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This is a knowledge base on chemicalThis is a knowledge base on chemicalsynthesis using laboratory microwavesynthesis using laboratory microwavereactors.reactors.

Advantages of Microwave Heating

How does microwave heating wor k? Which solvents can be heated with microwave irradiation?What are the advantages? This crash course introduces you to the most important and

interesting topics in microwave synthesis. Learn about the basics and the advantages of this

field of chemistry, gather helpful hints and read up on scientific microwave equipment.

 

Microwave vs. conventional heating

  While conventional heating works by means of a heated surface which in turn heats thereaction vessel content (Figure 3, a), microwave irradiation provides energy-efficient internalheating by direct coupling of microwave energy with dipoles and/or ions present in thereaction mixture (Figure 3, b). 

This leads to effective, so-called "in-core" heating of the reaction mixture instead of thevessel wall. This direct interaction results in extremely fast heating rates not reproduciblewith conventional heating. 

Figure 3: Simplified temperature distribution in a reaction vessel (a) heated under conventional conditions and (b) heated via microwaveirradiation.

 

What Microwaves provide:

1000-fold rate accelerationLess by-productsHigher yieldsSimplified work-up

Scientific microwave reactors vs. kitchen ovens

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In the early days of microwave synthesis, household microwave ovens were used in chemical laboratories. Althoughnowadays dedicated instrumentation is available, there are still chemists who use kitchen microwave ovens for scientific purposes. However, most major scientific journals no longer accept manuscripts wherein domestic ovenshave been described as heating sources, since there are serious scientific and safety-related arguments to be madefor using dedicated instrumentation. Using dedicated microwave equipment instead of domestic kitchen microwave ovens has many scientific andpractical advantages: Possibility of convenient solvent superheating 

Higher temperaturesConsiderably reduced overall process timesHigher yields and purer compounds

Excellent parameter control 

Improved reproducibilityGreat ease of use

 Access to automated setups and parallel synthesis

Improved process efficiencyTime saved = costs saved

Possibility of stirring 

Improved temperature homogeneity in reaction mixturesIncreased scientific validity of results

Continuous power output 

Sophisticated reaction controlSafe and smooth processing

Intuitive user interface (state-of-the-art touchscreen)

Convenient programming and data management Automatic data recording

Safety under high temperature/pressure conditions