Advances in the Design Synthesis of Electromagnetic ...
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Advances in the Design Synthesis of Electromagnetic Bandgap Metamaterials
Advances in the Design Synthesis of Electromagnetic Bandgap Metamaterials
Douglas H. Werner, Douglas J. Kern, Pingjuan L. Werner, Michael J. Wilhelm, Agostino Monorchio, and Luigi Lanuzza
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OverviewOverview• EBG structures as metamaterials• Review of standard EBG design approaches• Multi-band EBG with fractal FSS elements• EBGs with electrically small unit cells• Genetic Algorithms for AMC HIGP designè Synthesis of multi-band AMC HIGPsè Synthesis of multi-band AMC HIGPs with angular
stabilityè Synthesis of meta-ferrites
• Design, fabrication, and testing of low-profile SBWB antenna on AMC HIGP
• EBG structures as metamaterials• Review of standard EBG design approaches• Multi-band EBG with fractal FSS elements• EBGs with electrically small unit cells• Genetic Algorithms for AMC HIGP designè Synthesis of multi-band AMC HIGPsè Synthesis of multi-band AMC HIGPs with angular
stabilityè Synthesis of meta-ferrites
• Design, fabrication, and testing of low-profile SBWB antenna on AMC HIGP
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Human LungHuman LungHuman Lung
EBG MaterialsEBG MaterialsEBG Materials• Electromanetic Bandgap (EBG) materials• Multiband artificial dielectric meta-materials
with fractal sphere molecules• Left-handed or Double-Negative materials
(including magneto-electric coupling)• Meta-ferrite materials• Bi-anisotropic meta-materials
•• ElectromaneticElectromanetic BandgapBandgap (EBG) materials(EBG) materials•• MultibandMultiband artificial dielectric metaartificial dielectric meta--materials materials
with fractal sphere moleculeswith fractal sphere molecules•• LeftLeft--handed or Doublehanded or Double--Negative materials Negative materials
(including magneto(including magneto--electric coupling)electric coupling)•• MetaMeta--ferrite materialsferrite materials•• BiBi--anisotropic metaanisotropic meta--materialsmaterials
Electromagnetic MetaElectromagnetic Meta--materialsmaterials
Fractal Sphere SpongeFractal Sphere SpongeFractal Sphere Sponge
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EBG High Impedance Surfaces
Circuit Model:
Simple parallel LC circuit can be used to represent the surface
impedance
D. Sievenpiper, L. Zhang, R. Jimenez Broas, N. Alexopolous, E. Yablonivitch, “High-Impedance Electromagnetic Surfaces with a Forbidden Frequency Band,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 47, n. 11, Nov. 1999.
L
C
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Original EBG or High-Z FSS Geometry
Original Dimensions:
εr = 10.2 h = 25 mil
a = 120 mil w = 10 mil
d = 27.5 mil l = 40 mil
d
a
w
w
w
l
Substrate Ground Plane
Metal Pattern
h
F. Yang, K. Ma, Y. Qian, T. Itoh, “A uniplanar compact photonic-bandgap (UC-PBG) structure and its applications for microwave circuits,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 47, Aug. 1999.
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20)/(1 ωω
ω
−=
LjZS
0
0
ZZZZ
S
S
+−
=Γ Ω= 3770Z
LC1
0 =ω
pFC 185.0= nHL 4.0=
Surface Impedance and Reflection Coefficient
dDielectric Slab
Impedance Sheet Zs
Ground Plane
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EBG cells have multiple resonance modes originating from different portions of the cellEBG cells have multiple resonance modes originating from different portions of the cell
èWe can intentionally design an EBG for multimode behavior
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Frequency (GHz)
Pha
se A
ngle
(deg
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Fractalized Multiband FSSReflection Phase vs. Frequency
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Frequency (GHz)
Phas
e (d
eg)
FSS Cell Geometry:
• dx = dy = 0.5 cm
•
• h = 0.05 cm
10 2.rε =
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Frequency (GHz)
Pha
se A
ngle
(deg
)
Original Interdigitated
Higher capacitance lowers the resonant frequency for the same
geometric footprint
Interdigitated Capacitance
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Dual Band GPS and 4.0 GHz EBG
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FSS Cell Geometry:
• dx = dy = 1.874 cm
•
• h = 5.08 mm (0.2 in)
Optimized for Zero Phase at 1.575 and 4.0 GHz
Result shows Zero Phase at 1.575 and 4.0 GHz
13e r =
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Tri-band EBG
FSS Cell Geometry:
• dx = dy = 3.4 mm
•
• h = 4.97 mm
Reflection Phase vs. Frequency
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Frequency (GHz)
Pha
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Optimized for Zero Phase at 3, 11 and 18 GHz
Result shows Zero Phase at 3.7, 11 and 17.8 GHz
13.78er =
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GA-HZ-FSS Dual-Band Design
Genetically-Optimized Dual Band EBG
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1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
Frequency(GHz)
Pha
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Deg
rees
)
Measured Results Theoretical Simulation
FSS Cell Geometry:
• dx = dy = 2.96 cm (λ /6.4)
• er = 13
• h = 0.293 cm
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Comparison of Angular StabilityComparison of Angular StabilityAngular Stability of 1.575 GHz Resonance
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Theta (deg)
Ph
ase
(deg
)
TE phase - original TM phase
TE phase - optimized TM phase - optimized
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Comparison of Angular StabilityComparison of Angular StabilityAngular Stability of 1.96 GHz Resonance
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Theta (deg)
Pha
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TE phase - original TM phase - original
TE phase - optimized TM phase - optimized
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Artificial Ferrite MetaArtificial Ferrite Meta--materials materials (Meta(Meta--Ferrites)Ferrites)
By optimizing an HZ-FSS design for the appropriate values of Rs and Xs, a high frequency artificial ferrite meta-material can be synthesized with almost any desired value of real and imaginary permeability.
By optimizing an HZBy optimizing an HZ--FSS design for FSS design for the appropriate values of the appropriate values of RsRs and Xs, and Xs, a high frequency artificial ferrite a high frequency artificial ferrite metameta--material can be synthesized material can be synthesized with with almost any desired value of almost any desired value of real and imaginary permeabilityreal and imaginary permeability..
HZ - FSS Structure Ferrite Material withPEC Ground Plane
Surface Impedance:
Dielectric Permittivity:
2s s sZ R jX= +
r r rjε ε ε′ ′′= −
Surface Impedance:
Dielectric Permeability:
1sZ Ztanh( d )γ=
r r rjµ µ µ′ ′′= −
h d0 0
sr
Xd
µω µ
′ =0 0
sr
Rd
µω µ
′′ =
•• Improved microwave components and devicesImproved microwave components and devices
•• Substrate metaSubstrate meta--materials for materials for microstripmicrostrip filters filters and antennasand antennas
•• Electromagnetic absorbersElectromagnetic absorbers
•• Electronic packagingElectronic packaging
•• EMI / EMCEMI / EMC
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Vias may be omitted from EBG designsVias may be omitted from EBG designs
Finite-sized EBG modeled with & without center-patch vias
Conclusion: Ground vias may be omitted from EBGs in antenna applications, even at steep grazing angles.
Huge improvement in manufacturability and manufacturing cost (25% - 40% savings).
Antenna Patterns
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Theta [degrees]
Gai
n [
dB
i] No Via - Eplane (phi=0)No Via - Hplane (phi=90)Via - Eplane (phi=0)Via - Eplane (phi=90)
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E-Plane Cut
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Angle [degrees]
Gai
n [d
Bi]
1.7GHz
1.8GHz
E-Plane Cut
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Angle [degrees]
Gai
n [d
Bi] 1.9GHz
2.0GHz
2.1GHz
E-Plane Cut
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Angle [degrees]
Gai
n [d
Bi] 2.2GHz
2.3GHz
2.4GHz
Measurements of SBWB (Design 1) with AntennaMeasurements of SBWB (Design 1) with Antenna
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H-Plane cut
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Gai
n [d
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H-Plane cut
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H-Plane cut
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Measurements of SBWB (Design 1) with AntennaMeasurements of SBWB (Design 1) with Antenna
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