‘Energy Storage Solutions of the NEXT FUTURE: Thermal and ...€¦ · 15.06.2010 STYRIAN ACADEMY...

15.06.2010

STYRIAN ACADEMY for Sustainable Energies

‘Energy Storage Solutions of the NEXT FUTURE: Thermal

and Electrical Backups’

Luigi Crema

Fondazione Bruno Kessler


15.06.2010


Energy Storages Background

Cold storage by ice cutting ...

Human energy storage ...

Energy storage is accomplished by devices

or physical media that store some form of

energy to perform some useful operation at

a later time. A device that stores energy is

sometimes called an accumulator.

All forms of energy are either

potential energy (e.g. Chemical,

gravitational, electrical energy,

etc.) or kinetic energy (e.g.

thermal energy).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulator_(energy)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy

15.06.2010


Energy storage has got some limiting

factors and problems:

1. Energy conversion: to be stored,

energy requires to be converted.

The energy conversion is subjected

to the Thermodynamic Laws and

limitations (entropy vs. exergy)

causing energy losses

2. Irreversibility of the cycles (see

above): not all energy stored can be

reconverted to energy again

3. Costs: the storage media has

usually high costs, useless in case

of direct matching of generated

energy with final use

4. Environmental and safety

constraints

Disruptive technology can move

on a different direction


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STYRIAN ACADEMY for Sustainable Energies 4

Source: “Energy Storage, a key technology for decentralized

power, power quality and clean transport” (European Commission,

DG Research)


15.06.2010


We will go through some state of the art

technologies and on future perspectives,

including recent projects under

development in FBK – REET unit.

We will analyze mainly electrical energy

storage and thermal energy storage (both

in form of chemical, physical, etc…)

We will propose technologies provided of

high energy density, prevision for low

capital and running costs, safety and low

environmental impact, reversibility of the

storage cycle

Example of thermal (above) and

electrical (below) storage solutions

Energy Storages Introduction

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Electrical Energy Storages Comparison of Energy Storage techs

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Electrical Energy Storages Performances

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STYRIAN ACADEMY for Sustainable Energies 8


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Material Volumetric Gravimetric Fission of U-235 4.7x1012 Wh/l 2.5x1010 Wh/kg Diesel 10,942 Wh/l 13,762 Wh/kg Gasoline 9,700 Wh/l 12,200 Wh/kg Black Coal solid =>CO2 9444 Wh/l 6667 Wh/kg LNG 7,216 Wh/l 12,100 Wh/kg Propane (liquid) 7,050 +/-450 Wh/l 13,900 Wh/kg Ethanol 6,100 Wh/l 7,850 Wh/kg Methanol 4,600 Wh/l 6,400 Wh/kg

Sodium Borohydride 7,314 Wh/l theoretical 7,100 Wh/kg theoretical

Liquid H2 2,600 Wh/l 39,000† Wh/kg Wood 700 +/-200 Wh/l 3154 +/-1554 Wh/kg 150 Bar H2 405 Wh/l 39,000 † Wh/kg Secondary Lithium-Ion 300 Wh/l 110 Wh/kg Primary Zinc-Air 240 Wh/l 300 Wh/kg Primary Lithium Sulfur Dioxide 190 Wh/l 170 Wh/kg Nickel Metal Hydride 100 Wh/l 60 Wh/kg

Wood pellets 1000 Wh/l 4,700 Wh/kg

Flywheel 210 Wh/l 120 Wh/kg Ice to water 92.6 Wh/l 92.6 Wh/kg Lead Acid Battery 40 Wh/l 25 Wh/kg Compressed Air 17 Wh/l 34 Wh/kg


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Energy Storages Objectives by US DoE

Based on 5 kg/ H2 storage system target

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Targets_for_On-Board_Hydrogen_Storage.gif

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Electrical Energy Storages Batteries, Power vs. Energy Density

Comparison of specifications for

capacitors and batteries

The target capital cost for advanced

capacitors is estimated to be 1500 /

2500 USD/kW (EPRI, 2009).

According to existing data the learning

rate is only 14 – 15%.

A new technological requirement is on

the segment of higher power density,

at the same amount of energy density

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The total capital cost for Li/ion batteries

is estimated to be 4000 / 5000 USD/kW

(EPRI, 2009). The experience curve

concept applies to Li-ion mass

production technology. The curve has

been built on volumes from 1997 to

2003. The regression model is

expressed as:

Where C is the relative cost on the nth

period.

The exponent 0.506 implies a learning

rate of 30%.

Electrical Energy Storages Batteries, Costs

Experience curve for Li/ion batteries

15.06.2010


New Energy Storages Metal Hydrides

Metal hydrides, such as MgH2, NaAlH4, LiAlH4, LiH,

LaNi5H6, and TiFeH2, with varying degrees of efficiency,

can be used as a storage medium for hydrogen, often

reversibly.

These materials have good energy density by volume,

although their energy density by weight is often worse

than the leading hydrocarbon fuels.

Most metal hydrides bind with hydrogen very strongly.

As a result high temperatures around 120 °C - 200 °C

are required to release their hydrogen content.

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New Energy Storages Metal Hydrides

Metal hydrides have the potential for reversible on-board hydrogen storage and

release at low temperatures and pressures. The optimum "operating P-T window"

for PEM fuel cell vehicular or stationary applications is in the range of 1–10 atm and

25°C–120°C. A complex hydride system based on

lithium amide can follow a reversible

displacive reaction at 285°C and 1

atm:

Li2NH + H2 = LiNH2 + LiH

In this reaction, 6.5 wt.% hydrogen

can be reversibly stored with

potential for 10 wt.%. However, the

current operating temperature is

high (>250°C). The temperature can

be lowered to 220°C with

magnesium substitution, although at

higher pressures.

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New Energy Storages Mg based Metal Hydrides

Mg-based metal hydrides

nanocomposite systems with proper

gravimetric and energetic density

(typical >6 wt.%, ≥ 100 kg H2/m3) and

suitable charging and discharging time

and pressure.

Mg Mechanomade material can

store 10 kWh of energy in 6 – 8

litres. This is the energy

required for 1 day of average

electricity consumption at

residential level.

Mechanomade therefore

requires temperature in the

range of 300°C for hydrogen

release.

This is a limiting factor for

overall system efficiency.

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New Energy Storages Mg based Metal Hydrides

Mg-based metal hydrides dissociation curve.

Source: Felderhoff M. et al, 2009 – Int. J. Mol. Sci.

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Functional two stage metal hydrides

reservoir

Energy management of the tank is

an essential aspect to achieve high

overall efficiencies from the system

New Energy Storages Metal Hydrides System

The working temperature (300°C)

and waste heat should be converted

and used, i.e. through a thermo-

electric device, during

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New Energy Storages Sodium Borohydride

Borohydrides are a complex group in which hydrogen is bonded covalently to the

central atoms in the [BH4]- complex anion. Borohydrides have been considered

promising hydrogen storage materials due to their higher gravimetric and volumetric

hydrogen capacity

Sodium Borohydride has been considered the best candidate for electrical energy

storage due to its high theoretical energy density and potential regeneration

process.

Sodium Borohydride is stable in dry air and can be handled easily having a

theoretical hydrogen capacity of 10,8 wt% released by hydrolisis. Schesinger et al.

(1953) were the first to report 90% hydrogen evolution during the hydrolysis reaction

NaBH4 + (2 + x)H2O → 4H2 + NaBO2 * xH2O

The DH values of the above reaction was calculated for different values of x and

were found to be – 216,7 kJ/mol NaBH4 for x = 0. Feasibility limit has set to 0,84 of

water content

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Inte

rmit

ten

t So

urc

es

Photovoltaic

Solar m-CHP

Biomass m-CHP

Other Renewable or Hybrid Sources

Electrical Energy

Thermal Energy

ISLe projectIntelligent

Energy Storage

Thermal and Electric

EN

D –

USE

R -

EN

ER

GY

ON

DE

MA

ND

FROM

INTERMITTENT

SOURCES

TO ENERGY ON

DEMAND

New Energy Storages Innovations on Electrical and Thermal backups

15.06.2010


NaBH4 theoretically

has about 80% of

the energy density

of gasoline,

experimentally

obtained 50%.

A regenerative cycle

can drop the actual

cost from 50$/kg to

less than 1$/kg,

assessing an

extremely

interesting

competitiveness

respect fossil fuels.


Sodium Borohydride Regenerative

Reactor

H2 from Electroliser

Chemical Energy Storage (NaBH4)

Direct electrical power use

Intermittent thermal source

Intermittent electricity source,

PV, m-CHP from Solar, Biomasses

MOHCs nano particles

ADS / DES reactions

Waste Heat

Cycle efficiency improvement

PEM Fuel CellHydrogen

generation

Water

Exhaust material (NaBO2)

Cycles for Heating and

Cooling

Efficiency > 42%

Efficiency > 85%

Efficiency > 70 - 75%

COP > 1,5

ELE

CT

RIC

AL P

OW

ER

TH

ER

MA

L PO

WE

R

End-user

End-user

PNNL, FBK

GENPORT, POLIMI, CSIC, HIDRONERJI

LNEG, PNNLHIDRONERJIHIDRONERJI

ACCIONA,CEIS, FBK

FBK, CIDETE, ACCIONA

CIDETE, GENPORT

15.06.2010


Thermal Energy Storages Sorption reactions and microporous materials

Adsorption reactions are surface chemical bonds, able to store thermal energy under latent heat of adsorption and can be regenerated by heat in the form of latent heat of desorption. The whole energy and mass balance for an adsorption chiller is presented below

1

( ) (1 )N

b br rs s hx hx r s s r a a b i

i

dT UAdh dM c M c M M h H H T T

dt dt dt N

D D D

Bed sensible

heat

Adsorbed

refrigerant

enthalpy

Sensible heat

from evaporator Heat of adsorption Cooling water

heat removal

Heat of desorption

1 2

COP cool

r a reg

Q

Q Q Q H Q

D

Sensible heat of adsorbent

beds and refrigerant

Regenerated portion of

latent and sensible heat

15.06.2010


Luigi Crema - REET - Renewable Energies and Environmental Technologies

hot +

dry

cold +

wet

hot

cold

MTZ

MTZ

Adsorption Desorption

hot +

dry

cold +

wet

hot

cold

hot +

dry

cold +

wet

hot

cold

MTZ

MTZ


hot +

dry

cold +

wet

hot

cold

hot +

dry

cold +

wet

hot

cold

MTZ

MTZ


hot +

dry

cold +

wet

hot

cold

hot +

dry

cold +

wet

hot

cold

MTZ

MTZ


hot +

dry

cold +

wet

hot

cold

The behavior of micro porous materials versus the transition layer is different and may influence the usable heat

New Energy Storages Material Transition Zone

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0 20 40 60 80 100

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

t1 (Zeo)

t1 (Sil)

t0

Usable Temperature

Zeolith

Silicagel

Te

mp

era

ture

[°

C]

Time [h]

D

1

0

)(Air

Ads

Air t

t

pusable dttTm

m

cQ

New Energy Storages Usable Temperature and Extractable Heat

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Energy Density Zeolite Silicagel

Q max 558 MJ/m³ 768 MJ/m³

Q (Tusable) 491 MJ/m³ 212 MJ/m³

Q Sens 61 MJ/m³ --

Q max + Q Sens 552 MJ/m³ --

Q exp (81 %) 446 MJ/m³ --

storage

usableQ

storage

usableQ

m

Q

V

Q or

Energy Density

15.06.2010


Waste heat

recovery

Waste heat

recovery

Cooling power

generation

Heat from the solar

thermal collectors

THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE WITH COOLING EFFECT

New Energy Storages Thermal storage applied on a solar cooler

15.06.2010



26

The system may be designed in different layouts,

including open and closed loops with the indoor

environment,

The system may have a retrofitted control on cooling

power generation in real time,

The system may have a retrofitted control on the heat

energy stored on the tanks in real time,

The system may work in heating mode inverting the

cycle during winter period

The system may be scaled up/down on cooling power

generation and cooling capacity.

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What Are MOHCs? • Nanoporous organic or metal-organic solids that

interact at the molecular level with the working fluid

▫ Tunable binding energy with common working fluids

and refrigerants

▫ Very high uptake capacity (nearly 50 wt% for some

materials)

▫ High structural and thermal stability >500C

• Synthesis conditions support thin film deposition,

nanophase crystals, or bulk powders

• Many combinations of metal ions and organic linkers

• Suitable for high temperature applications

• Applications in geothermal power, waste heat

recovery, cooling and refrigeration, cryo-separations,

etc.


15.06.2010


Advantages on applying MOHCs on thermal fluid

• Extract 5 to 15% more heat per kg of working fluid

• Boost the heat carrying capacity of the working fluid

• Increase thermal conductivity

• Confirmed large uptake capacity (>30 wt%) using IGA-100

for various working fluids including a commercial product

(Dow J)

Molecular Design Nanophase Synthesis Working Fluid Dispersal


15.06.2010



New Energy Storages Thermo Chemical Materials

Thermo chemical materials (TCM) is a complex family of composites with very high energy density. They perform reversible reactions with water (hydration – dehydration). An example is magnesium sulfate heptahydrate MgSo4.7H2O, and iron di-hydroxyde Fe(OH)2, indicated as the most promising materials for the high energy density, no toxicity and no corrosion effects. Theoretically MgSo4.7H2O is able to store 777 kWh/m3 at 122°C, via reaction:

15.06.2010



FBK – REET is working on an integrated energy

vision for the +energy building. In such respect,

energy storages, thermal and electrical, play a

key role in matching the intermittent energy

sources with the end user energy – on –

demand.

FBK- REET energy vision Use of energy storage systems

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31

Source: World Business Council for Sustainable Development

USA: ~70%

Europe: ~80%

Japan: ~55%

China: ~65%

India: ~25%

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Electrical Energy

Hot Water

THERMAL FLUID

Boiler

Heating Power

Acqueduct

SOLAR

COOLING

UNIT

Ground

Source

Heat Pump

Thermal

engine

LIQUID FUEL

HOME ORGANICWASTES (PLASTIC,

PAPER, ORGANICS,…)

REGENERATIVE CYCLE

ENERGY STORAGE

ELECTRICAL ENERGYAUTO CONSUMPTION

FUEL CELL(PEMFC)

CHEMICAL DEPOLYMERIZATION

PROCESS

Tfluid 300 – 350 °C

300 – 350 °C

el = 20%th = 50%

CR 40:1

Tfluid 6 – 16 °C

COP 1

COP 6

TACS 50 - 60°C

e.g. Rigeneration from Metaborate to Boro for PEMFC

A full vision is

moving ahead

activities for the

realization of a

whole integrated

solution, matching

between intermittent

sources and energy

on demand.

The picture is one

of possible locally

available framework

of technologies,

including electrical

and thermal energy

storages

Energy Storages Distributed level applications and FBK – REET Vision

15.06.2010


ECOCELL

project

Electrical Energy

Hot Water

THERMAL FLUID

Boiler

Heating Power

Acqueduct

SOLAR

COOLING

UNIT

Ground

Source

Heat Pump

Thermal

engine

LIQUID FUEL

HOME ORGANICWASTES (PLASTIC,

PAPER, ORGANICS,…)

REGENERATIVE CYCLE

ENERGY STORAGE

ELECTRICAL ENERGYAUTO CONSUMPTION

FUEL CELL(PEMFC)

CHEMICAL DEPOLYMERIZATION

PROCESS

Tfluid 300 – 350 °C

300 – 350 °C

el = 20%th = 50%

CR 40:1

Tfluid 6 – 16 °C

COP 1

COP 6

TACS 50 - 60°C

e.g. Rigeneration from Metaborate to Boro for PEMFC

GEO –

ITEA

projectSUSTAINABLE

HOME

GALEF

project

BioDomUs project

SolTec project

Energy Storages Distributed level applications and FBK – REET Projects

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POWER BOXThermal storage +

cogeneration pellet boiler

SOLAR MODULES

Weather Station

Indoor Monitoring

HOME as a PERSONAL TRAINER

DYNAMIC WINDOW

MODULAR BUILDING, HIGHLY

EFFICIENT (< 30 kWh/m2/year),

ICT SUPPORTED (HIGH DECISION

CONTROL AND THE HOUSE AS A

PERSONAL TRAINER), SOCIAL

LIVING THROUGH

ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS

INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE SYSTEM

BASED ON RENEWABLE SOURCES

ABLE TO PROVIDE ELECTRICAL,

THERMAL POWER FOR HEATING AND

COOLING, NATURAL ILLUMINATION

CONTROL

Integration Project The MIT – FBK Sustainable Connected home

15.06.2010


Outdoor environment

Regeneration circuitHeating circuitCooling circuitLiquid circuit

A/W heat exchanger

Aqueduct water

Humidifier

Electro valve

Bypass Electro valve

Temperature sensor

Flow sensorSolar

thermal plant

HSW tank

External A/W heat exchanger

Circulation pump

A/A heat exchanger

Pellet Boiler

A/W heat

exchanger

3-way Electro valves

Storage tanks

Heating / Cooling circuits

Indo

or

envi

ron

men

t

Cooling out Heating in

Cooling in Heating out

Blower1

Blower2

1. Blowers are PWM controlled2. Heating / Cooling circuits means only on

regeneration and cooling of storage tanks

3. Thermocouples will monitor inside temperature gradient in tanks

4. External A/W heat exchanger means in outdoor environment just outside the energy box

Circulation pump

Electrical

energy

15.06.2010


IT technologies can be an enabling

factor for Sustainable Systems at

different levels for different context

(building, district, city, mobility)

LOW level: retrofitting of sustainable

systems

MEDIUM level: integration between

different systems and optimization

of performances

HIGH level: automatic decision

control, end user interactions

LOW level - Supervision control

MEDIUM level – System integration

IT for sustainable systems at distributed level

15.06.2010


• Energy storage solutions will be highly different technologies from different scales of application

• Energy storage solutions are available on the market, but at relatively high prices

• Not only research, but even the development of a whole territorial chain of cooperation may bridge the gap from R&D and the market

• Energy storage solutions for stationary applications will receive higher interests following the development of distributed energy m-CHP technologies

• An integrated vision is fundamental for the proper technology innovation, transfer and commercialization

FOR MORE SEE WWW.ESEIA.EU AND REET.FBK.EU

Conclusions

http://www.eseia.eu/

http://www.fbk.eu/

15.06.2010


Luigi Crema

Senior Researcher at

REET

Renewable Energies &

Environmental

Technologies

Luigi Dott. Crema Researcher at REET Renewable Energies and Environmental Technologies Fondazione Bruno Kessler Scientific and Technological Research Via alla Cascata, 56/C I-38050 Povo (Trento)-Italy Contact me at:

+39-0461-314922 +39-335-6104991

Fax me at: +39-0461-314930

Write me at: [email protected]

Visit us at: Visit me at:

http://www.fbk.eu/

http://reet.fbk.eu/crema

THANK YOU FOR

ATTENTION!!!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha_Stirling.gif

‘Energy Storage Solutions of the NEXT FUTURE: Thermal and ...€¦ · 15.06.2010 STYRIAN ACADEMY...

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Transcript of ‘Energy Storage Solutions of the NEXT FUTURE: Thermal and ...€¦ · 15.06.2010 STYRIAN ACADEMY...