When

sliding on the ignition cable , the ca rburetto r impedes access ibility to the spa r k plugs,

which requi res a seizing grip using three fingers. Further impedance results from the

unfavourab le di rection a fforce and

bod

y position . The necessa ry fo rces of 5 5 cp each

must

be

appl ied with two hands pa rallel to the stationary engine: as the distributor is

15em away from the fronl boundary of the tra nsportation device,

a

I is ting momen t

o f

2·2

kpm is

impr

essed

on the

body

. Wh ile bra cing a nd stooping the w

orkin

g person

has to prop against the front bou ndary of the tran sportat ion device. Thi s position

effects strain on a ll back muscles.

If the resul t s o f

AET

a re represented in the f

orm

of profiles. this graphic

dtr e

ction

of f or e•

•

Figure 7. FlIsten ing the ignnion cables to the distributor (direction of force crossingdrrecuon

of

view).




253

representation shows the corresponding high characteristics of stress for static and

postural work, dynamic work and temporal work organization. A high level of noise

prevails permanently.

If the results of H-AET are represented by cluster analysis, there is a resemblance

between this activity and various other assembling activities carried out at the same

line,which are all characterized by the combination of unilateral dynamic musclework

and high static components as well as a stooping posture of the trunk. This

superimposition of stresses must be classified as unfavourable.

Application of the fineanalysis, which is based upon the stress-oriented taxonomy

for work done in the vertical grip space of the arms, finally shows what durations and

forces occur in dynamic hand movements and their temporal distribution related to

trunk and head movements as well as the range

of horizontal grip

and

the working

height.

If the job demands of this workplace were simply analysed without respect to the

working person, the results would

values of forces lacking any significance for

human beings. is only by detailed description and quantification of postures, while

stooping and twisting the trunk,

of

the direction and position

of

the force vector

relative to the human body, which are determined by the position of the assembly

place, and the arrangement of the equipment and assembly parts that a biomechanical

risk of damage can be determined for our working person s activity according to figure

7.

La categorisation scalaire des contraintes se rapportant aux activites professionnelles, au

moyen de la technique d analyse ergonornique des activites (AEn pennet de preciser et de

cornparer les charges de travail afferentes aun grand nornbre d activites humaines. Les resultats

obtenus par I AETconstituent une banque de donnees

pour

l evaluation ergonomiquedu travail

et

pour

la conception des postes de travail. Un

ajout

specifique (H-AET) de I AET permet une

classification detaillee des contraintes particulierement dans Iedomaine des exigencesdu travail.

On peut differencier les activites classees

par

echelons au moyen d une methode de differenti-

ation des regions d atteinte et des forces biomecaniques

dans

une situation de travail

demandant

des atteintes de zones par les bras. Une classification des indices perrnet alors l evaluation directe

des risques biornecaniques ou I obtention de donnees

pour

la conception des postes.

Durch eine beanspruchungsrelevante Skalierung berufiicher Arbeitstiitigkeiten mit Hilfe des

Arbeitswissenschaftlichen Erhebungsverfahrens zur Tatigkeitsanalyse konnen Anforderungen

ennittelt und verglichen werden, die durch die unterschiedlichsten menschlichen Tiitigkeiten

bedingt sind. Somit steht aus AET-Ergebnissen ein Datensatz zur Verfiigung, welcher fur die

unterschiedlichsten Ziele einer ergonomischen Arbeitsbeurteilung und Arbeitsgestaltung

taugt. Wird zur Erfassung und Beurteilung von Korperstellungen und Korperbewegungen mit

dem H-AET ein spezifisches Supplement zum AET selbst angewendet, so lassen sich zusiitzlich

besonders fUr den Anforderungsbereich Handlung detailliertere Beanspruchungsbeurteilun-

gen vornehmen. Werden SchlieBlich in einer beanspruchungsorientierten Systematik filr

Arbeiten im Hohenbewegungsbereich

der

Arme anatomisch-geometrische Hohenbereicbsein-

teilungen und biomechanische Stellungskriifte des Menschen an Arbeitsplatzen gekoppelt, ist

eine differenzierte beanspruchungsbezogene Engpal3analyse

der

erfal3ten Tiitigkeiten moglich,

Die Auspriigungen der skalierten Items gestatten unmittelbar Aussagen iiber biomechanische

Schadensrisiken oder die Ableitung von Gestaltungsmal3nahmen fUrden Arbeitsplatz.



5

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AET—a New Job-Analysis Method

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