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CONTENTS

1 Of Nobility (Francis Bacon. (1561–1626). Essays, Civil and Moral)

2 Of E!ir" (Francis Bacon. (1561–1626). Essays, Civil and Moral)

# Of $t%di"s (Francis Bacon. (1561–1626). Essays, Civil and Moral)

& On $%'"rin "rs"c%tion by *o+n Calvin (15-–6&)

5 o /is $oldi"rs 0i%s"!!" 0aribaldi (1–2)

6 olitics by 3al!+ 4aldo E"rson

Of $"ns" of +oas /obb"s

Of t+" Nat%ral Condition of Manind as Conc"rnin +"ir F"licity and Mis"ryby +oas /obb"s

- Of t+" /"ir to da7s Monarc+ical o8"r by *o+n 9oc" Boo :. Of

0ov"rn"nt C+a!t"r ;.

1 Of olitical or Civil $oci"ty by *o+n 9oc"

11 +" lost "rf"ct $tat" By antin" and $assanid E!ir"s by /.0.4"lls


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2#


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Of Nobility (Francis Bacon. (1561–1626). Essays, Civil and Moral)

4E 8ill s!"a of nobility rst as a !ortion of an "stat", 1 t+"n as a condition of !artic%lar !"rsons. onarc+y 8+"r" t+"r" is no nobility at all is "v"r a !%r" andabsol%t" tyrannyG as t+at of t+" %rs. For nobility att"!"rs sov"r"inty, and dra8st+" "y"s of t+" !"o!l" so"8+at asid" fro t+" lin" royal. B%t for d"ocraci"s,t+"y n""d it notG and t+"y ar" coonly or" =%i"t and l"ss s%bH"ct to s"dition,t+an 8+"r" t+"r" ar" stir!s 2 of nobl"s. For "n7s "y"s ar" %!on t+" b%sin"ss, andnot %!on t+" !"rsonsG or if %!on t+" !"rsons, it is for t+" b%sin"ss7 sa", as tt"st,and not for Ias and !"dir"". 4" s"" t+" $8it>"rs last 8"ll, not8it+standin t+"ir

div"rsity of r"liion and of cantons. For %tility is t+"ir bond, and not r"s!"cts. # +"%nit"d !rovinc"s of t+" 9o8 Co%ntri"s in t+"ir ov"rn"nt "Jc"lG for 8+"r" t+"r" isan "=%ality, t+" cons%ltations ar" or" indi'"r"nt, and t+" !ay"nts and trib%t"sor" c+""rf%l. r"at and !ot"nt nobility add"t+ aH"sty to a onarc+, b%tdiinis+"t+ !o8"rG and !%tt"t+ lif" and s!irit into t+" !"o!l", b%t !r"ss"t+ t+"irfort%n". :t is 8"ll 8+"n nobl"s ar" not too r"at for sov"r"inty nor for H%stic"G andy"t aintain"d in t+at +"i+t, as t+" insol"ncy of inf"riors ay b" bro"n %!ont+" b"for" it co" on too fast %!on t+" aH"sty of ins. n%"ro%s nobilityca%s"t+ !ov"rty and inconv"ni"nc" in a stat"G for it is a s%rc+ar" & of "J!"ns"Gand b"sid"s, it b"in of n"c"ssity t+at any of t+" nobility fall in ti" to b" 8"a infort%n", it a"t+ a ind of dis!ro!ortion b"t8""n +onor and "ans.

s for nobility in !artic%lar !"rsonsG it is a r"v"r"nd t+in to s"" an anci"nt castl" orb%ildin not in d"cayG or to s"" a fair tib"r tr"" so%nd and !"rf"ct. /o8 %c+or" to b"+old an anci"nt nobl" faily, 8+ic+ +at+ stood aainst t+" 8av"s and8"at+"rs of ti"K For n"8 nobility is b%t t+" act of !o8"r, b%t anci"nt nobility is t+"act of ti". +os" t+at ar" rst rais"d to nobility ar" coonly or" virt%o%s, 5 b%tl"ss innoc"nt, t+an t+"ir d"sc"ndantsG for t+"r" is rar"ly any risin b%t by acoiJt%r" of ood and "vil arts. B%t it is r"ason t+" "ory of t+"ir virt%"sr"ain to t+"ir !ost"rity, and t+"ir fa%lts di" 8it+ t+"s"lv"s. Nobility of birt+coonly abat"t+ ind%stryG and +" t+at is not ind%strio%s, "nvi"t+ +i t+at is.B"sid"s, nobl" !"rsons cannot o %c+ +i+"rG and +" t+at stand"t+ at a stay 8+"not+"rs ris", can +ardly avoid otions of "nvy. On t+" ot+"r sid", nobility"Jtin%is+"t+ t+" !assiv" "nvy fro ot+"rs to8ards t+"G b"ca%s" t+"y ar" in

!oss"ssion of +onor. C"rtainly, ins t+at +av" abl" "n of t+"ir nobility s+all nd"as" in "!loyin t+", and a b"tt"r slid" into t+"ir b%sin"ssG for !"o!l" nat%rallyb"nd to t+", as born in so" sort to coand.

Not" 1. $tat".Not" 2. Faili"s. Not" #. Consid"rations of ran. Not" &. EJc"ss. Not"5. bl"


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Of E!ir" (Francis Bacon. (1561–1626). Essays, Civil and Moral)

: is a is"rabl" stat" of ind to +av" f"8 t+ins to d"sir", and any t+ins to f"arGand y"t t+at coonly is t+" cas" of insG 8+o, b"in at t+" +i+"st, 8ant att"rof d"sir", 8+ic+ a"s t+"ir inds or" lan%is+inG and +av" anyr"!r"s"ntations of !"rils and s+ado8s, 8+ic+ a"s t+"ir inds t+" l"ss cl"ar. nd

t+is is on" r"ason also of t+at "'"ct 8+ic+ t+" $cri!t%r" s!"a"t+ of, +at t+" in7s+"art is inscr%tabl". For %ltit%d" of H"alo%si"s, and lac of so" !r"doinantd"sir" t+at s+o%ld ars+al and !%t in ord"r all t+" r"st, a"t+ any an7s +"art+ard to nd or so%nd. /"nc" it co"s li"8is", t+at !rinc"s any ti"s a"t+"s"lv"s d"sir"s, and s"t t+"ir +"arts %!on toysG so"ti"s %!on a b%ildinGso"ti"s %!on "r"ctin of an ord"rG so"ti"s %!on t+" advancin of a !"rsonGso"ti"s %!on obtainin "Jc"ll"ncy in so" art or f"at of t+" +andG as N"ro for!layin on t+" +ar!,


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First for t+"ir n"i+borsG t+"r" can no "n"ral r%l" b" iv"n (t+" occasions ar" sovariabl"), sav" on", 8+ic+ "v"r +old"t+G 8+ic+ is, t+at !rinc"s do ""! d%" s"ntin"l,t+at non" of t+"ir n"i+bors do "v"r ro8 so (by incr"as" of t"rritory, by "bracinof trad", by a!!roac+"s, or t+" li"), as t+"y b"co" or" abl" to annoy t+" t+ant+"y 8"r". nd t+is is "n"rally t+" 8or of standin co%ns"ls to for"s"" and to+ind"r it. i%s M"dici, and 9%dovic%s $for>a, !ot"ntat"s, t+" on" of Flor"nc", t+" ot+"r of Milan. N"it+"r is t+" o!inion of so" of t+" $c+ool"n to b"r"c"iv"d, t+at a 8ar cannot H%stly b" ad" b%t %!on a !r"c"d"nt inH%ry or!rovocation. For t+"r" is no =%"stion b%t a H%st f"ar of an iin"nt dan"r, t+o%+t+"r" b" no blo8 iv"n, is a la8f%l ca%s" of a 8ar. 5

For t+"ir 8iv"sG t+"r" ar" cr%"l "Ja!l"s of t+". 9ivia is infa"d for t+"

!oisonin of +"r +%sbandG 3oJalana, $olyan7s 8if", 8as t+" d"str%ction of t+atr"no8n"d !rinc" $%ltan M%sta!+a, and ot+"r8is" tro%bl"d +is +o%s" ands%cc"ssionG Ed8ard t+" $"cond of Enland +is =%""n +ad t+" !rinci!al +and in t+"d"!osin and %rt+"r of +"r +%sband. +is ind of dan"r is t+"n to b" f"ar"dc+i"Iy, 8+"n t+" 8iv"s +av" !lots for t+" raisin of t+"ir o8n c+ildr"nG or "ls" t+att+"y b" advo%tr"ss"s. # 6

For t+"ir c+ildr"nG t+" tra"di"s li"8is" of dan"rs fro t+" +av" b""n any.nd "n"rally, t+" "nt"rin of fat+"rs into s%s!icion of t+"ir c+ildr"n +at+ b""n "v"r%nfort%nat". +" d"str%ction of M%sta!+a (t+at 8" na"d b"for") 8as so fatal to$olyan7s lin", as t+" s%cc"ssion of t+" %rs fro $olyan %ntil t+is day iss%s!"ct"d to b" %ntr%", and of stran" bloodG for t+at $"ly%s t+" $"cond 8as

t+o%+t to b" s%!!ositio%s. +" d"str%ction of Cris!%s, a yo%n !rinc" of rar"to8ardn"ss, by Constantin%s t+" 0r"at, +is fat+"r, 8as in li" ann"r fatal to +is+o%s"G for bot+ Constantin%s and Constanc", +is sons di"d viol"nt d"at+sG andConstanti%s, +is ot+"r son, did littl" b"tt"rG 8+o di"d ind""d of sicn"ss, b%t aft"rt+at *%lian%s +ad ta"n ars aainst +i. +" d"str%ction of i"rs did alost try it 8it+ t+" in7s s8ordG and y"t t+"y +ad tod"al 8it+ sto%t and +a%+ty ins, 4illia 3%f%s, /"nry t+" First, and /"nry t+"$"cond. +" dan"r is not fro t+at stat", b%t 8+"r" it +at+ a d"!"nd"nc" of for"in a%t+orityG or 8+"r" t+" c+%rc+"n co" in and ar" "l"ct"d, not by t+"collation of t+" in, or !artic%lar !atrons, b%t by t+" !"o!l".


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For t+"ir nobl"sG to ""! t+" at a distanc", it is not aissG b%t to d"!r"ss t+",ay a" a in or" absol%t", b%t l"ss saf"G and l"ss abl" to !"rfor any t+int+at +" d"sir"s. : +av" not"d it in y /istory of Qin /"nry t+" $"v"nt+ of Enland,8+o d"!r"ss"d +is nobilityG 8+"r"%!on it ca" to !ass t+at +is ti"s 8"r" f%ll of dic%lti"s and tro%bl"sG for t+" nobility, t+o%+ t+"y contin%"d loyal %nto +i, y"tdid t+"y not coDo!"rat" 8it+ +i in +is b%sin"ss. $o t+at in "'"ct +" 8as fain to do

all t+ins +is"lf. -

For t+"ir s"condDnobl"sG t+"r" is not %c+ dan"r fro t+", b"in a bodydis!"rs"d. +"y ay so"ti"s disco%rs" +i+, b%t t+at dot+ littl" +%rtG b"sid"s,t+"y ar" a co%nt"r!ois" to t+" +i+"r nobility, t+at t+"y ro8 not too !ot"ntG and,lastly, b"in t+" ost i"diat" in a%t+ority 8it+ t+" coon !"o!l", t+"y do b"stt"!"r !o!%lar cootions. 1

For t+"ir "rc+antsG t+"y ar" v"na !ortaG & and if t+"y Io%ris+ not, a indo ay+av" ood libs, b%t 8ill +av" "!ty v"ins, and no%ris+ littl". aJ"s and i!osts%!on t+" do s"ldo ood to t+" in7s r"v"n%"G for t+at t+at +" 8ins in t+"+%ndr"d +" l""s"t+ 5 in t+" s+ir"G t+" !artic%lar rat"s b"in incr"as"d, b%t t+" total

b%l of tradin rat+"r d"cr"as"d. 11

For t+"ir coonsG t+"r" is littl" dan"r fro t+", "Jc"!t it b" 8+"r" t+"y +av"r"at and !ot"nt +"adsG or 8+"r" yo% "ddl" 8it+ t+" !oint of r"liion, or t+"irc%stos, or "ans of lif". 12

For t+"ir "n of 8arG it is a dan"ro%s stat" 8+"r" t+"y liv" and r"ain in a bodyGand ar" %s"d to donativ"sG 8+"r"of 8" s"" "Ja!l"s in t+" Hani>ari"s, 6 and!r"torian bands of 3o"G b%t trainins of "n, and arin t+" in s"v"ral !lac"s,and %nd"r s"v"ral coand"rs, and 8it+o%t donativ"s, ar" t+ins of d"f"nc", andno dan"r. 1#

rinc"s ar" li" to +"av"nly bodi"s, 8+ic+ ca%s" ood or "vil ti"sG and 8+ic++av" %c+ v"n"ration, b%t no r"st. ll !r"c"!ts conc"rnin ins ar" in "'"ctco!r"+"nd"d in t+os" t8o r""branc"sA ""nto =%od "s +ooG and ""nto=%od "s


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H%d"nt and dis!osition of b%sin"ss. For "J!"rt "n can "J"c%t", and !"r+a!s H%d" of !artic%lars, on" by on"G b%t t+" "n"ral co%ns"ls, and t+" !lots andars+allin of a'airs, co" b"st fro t+os" t+at ar" l"arn"d. o s!"nd too %c+ti" in st%di"s is slot+G to %s" t+" too %c+ for orna"nt, is a'"ctationG to a"

H%d"nt 8+olly by t+"ir r%l"s, is t+" +%or of a sc+olar. +"y !"rf"ct nat%r", andar" !"rf"ct"d by "J!"ri"nc"A for nat%ral abiliti"s ar" li" nat%ral !lants, t+at n""d

!roynin, 1 by st%dyG and st%di"s t+"s"lv"s do iv" fort+ dir"ctions too %c+ atlar", "Jc"!t t+"y b" bo%nd"d in by "J!"ri"nc". Crafty "n cont"n st%di"s,si!l" "n adir" t+", and 8is" "n %s" t+"G for t+"y t"ac+ not t+"ir o8n %s"Gb%t t+at is a 8isdo 8it+o%t t+", and abov" t+", 8on by obs"rvation. 3"ad notto contradict and conf%t"G nor to b"li"v" and ta" for rant"dG nor to nd tal anddisco%rs"G b%t to 8"i+ and consid"r. $o" boos ar" to b" tast"d, ot+"rs to b"s8allo8"d, and so" f"8 to b" c+"8"d and di"st"dG t+at is, so" boos ar" to b"r"ad only in !artsG ot+"rs to b" r"ad, b%t not c%rio%slyG and so" f"8 to b" r"ad8+olly, and 8it+ dili"nc" and att"ntion. $o" boos also ay b" r"ad by d"!%ty,and "Jtracts ad" of t+" by ot+"rsG b%t t+at 8o%ld b" only in t+" l"ss i!ortantar%"nts, and t+" "an"r sort of boos, "ls" distill"d boos ar" li" coondistill"d 8at"rs, Ias+y 2 t+ins. 3"adin a"t+ a f%ll anG conf"r"nc" a r"ady

anG and 8ritin an "Jact an. nd t+"r"for", if a an 8rit" littl", +" +ad n""d+av" a r"at "oryG if +" conf"r littl", +" +ad n""d +av" a !r"s"nt 8itA and if +"r"ad littl", +" +ad n""d +av" %c+ c%nnin, to s"" to no8 t+at +" dot+ not./istori"s a" "n 8is"G !o"ts 8ittyG t+" at+"atics s%btil"G nat%ral !+iloso!+yd""!G oral rav"G loic and r+"toric abl" to cont"nd. b"%nt st%dia in or"s$t%di"s !ass into and inI%"nc" ann"rsP. Nay, t+"r" is no stond or i!"di"nt int+" 8it b%t ay b" 8ro%+t o%t by t st%di"sG li" as dis"as"s of t+" body ay +av"a!!ro!riat" "J"rcis"s. Bo8lin is ood for t+" ston" and r"insG # s+ootin for t+"l%ns and br"astG "ntl" 8alin for t+" stoac+G ridin for t+" +"adG and t+" li".$o if a an7s 8it b" 8and"rin, l"t +i st%dy t+" at+"aticsG for ind"onstrations, if +is 8it b" call"d a8ay n"v"r so littl", +" %st b"in aain. :f +is8it b" not a!t to distin%is+ or nd di'"r"nc"s, l"t +i st%dy t+" $c+ool"nG fort+"y ar" cyini s"ctor"s s!litt"rs of +airsP. :f +" b" not a!t to b"at ov"r att"rs,and to call %! on" t+in to !rov" and ill%strat" anot+"r, l"t +i st%dy t+" la8y"rs7cas"s. $o "v"ry d"f"ct of t+" ind ay +av" a s!"cial r"c"i!t. 1

Not" 1. r%nin, c%ltivatin. Not" 2. :nsi!id.

Not" #. Qidn"ys.

On #$%"rin& '"rs"c$tion by on Calvin (15*+–6)

: 1 is tr%" t+at !"rsons ay b" fo%nd 8+o 8ill foolis+ly "J!os" t+"s"lv"s to d"at+in aintainin so" abs%rd o!inions and r"v"ri"s conc"iv"d by t+"ir o8n brain, b%t

s%c+ i!"t%osity is or" to b" r"ard"d as fr"n>y t+an as C+ristian >"alG and, infact, t+"r" is n"it+"r rn"ss nor so%nd s"ns" in t+os" 8+o t+%s, at a ind of +a!+a>ard, cast t+"s"lv"s a8ay. B%t, +o8"v"r t+is ay b", it is in a ood ca%s"only t+at 0od can acno8l"d" %s as /is artyrs.


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On o%r !art, t+"n, it is r"=%isit" t+at 8" +av" s%r" and infallibl" "vid"nc" of t+"doctrin" 8+ic+ 8" aintainG and +"nc", as : +av" said, 8" can not b" rationallyi!r"ss"d by any "J+ortations 8+ic+ 8" r"c"iv" to s%'"r !"rs"c%tion for t+"0os!"l, if no tr%" c"rtainty of fait+ +as b""n i!rint"d in o%r +"arts. For to +a>ardo%r lif" %!on a !"radv"nt%r" is not nat%ral, and t+o 8" 8"r" to do it, it 8o%ld onlyb" ras+n"ss, not C+ristian co%ra". :n a 8ord, not+in t+at 8" do 8ill b" a!!rov"d

of 0od if 8" ar" not t+oro%+ly !"rs%ad"d t+at it is for /i and /is ca%s" 8" s%'"r!"rs"c%tion and t+" 8orld is o%r "n"y. 2

No8, 8+"n : s!"a of s%c+ !"rs%asion, : "an not "r"ly t+at 8" %st no8 +o8to distin%is+ b"t8""n tr%" r"liion and t+" ab%s"s or folli"s of "n, b%t also t+at8" %st b" t+oro%+ly !"rs%ad"d of t+" +"av"nly lif", and t+" cro8n 8+ic+ is!rois"d %s abov", aft"r 8" s+all +av" fo%+t +"r" b"lo8. 9"t %s %nd"rstand, t+"n,t+at bot+ of t+"s" r"=%isit"s ar" n"c"ssary, and can not b" s"!arat"d fro "ac+ot+"r. +" !oints, accordinly, 8it+ 8+ic+ 8" %st co"nc", ar" t+"s"A 4" %stno8 8"ll 8+at o%r C+ristianity is, 8+at t+" fait+ 8+ic+ 8" +av" to +old and follo8T8+at t+" r%l" 8+ic+ 0od +as iv"n %sG and 8" %st b" so 8"ll f%rnis+"d 8it+ s%c+instr%ctions as to b" abl" boldly to cond"n all t+" fals"+oods, "rrors, and

s%!"rstitions 8+ic+ $atan +as introd%c"d to corr%!t t+" !%r" si!licity of t+"doctrin" of 0od. /"nc" 8" o%+t not to b" s%r!ris"d t+at, in t+" !r"s"nt day, 8"s"" so f"8 !"rsons dis!os"d to s%'"r for t+" 0os!"l, and t+at t+" r"at"r !art of t+os" 8+o call t+"s"lv"s C+ristians no8 not 8+at it is. For all ar", as it 8"r",l%"8ar, and, inst"ad of ain it t+"ir b%sin"ss to +"ar or r"ad, co%nt it "no%+to +av" +ad so" sli+t tast" of C+ristian fait+. +is is t+" r"ason 8+y t+"r" is solittl" d"cision, and 8+y t+os" 8+o ar" assail"d i"diat"ly fall a8ay. +is facts+o%ld sti%lat" %s to in=%ir" or" dili"ntly into divin" tr%t+, in ord"r to b" 8"llass%r"d 8it+ r"ard to it. #

$till, +o8"v"r, to b" 8"ll infor"d and ro%nd"d is not t+" 8+ol" t+at is n"c"ssary.For 8" s"" so" 8+o s"" to b" t+oro%+ly ib%"d 8it+ so%nd doctrin", and 8+o,

not8it+standin, +av" no or" >"al or a'"ction t+an if t+"y +ad n"v"r no8n anyor" of 0od t+an so" I""tin fancy. 4+y is t+isL *%st b"ca%s" t+"y +av" n"v"rco!r"+"nd"d t+" aH"sty of t+" +oly $cri!t%r"s. nd, in fact, did 8", s%c+ as 8"ar", consid"r 8"ll t+at it is 0od 8+o s!"as to %s, it is c"rtain t+at 8" 8o%ld list"nor" att"ntiv"ly and 8it+ r"at"r r"v"r"nc". :f 8" 8o%ld t+in t+at in r"adin$cri!t%r" 8" ar" in t+" sc+ool of an"ls, 8" 8o%ld b" far or" car"f%l and d"siro%sto !rot by t+" doctrin" 8+ic+ is !ro!o%nd"d to %s. &

4" no8 s"" t+" tr%" "t+od of !r"!arin to s%'"r for t+" 0os!"l. First, 8" %st+av" !rot"d so far in t+" sc+ool of 0od as to b" d"cid"d in r"ard to tr%" r"liionand t+" doctrin" 8+ic+ 8" ar" to +oldG and 8" %st d"s!is" all t+" 8il"s andi!ost%r"s of $atan, and all +%an inv"ntions, as t+ins not only frivolo%s b%t also

carnal, inas%c+ as t+"y corr%!t C+ristian !%rityG t+"r"in di'"rin, li" tr%" artyrsof C+rist, fro t+" fantastic !"rsons 8+o s%'"r for "r" abs%rditi"s. $"condly,f""lin ass%r"d of t+" ood ca%s", 8" %st b" inIa"d, accordinly, to follo8 0od8+it+"rso"v"r /" ay call %sA /is 8ord %st +av" s%c+ a%t+ority 8it+ %s as itd"s"rv"s, and, +avin 8it+dra8n fro t+is 8orld, 8" %st f""l, as it 8"r","nra!t%r"d in s""in t+" +"av"nly lif". 5


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B%t it is or" t+an stran" t+at, t+o t+" li+t of 0od is s+inin or" bri+tly t+anit "v"r did b"for", t+"r" is a la"ntabl" 8ant of >"alK :f t+" t+o%+t do"s not ll %s8it+ s+a", so %c+ t+" 8ors". For 8" %st s+ortly co" b"for" t+" r"at *%d",8+"r" t+" ini=%ity 8+ic+ 8" "nd"avor to +id" 8ill b" bro%+t for8ard 8it+ s%c+%!braidins t+at 8" s+all b" %tt"rly confo%nd"d. For, if 8" ar" obli"d to b"art"stiony to 0od accordin to t+" "as%r" of t+" no8l"d" 8+ic+ /" +as iv"n

%s, to 8+at is it o8in, : 8o%ld as, t+at 8" ar" so cold and tioro%s in "nt"rin intobattl", s""in t+at 0od +as so f%lly anif"st"d /is"lf at t+is ti" t+at /" ay b"said to +av" o!"n"d to %s and dis!lay"d b"for" %s t+" r"at tr"as%r"s of /iss"cr"tsL May it not b" said t+at 8" do not t+in 8" +av" to do 8it+ 0odL For +ad 8"any r"ard to /is aH"sty 8" 8o%ld not dar" to t%rn t+" doctrin" 8+ic+ !roc""dsfro /is o%t+ into so" ind of !+iloso!+ic s!"c%lation. :n s+ort, it is i!ossibl"to d"ny t+at it is to o%r r"at s+a", not to say f"arf%l cond"nation, t+at 8" +av"so 8"ll no8n t+" tr%t+ of 0od and +av" so littl" co%ra" to aintain itK 6

bov" all, 8+"n 8" loo to t+" artyrs of !ast ti"s, 8"ll ay 8" d"t"st o%r o8nco8ardic"K +" r"at"r !art of t+os" 8"r" not !"rsons %c+ v"rs"d in +oly$cri!t%r", so as to b" abl" to dis!%t" on all s%bH"cts. +"y n"8 t+at t+"r" 8as on"

0od, 8+o t+"y b"+oov"d to 8ors+i! and s"rv"G t+at t+"y +ad b""n r"d"""d byt+" blood of *"s%s C+rist, in ord"r t+at t+"y i+t !lac" t+"ir cond"nc" of salvationin /i and in /is rac"G and t+at, all t+" inv"ntions of "n b"in "r" dross andr%bbis+, t+"y o%+t to cond"n all idolatri"s and s%!"rstitions. :n on" 8ord, t+"irt+"oloy 8as in s%bstanc" t+isA +"r" is on" 0od, 8+o cr"at"d all t+" 8orld, andd"clar"d /is 8ill to %s by Mos"s and t+" ro!+"ts, and nally by *"s%s C+rist and /isa!ostl"sG and 8" +av" on" sol" 3"d"""r, 8+o !%rc+as"d %s by /is blood, and by8+os" rac" 8" +o!" to b" sav"dG all t+" idols of t+" 8orld ar" c%rs"d, and d"s"rv""J"cration.

4it+ a syst" "bracin no ot+"r !oints t+an t+"s", t+"y 8"nt boldly to t+"Ia"s or to any ot+"r ind of d"at+. +"y did not o in t8os or t+r""s, b%t in s%c+

bands t+at t+" n%b"r of t+os" 8+o f"ll by t+" +ands of tyrants is alost innit".4", on o%r !art, ar" s%c+ l"arn"d cl"rs, t+at non" can b" or" so (so at l"ast 8"t+in), and, in fact, so far as r"ards t+" no8l"d" of $cri!t%r", 0od +as so s!r"adit o%t b"for" %s t+at no for"r a" 8as "v"r so +i+ly favor"d. $till, aft"r all, t+"r"is scarc"ly a !articl" of >"al. 4+"n "n anif"st s%c+ indi'"r"nc" it loos as if t+"y8"r" b"nt on !rovoin t+" v"n"anc" of 0od.

4+at, t+"n, s+o%ld b" don" in ord"r to ins!ir" o%r br"asts 8it+ tr%" co%ra"L 4"+av", in t+" rst !lac", to consid"r +o8 !r"cio%s t+" Conf"ssion of o%r Fait+ is in t+"si+t of 0od. 4" littl" no8 +o8 %c+ 0od !ri>"s it, if o%r lif", 8+ic+ is not+in, isval%"d by %s or" +i+ly. 4+"n it is so, 8" anif"st a arv"lo%s d"r"" of st%!idity. 4" can not sav" o%r lif" at t+" "J!"ns" of o%r conf"ssion 8it+o%t

acno8l"din t+at 8" +old it in +i+"r "stiation t+an t+" +onor of 0od and t+"salvation of o%r so%ls. -

4"r" 8" to as t+" ost inorant, not to say t+" ost br%tis+ !"rsons in t+"8orld, 8+y t+"y liv", t+"y 8o%ld not v"nt%r" to ans8"r si!ly t+at it is to "at anddrin and sl""!G for all no8 t+at t+"y +av" b""n cr"at"d for a +i+"r and +oli"r"nd. nd 8+at "nd can 8" nd if it b" not to +onor 0od, and allo8 o%rs"lv"s to b"ov"rn"d by /i, li" c+ildr"n by a ood !ar"ntG so t+at aft"r 8" +av" nis+"d t+"


10/167

Ho%rn"y of t+is corr%!tibl" lif" 8" ay b" r"c"iv"d into /is "t"rnal in+"ritanc"L $%c+is t+" !rinci!al, ind""d t+" sol" "nd. 4+"n 8" do not ta" it into acco%nt, and ar"int"nt on a br%tis+ lif", 8+ic+ in 8ors" t+an a t+o%sand d"at+s, 8+at can 8" all""for o%r "Jc%s"L o liv" and not no8 8+y is %nnat%ral. o r"H"ct t+" ca%s"s for 8+ic+8" liv", %nd"r t+" inI%"nc" of a foolis+ lonin for a r"s!it" of so" f"8 days,d%rin 8+ic+ 8" ar" to liv" in t+" 8orld 8+il" s"!arat"d fro 0odT: no8 not +o8

to na" s%c+ infat%ation and adn"ss. 1

B%t as !"rs"c%tion is al8ays +ars+ and bitt"r, l"t %s consid"r +o8 and by 8+at"ans C+ristians ay b" abl" to fortify t+"s"lv"s 8it+ !ati"nc", so as%nIinc+inly to "J!os" t+"ir lif" for t+" tr%t+ of 0od. +" t"Jt 8+ic+ 8" +av" r"ado%t, 8+"n it is !ro!"rly %nd"rstood, is s%ci"nt to ind%c" %s to do so. +" a!ostl"says, R9"t %s o fort+ fro t+" city aft"r t+" 9ord *"s%s, b"arin /is r"!roac+.S :nt+" rst !lac" +" r"inds %s, alt+o t+" s8ords s+o%ld not b" dra8n ov"r %s nor t+"r"s indl"d to b%rn %s, t+at 8" can not b" tr%ly %nit"d to t+" $on of 0od 8+il" 8"ar" root"d in t+is 8orld. 4+"r"for", a C+ristian, "v"n in r"!os", %st al8ays +av"on" foot lift"d to arc+ to battl". and not only so, b%t +" %st +av" +is a'"ctions8it+dra8n fro t+" 8orld alt+o +is body is d8"llin in it. 0rant t+at t+is at rst si+t

s""s to %s +ard, still 8" %st b" satis"d 8it+ t+" 8ords of $t. a%l, R4" ar"call"d and a!!oint"d to s%'"r.S s if +" +ad said, $%c+ is o%r condition asC+ristiansG t+is is t+" road by 8+ic+ 8" %st o if 8" 8o%ld follo8 C+rist. 11

M"an8+il", to solac" o%r inrity and itiat" t+" v"Jation and sorro8 8+ic+!"rs"c%tion i+t ca%s" %s, a ood r"8ard is +"ld fort+A :n s%'"rin for t+" ca%s" of 0od 8" ar" 8alin st"! by st"! aft"r t+" $on of 0od and +av" /i for o%r %id".4"r" it si!ly said t+at to b" C+ristians 8" %st !ass t+ro%+ all t+" ins%lts of t+"8orld boldly, to ""t d"at+ at all ti"s and in 8+at"v"r 8ay 0od ay b" !l"as"d toa!!oint, 8" i+t a!!ar"ntly +av" so" !r"t"Jt for r"!lyin, :t is a stran" road too at a !"radv"nt%r". B%t 8+"n 8" ar" coand"d to follo8 t+" 9ord *"s%s, /is%idanc" is too ood and +onorabl" to b" r"f%s"d. 12

r" 8" so d"licat" as to b" %n8illin to "nd%r" anyt+inL +"n 8" %st r"no%nc"t+" rac" of 0od by 8+ic+ /" +as call"d %s to t+" +o!" of salvation. For t+"r" ar"t8o t+ins 8+ic+ can not b" s"!arat"dTto b" "b"rs of C+rist, and to b" tri"d byany aUictions. 4" c"rtainly o%+t to !ri>" s%c+ a confority to t+" $on of 0od%c+ or" t+an 8" do. :t is tr%" t+at in t+" 8orld7s H%d"nt t+"r" is disrac" ins%'"rin for t+" 0os!"l. B%t sinc" 8" no8 t+at %nb"li"v"rs ar" blind, o%+t 8" notto +av" b"tt"r "y"s t+an t+"yL :t is inoiny to s%'"r fro t+os" 8+o occ%!y t+"s"at of H%stic", b%t $t. a%l s+o8s %s by +is "Ja!l" t+at 8" +av" to lory insco%rins for *"s%s C+rist, as ars by 8+ic+ 0od r"coni>"s %s and avo8s %s for/is o8n. nd 8" no8 8+at $t. 9%" narrat"s of "t"r and *o+nG na"ly, t+at t+"yr"Hoic"d to +av" b""n Rco%nt"d 8ort+y to s%'"r infay and r"!roac+ for t+" na"

of t+" 9ord *"s%s.S 1#

:noiny and dinity ar" t8o o!!osit"sA so says t+" 8orld 8+ic+, b"in infat%at"d, H%d"s aainst all r"ason, and in t+is 8ay conv"rts t+" lory of 0od into dis+onor.B%t, on o%r !art, l"t %s not r"f%s" to b" vili"d as conc"rns t+" 8orld, in ord"r to b"+onor"d b"for" 0od and /is an"ls. 4" s"" 8+at !ains t+" abitio%s ta" tor"c"iv" t+" coands of a in, and 8+at a boast t+"y a" of it. +" $on of 0od!r"s"nts /is coands to %s, and "v"ry on" stands bacK "ll ", !ray, 8+"t+"r in


11/167

so doin ar" 8" 8ort+y of +avin anyt+in in coon 8it+ /iL +"r" is not+in+"r" to attract o%r s"ns%al nat%r", b%t s%c+, not8it+standin, ar" t+" tr%""sc%tc+"ons of nobility in t+" +"av"ns. :!rison"nt, "Jil", "vil r"!ort, i!ly in"n7s iaination 8+at"v"r is to b" vit%!"rat"dG b%t 8+at +ind"rs %s fro vi"8int+ins as 0od H%d"s and d"clar"s t+", sav" o%r %nb"li"fL 4+"r"for" l"t t+" na"of t+" $on of 0od +av" all t+" 8"i+t 8it+ %s 8+ic+ it d"s"rv"s, t+at 8" ay l"arn

to co%nt it +onor 8+"n /" sta!s /is ars %!on %s. :f 8" act ot+"r8is" o%rinratit%d" is ins%!!ortabl". 1&

4"r" 0od to d"al 8it+ %s accordin to o%r d"s"rts, 8o%ld /" not +av" H%st ca%s" toc+astis" %s daily in a t+o%sand 8aysL Nay, or", a +%ndr"d t+o%sand d"at+s 8o%ldnot s%c" for a sall !ortion of o%r isd""dsK No8, if in /is innit" oodn"ss /"!%ts all o%r fa%lts %nd"r /is foot and abolis+"s t+", and, inst"ad of !%nis+in %saccordin to o%r d""rit, d"vis"s an adirabl" "ans to conv"rt o%r aUictions into+onor and a s!"cial !rivil"", inas%c+ as t+ro%+ t+" 8" ar" ta"n into!artn"rs+i! 8it+ /is $on, %st it not b" said, 8+"n 8" disdain s%c+ a +a!!y stat",t+at 8" +av" ind""d ad" littl" !ror"ss in C+ristian doctrin"L 15

:t 8"r" "asy ind""d for 0od to cro8n %s at onc" 8it+o%t r"=%irin %s to s%stain anycobatsG b%t as it is /is !l"as%r" t+at %ntil t+" "nd of t+" 8orld C+rist s+all r"in int+" idst of /is "n"i"s, so it is also /is !l"as%r" t+at 8", b"in !lac"d in t+"idst of t+", s+all s%'"r t+"ir o!!r"ssion and viol"nc" till /" d"liv"r %s. : no8,ind""d, t+at t+" I"s+ ics 8+"n it is to b" bro%+t to t+is !oint, b%t still t+" 8ill of 0od %st +av" t+" ast"ry. :f 8" f""l so" r"!%nanc" in o%rs"lv"s it n""d nots%r!ris" %sG for it is only too nat%ral for %s to s+%n t+" cross. $till l"t %s not fail tos%ro%nt it, no8in t+at 0od acc"!ts o%r ob"di"nc", !rovid"d 8" brin all o%rf""lins and 8is+"s into ca!tivity and a" t+" s%bH"ct to /i. 16

:n anci"nt ti"s vast n%b"rs of !"o!l", to obtain a si!l" cro8n of l"av"s,r"f%s"d no toil, no !ain, no tro%bl"G nay, it "v"n cost t+" not+in to di", and y"t

"v"ry on" of t+" fo%+t for a !"radv"nt%r", not no8in 8+"t+"r +" 8as to ainor los" t+" !ri>". 0od +olds fort+ to %s t+" iortal cro8n by 8+ic+ 8" ayb"co" !arta"rs of /is lory. /" do"s not "an %s to +t at +a!+a>ard, b%t all of %s +av" a !rois" of t+" !ri>" for 8+ic+ 8" striv". /av" 8" any ca%s", t+"n, tod"clin" t+" str%l"L


12/167

arv"lo%s d"sin of t+" "l"ct of t8"nty "n"rations, t+" co!l"tion of 8+ic+rovid"nc" +as r"s"rv"d for t+is fort%nat" a". 1

?"s, yo%n "n, :taly o8"s to yo% an %nd"rtain 8+ic+ +as "rit"d t+" a!!la%s"of t+" %niv"rs". ?o% +av" con=%"r"d and yo% 8ill con=%"r still, b"ca%s" yo% ar"!r"!ar"d for t+" tactics t+at d"cid" t+" fat" of battl"s. ?o% ar" not %n8ort+y t+"

"n 8+o "nt"r"d t+" rans of a Mac"donian !+alanJ, and 8+o cont"nd"d not invain 8it+ t+" !ro%d con=%"rors of sia. o t+is 8ond"rf%l !a" in o%r co%ntry7s+istory anot+"r or" lorio%s still 8ill b" add"d, and t+" slav" s+all s+o8 at last to+is fr"" brot+"rs a s+ar!"n"d s8ord for"d fro t+" lins of +is f"tt"rs. 2

o ars, t+"n, all of yo%K all of yo%K nd t+" o!!r"ssors and t+" i+ty s+alldisa!!"ar li" d%st. ?o%, too, 8o"n, cast a8ay all t+" co8ards fro yo%r"brac"sG t+"y 8ill iv" yo% only co8ards for c+ildr"n, and yo% 8+o ar" t+"da%+t"rs of t+" land of b"a%ty %st b"ar c+ildr"n 8+o ar" nobl" and brav". 9"ttiid doctrinair"s d"!art fro aon %s to carry t+"ir s"rvility and t+"ir is"rabl"f"ars "ls"8+"r". +is !"o!l" is its o8n ast"r. :t 8is+"s to b" t+" brot+"r of ot+"r!"o!l"s, b%t to loo on t+" insol"nt 8it+ a !ro%d lanc", not to rov"l b"for" t+"

i!lorin its o8n fr""do. :t 8ill no lon"r follo8 in t+" trail of "n 8+os" +"artsar" fo%l. NoK NoK NoK #

rovid"nc" +as !r"s"nt"d :taly 8it+ @ictor Ean%"l. Ev"ry :talian s+o%ld rallyro%nd +i. By t+" sid" of @ictor Ean%"l "v"ry =%arr"l s+o%ld b" forott"n, allrancor d"!art. Onc" or" : r"!"at y battl"DcryA Ro ars, allTall of yo%KS :f Marc+,161, do"s not nd on" illion of :talians in ars, t+"n alas for lib"rty, alas for t+"lif" of :taly. +, no, far b" fro " a t+o%+t 8+ic+ : loat+" li" !oison. Marc+ of 161, or if n""d b" F"br%ary, 8ill nd %s all at o%r !ostT:talians of Calatai,al"ro, ncona, t+" @olt%rno, Cast"ldardo, and :s"rnia, and 8it+ %s "v"ry an of t+is land 8+o is not a co8ard or a slav". 9"t all of %s rally ro%nd t+" lorio%s +"ro of al"stro 2 and iv" t+" last blo8 to t+" cr%blin "dic" of tyranny. 3"c"iv", t+"n,

y allant yo%n vol%nt""rs, at t+" +onor"d concl%sion of t"n battl"s, on" 8ord of far"8"ll fro ". # &

: %tt"r t+is 8ord 8it+ d""!"st a'"ction and fro t+" v"ry botto of y +"art. oDday : a obli"d to r"tir", b%t for a f"8 days only. +" +o%r of battl" 8ill nd "8it+ yo% aain, by t+" sid" of t+" c+a!ions of :talian lib"rty. 9"t t+os" only r"t%rnto t+"ir +o"s 8+o ar" call"d by t+" i!"rativ" d%ti"s 8+ic+ t+"y o8" to t+"irfaili"s, and t+os" 8+o by t+"ir lorio%s 8o%nds +av" d"s"rv"d t+" cr"dit of t+"irco%ntry. +"s", ind""d, 8ill s"rv" :taly in t+"ir +o"s by t+"ir co%ns"l, by t+" v"ryas!"ct of t+" scars 8+ic+ adorn t+"ir yo%t+f%l bro8s. !art fro t+"s", l"t all ot+"rsr"ain to %ard o%r lorio%s bann"rs. 4" s+all ""t aain b"for" lon to arc+to"t+"r to t+" r"d"!tion of o%r brot+"rs 8+o ar" still slav"s of t+" stran"r. 4"

s+all ""t aain b"for" lon to arc+ to n"8 tri%!+s. 5

Not" 1.


13/167

Not" #. Francis ::. 8as b"si""d at +is stron+old of 0a"ta "arly in 161, and onF"br%ary 1# s%rr"nd"r"d to @ictor Ean%"l. bacP

'olitics by al! 3aldo E"rson

:N d"alin 8it+ t+" $tat", 8" o%+t to r""b"r t+at its instit%tions ar" notaboriinal, t+o%+ t+"y "Jist"d b"for" 8" 8"r" bornA t+at t+"y ar" not s%!"rior tot+" citi>"nA t+at "v"ry on" of t+" 8as onc" t+" act of a sinl" anA "v"ry la8 and%sa" 8as a an7s "J!"di"nt to ""t a !artic%lar cas"G t+at t+"y all ar" iitabl",all alt"rabl"G 8" ay a" as oodG 8" ay a" b"tt"r. $oci"ty is an ill%sion tot+" yo%n citi>"n. :t li"s b"for" +i in riid r"!os", 8it+ c"rtain na"s, "n, andinstit%tions, root"d li" oaDtr""s to t+" c"ntr", ro%nd 8+ic+ all arran" t+"s"lv"st+" b"st t+"y can. B%t t+" old stat"san no8s t+at soci"ty is I%idG t+"r" ar" nos%c+ roots and c"ntr"sG b%t any !articl" ay s%dd"nly b"co" t+" c"ntr" of t+"ov""nt, and co!"l t+" syst" to yrat" ro%nd it, as "v"ry an of stron 8ill,li" isistrat%s, or Cro8"ll, do"s for a ti", and "v"ry an of tr%t+, li" lato, or

a%l, do"s for"v"r. B%t !olitics r"st on n"c"ssary fo%ndations, and cannot b" tr"at"d8it+ l"vity. 3"!%blics abo%nd in yo%n civilians, 8+o b"li"v" t+at t+" la8s a" t+"city, t+at rav" odications of t+" !olicy and od"s of livin, and "!loy"nts of t+" !o!%lation, t+at co"rc", "d%cation, and r"liion, ay b" vot"d in or o%tG andt+at any "as%r", t+o%+ it 8"r" abs%rd, ay b" i!os"d on a !"o!l", if only yo%can "t s%ci"nt voic"s to a" it a la8. B%t t+" 8is" no8 t+at foolis+ l"islationis a ro!" of sand, 8+ic+ !"ris+"s in t+" t8istinG t+at t+" $tat" %st follo8, and notl"ad t+" c+aract"r and !ror"ss of t+" citi>"nG t+" stron"st %s%r!"r is =%icly otrid ofG and t+"y only 8+o b%ilt on :d"as, b%ild for "t"rnityG and t+at t+" for of ov"rn"nt 8+ic+ !r"vails, is t+" "J!r"ssion of 8+at c%ltivation "Jists in t+"!o!%lation 8+ic+ !"rits it. +" la8 is only a "orand%. 4" ar" s%!"rstitio%s,and "st"" t+" stat%t" so"8+atA so %c+ lif" as it +as in t+" c+aract"r of livin

"n, is its forc". +" stat%t" stands t+"r" to say, y"st"rday 8" ar""d so and so,b%t +o8 f""l y" t+is articl" toDdayL O%r stat%t" is a c%rr"ncy, 8+ic+ 8" sta! 8it+o%r o8n !ortraitA it soon b"co"s %nr"coni>abl", and in !roc"ss of ti" 8ill r"t%rnto t+" int. Nat%r" is not d"ocratic, nor liit"d onarc+ical, b%t d"s!otic, and 8illnot b" fool"d or abat"d of any Hot of +"r a%t+ority, by t+" !"rt"st of +"r sonsA andas fast as t+" !%blic ind is o!"n"d to or" int"lli"nc", t+" cod" is s""n to b"br%t" and sta"rin. :t s!"as not artic%lat"ly, and %st b" ad" to. M"anti"t+" "d%cation of t+" "n"ral ind n"v"r sto!s. +" r"v"ri"s of t+" tr%" and si!l"ar" !ro!+"tic. 4+at t+" t"nd"r !o"tic yo%t+ dr"as, and !rays, and !aints toDday,b%t s+%ns t+" ridic%l" of sayin alo%d, s+all !r"s"ntly b" t+" r"sol%tions of !%blicbodi"s, t+"n s+all b" carri"d as ri"vanc" and bill of ri+ts t+ro%+ conIict and 8ar,and t+"n s+all b" tri%!+ant la8 and "stablis+"nt for a +%ndr"d y"ars, %ntil it

iv"s !lac", in t%rn, to n"8 !ray"rs and !ict%r"s. +" +istory of t+" $tat" s"tc+"sin coars" o%tlin" t+" !ror"ss of t+o%+t, and follo8s at a distanc" t+" d"licacy of c%lt%r" and of as!iration. 1

+" t+"ory of !olitics, 8+ic+ +as !oss"ss"d t+" ind of "n, and 8+ic+ t+"y +av""J!r"ss"d t+" b"st t+"y co%ld in t+"ir la8s and in t+"ir r"vol%tions, consid"rs!"rsons and !ro!"rty as t+" t8o obH"cts for 8+os" !rot"ction ov"rn"nt "Jists. Of !"rsons, all +av" "=%al ri+ts, in virt%" of b"in id"ntical in nat%r". +is int"r"st, of


14/167

co%rs", 8it+ its 8+ol" !o8"r d"ands a d"ocracy. 4+ilst t+" ri+ts of all as!"rsons ar" "=%al, in virt%" of t+"ir acc"ss to r"ason, t+"ir ri+ts in !ro!"rty ar"v"ry %n"=%al. On" an o8ns +is clot+"s, and anot+"r o8ns a co%nty. +is accid"nt,d"!"ndin, !riarily, on t+" sill and virt%" of t+" !arti"s, of 8+ic+ t+"r" is "v"ryd"r"", and s"condarily, on !atriony, falls %n"=%ally, and its ri+ts, of co%rs", ar"%n"=%al. "rsonal ri+ts, %niv"rsally t+" sa", d"and a ov"rn"nt fra"d on

t+" ratio of t+" c"ns%sA !ro!"rty d"ands a ov"rn"nt fra"d on t+" ratio of o8n"rs and of o8nin. 9aban, 8+o +as Iocs and +"rds, 8is+"s t+" loo"d aft"rby an oc"r on t+" fronti"rs, l"st t+" Midianit"s s+all driv" t+" o', and !ays a taJto t+at "nd. *acob +as no Iocs or +"rds, and no f"ar of t+" Midianit"s, and !ays notaJ to t+" oc"r. :t s"""d t t+at 9aban and *acob s+o%ld +av" "=%al ri+ts to"l"ct t+" oc"r, 8+o is to d"f"nd t+"ir !"rsons, b%t t+at 9aban and not *acob,s+o%ld "l"ct t+" oc"r 8+o is to %ard t+" s+""! and cattl". nd, if =%"stion aris"8+"t+"r additional oc"rs or 8atc+Dto8"rs s+o%ld b" !rovid"d, %st not 9aban and:saac, and t+os" 8+o %st s"ll !art of t+"ir +"rds to b%y !rot"ction for t+" r"st,

H%d" b"tt"r of t+is, and 8it+ or" ri+t, t+an *acob, 8+o, b"ca%s" +" is a yo%t+and a trav"ll"r, "ats t+"ir br"ad and not +is o8nL 2

:n t+" "arli"st soci"ty t+" !ro!ri"tors ad" t+"ir o8n 8"alt+, and so lon as itco"s to t+" o8n"rs in t+" dir"ct 8ay, no ot+"r o!inion 8o%ld aris" in any "=%itabl"co%nity, t+an t+at !ro!"rty s+o%ld a" t+" la8 for !ro!"rty, and !"rsons t+"la8 for !"rsons. #

B%t !ro!"rty !ass"s t+ro%+ donation or in+"ritanc" to t+os" 8+o do not cr"at" it.0ift, in on" cas", a"s it as r"ally t+" n"8 o8n"r7s, as labor ad" it t+" rsto8n"r7s, in t+" ot+"r cas", of !atriony, t+" la8 a"s an o8n"rs+i!, 8+ic+ 8ill b"valid in "ac+ an7s vi"8 accordin to t+" "stiat" 8+ic+ +" s"ts on t+" !%blictran=%illity. &

:t 8as not, +o8"v"r, fo%nd "asy to "body t+" r"adily aditt"d !rinci!l", t+at

!ro!"rty s+o%ld a" la8 for !ro!"rty, and !"rsons for !"rsonsA sinc" !"rsons and!ro!"rty iJ"d t+"s"lv"s in "v"ry transaction. t last it s""s s"ttl"d, t+at t+"ri+tf%l distinction 8as, t+at t+" !ro!ri"tors s+o%ld +av" or" "l"ctiv" franc+is"t+an nonD!ro!ri"tors, on t+" $!artan !rinci!l" of Rcallin t+at 8+ic+ is H%st, "=%alGnot t+at 8+ic+ is "=%al, H%st.S 5

+at !rinci!l" no lon"r loos so s"lf "vid"nt as it a!!"ar"d in for"r ti"s, !artly,b"ca%s" do%bts +av" aris"n 8+"t+"r too %c+ 8"i+t +ad not b""n allo8"d in t+"la8s, to !ro!"rty, and s%c+ a str%ct%r" iv"n to o%r %sa"s, as allo8"d t+" ric+ to"ncroac+ on t+" !oor, and to ""! t+" !oorG b%t ainly, b"ca%s" t+"r" is aninstinctiv" s"ns", +o8"v"r obsc%r" and y"t inartic%lat", t+at t+" 8+ol" constit%tionof !ro!"rty, on its !r"s"nt t"n%r"s, is inH%rio%s, and its inI%"nc" on !"rsons

d"t"rioratin and d"radinG t+at tr%ly, t+" only int"r"st for t+" consid"ration of t+"$tat", is !"rsonsG t+at !ro!"rty 8ill al8ays follo8 !"rsonsG t+at t+" +i+"st "nd of ov"rn"nt is t+" c%lt%r" of "nA and if "n can b" "d%cat"d, t+" instit%tions 8ills+ar" t+"ir i!rov""nt, and t+" oral s"nti"nt 8ill 8rit" t+" la8 of t+" land.

6

:f it b" not "asy to s"ttl" t+" "=%ity of t+is =%"stion, t+" !"ril is l"ss 8+"n 8" ta"not" of o%r nat%ral d"f"nc"s. 4" ar" "!t by b"tt"r %ards t+an t+" viilanc" of


15/167

s%c+ aistrat"s as 8" coonly "l"ct. $oci"ty al8ays consists, in r"at"st !art,of yo%n and foolis+ !"rsons. +" old, 8+o +av" s""n t+ro%+ t+" +y!ocrisy of co%rts and stat"s"n, di", and l"av" no 8isdo to t+"ir sons. +"y b"li"v" t+"iro8n n"8s!a!"r, as t+"ir fat+"rs did at t+"ir a". 4it+ s%c+ an inorant andd"c"ivabl" aHority, $tat"s 8o%ld soon r%n to r%in, b%t t+at t+"r" ar" liitationsb"yond 8+ic+ t+" folly and abition of ov"rnors cannot o. +ins +av" t+"ir la8s,

as 8"ll as "nG and t+ins r"f%s" to b" triI"d 8it+. ro!"rty 8ill b" !rot"ct"d. Corn8ill not ro8, %nl"ss it is !lant"d and an%r"dG b%t t+" far"r 8ill not !lant or +o"it, %nl"ss t+" c+anc"s ar" a +%ndr"d to on", t+at +" 8ill c%t and +arv"st it. nd"rany fors, !"rsons and !ro!"rty %st and 8ill +av" t+"ir H%st s8ay. +"y "J"rt t+"ir!o8"r, as st"adily as att"r its attraction. Cov"r %! a !o%nd of "art+ n"v"r soc%nninly, divid" and s%bdivid" itG "lt it to li=%id, conv"rt it to asG it 8ill al8ays8"i+ a !o%ndA it 8ill al8ays attract and r"sist ot+"r att"r, by t+" f%ll virt%" of on"!o%nd 8"i+tGTand t+" attrib%t"s of a !"rson, +is 8it and +is oral "n"ry, 8ill"J"rcis", %nd"r any la8 of "Jtin%is+in tyranny, t+"ir !ro!"r forc",Tif not ov"rtly,t+"n cov"rtlyG if not for t+" la8, t+"n aainst itG 8it+ ri+t, or by i+t.

+" bo%ndari"s of !"rsonal inI%"nc" it is i!ossibl" to J, as !"rsons ar" orans

of oral or s%!"rnat%ral forc". nd"r t+" doinion of an id"a. 4+ic+ !oss"ss"s t+"inds of %ltit%d"s, as civil fr""do, or t+" r"liio%s s"nti"nt, t+" !o8"rs of !"rsons ar" no lon"r s%bH"cts of calc%lation. nation of "n %nanio%sly b"nt onfr""do, or con=%"st, can "asily confo%nd t+" arit+"tic of statists, and ac+i"v""Jtravaant actions, o%t of all !ro!ortion to t+"ir "ansG as, t+" 0r""s, t+"$arac"ns, t+" $8iss, t+" "ricans, and t+" Fr"nc+ +av" don".

:n li" ann"r, to "v"ry !articl" of !ro!"rty b"lons its o8n attraction. c"nt ist+" r"!r"s"ntativ" of a c"rtain =%antity of corn or ot+"r coodity. :ts val%" is int+" n"c"ssiti"s of t+" anial an. :t is so %c+ 8art+, so %c+ br"ad, so %c+8at"r, so %c+ land. +" la8 ay do 8+at it 8ill 8it+ t+" o8n"r of !ro!"rty, its H%st!o8"r 8ill still attac+ to t+" c"nt. +" la8 ay in a ad fr"a say, t+at all s+all

+av" !o8"r "Jc"!t t+" o8n"rs of !ro!"rtyA t+"y s+all +av" no vot". N"v"rt+"l"ss,by a +i+"r la8, t+" !ro!"rty 8ill, y"ar aft"r y"ar, 8rit" "v"ry stat%t" t+at r"s!"cts!ro!"rty. +" nonD!ro!ri"tor 8ill b" t+" scrib" of t+" !ro!ri"tor. 4+at t+" o8n"rs8is+ to do, t+" 8+ol" !o8"r of !ro!"rty 8ill do, "it+"r t+ro%+ t+" la8, or "ls" ind"anc" of it. Of co%rs", : s!"a of all t+" !ro!"rty, not "r"ly of t+" r"at "stat"s.4+"n t+" ric+ ar" o%tvot"d, as fr"=%"ntly +a!!"ns, it is t+" Hoint tr"as%ry of t+"!oor 8+ic+ "Jc""ds t+"ir acc%%lations. Ev"ry an o8ns so"t+in, if it is only aco8, or a 8+""lbarro8, or +is ars, and so +as t+at !ro!"rty to dis!os" of. -

+" sa" n"c"ssity 8+ic+ s"c%r"s t+" ri+ts of !"rson and !ro!"rty aainst t+"alinity or folly of t+" aistrat", d"t"rin"s t+" for and "t+ods of ov"rnin,8+ic+ ar" !ro!"r to "ac+ nation, and to its +abit of t+o%+t, and no8is" transf"rabl"

to ot+"r stat"s of soci"ty. :n t+is co%ntry, 8" ar" v"ry vain of o%r !oliticalinstit%tions, 8+ic+ ar" sin%lar in t+is, t+at t+"y s!r%n, 8it+in t+" "ory of livin"n, fro t+" c+aract"r and condition of t+" !"o!l", 8+ic+ t+"y still "J!r"ss 8it+s%ci"nt d"lity,Tand 8" ost"ntatio%sly !r"f"r t+" to any ot+"r in +istory. +"yar" not b"tt"r, b%t only tt"r for %s. 4" ay b" 8is" in ass"rtin t+" advanta" inod"rn ti"s of t+" d"ocratic for, b%t to ot+"r stat"s of soci"ty, in 8+ic+r"liion cons"crat"d t+" onarc+ical, t+at and not t+is 8as "J!"di"nt.


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8it+ it. Born d"ocrats, 8" ar" no8is" =%ali"d to H%d" of onarc+y, 8+ic+, to o%rfat+"rs livin in t+" onarc+ical id"a, 8as also r"lativ"ly ri+t. B%t o%r instit%tions,t+o%+ in coincid"nc" 8it+ t+" s!irit of t+" a", +av" not any "J"!tion fro t+"!ractical d"f"cts 8+ic+ +av" discr"dit"d ot+"r fors. Ev"ry act%al $tat" is corr%!t.0ood "n %st not ob"y t+" la8s too 8"ll. 4+at satir" on ov"rn"nt can "=%alt+" s"v"rity of c"ns%r" conv"y"d in t+" 8ord !olitic, 8+ic+ no8 for a"s +as

sini"d c%nnin, intiatin t+at t+" $tat" is a tricL 1

+" sa" b"nin n"c"ssity and t+" sa" !ractical ab%s" a!!"ar in t+" !arti"sinto 8+ic+ "ac+ $tat" divid"s its"lf of o!!on"nts and d"f"nd"rs of t+"adinistration of t+" ov"rn"nt. arti"s ar" also fo%nd"d on instincts, and +av"b"tt"r %id"s to t+"ir o8n +%bl" ais t+an t+" saacity of t+"ir l"ad"rs. +"y+av" not+in !"rv"rs" in t+"ir oriin, b%t r%d"ly ar so" r"al and lastinr"lation. 4" i+t as 8is"ly r"!rov" t+" "ast 8ind, or t+" frost, as a !olitical !arty,8+os" "b"rs, for t+" ost !art, co%ld iv" no acco%nt of t+"ir !osition, b%tstand for t+" d"f"nc" of t+os" int"r"sts in 8+ic+ t+"y nd t+"s"lv"s. O%r =%arr"l8it+ t+" b"ins, 8+"n t+"y =%it t+is d""! nat%ral ro%nd at t+" biddin of so"l"ad"r, and, ob"yin !"rsonal consid"rations, t+ro8 t+"s"lv"s into t+"

aint"nanc" and d"f"nc" of !oints, no8is" b"lonin to t+"ir syst". !arty is!"r!"t%ally corr%!t"d by !"rsonality. 4+ilst 8" absolv" t+" association frodis+on"sty, 8" cannot "Jt"nd t+" sa" c+aract"r to t+"ir l"ad"rs. +"y r"a! t+"r"8ards of t+" docility and >"al of t+" ass"s 8+ic+ t+"y dir"ct. Ordinarily, o%r!arti"s ar" !arti"s of circ%stanc", and not of !rinci!l"G as, t+" !lantin int"r"st inconIict 8it+ t+" co"rcialG t+" !arty of ca!italists, and t+at of o!"rativ"sG !arti"s8+ic+ ar" id"ntical in t+"ir oral c+aract"r, and 8+ic+ can "asily c+an" ro%nd8it+ "ac+ ot+"r, in t+" s%!!ort of any of t+"ir "as%r"s. arti"s of !rinci!l", as,r"liio%s s"cts, or t+" !arty of fr""trad", of %niv"rsal s%'ra", of abolition of slav"ry, of abolition of ca!ital !%nis+"nt, d""n"rat" into !"rsonaliti"s, or 8o%ldins!ir" "nt+%sias. +" vic" of o%r l"adin !arti"s in t+is co%ntry (8+ic+ ay b"cit"d as a fair s!"ci"n of t+"s" soci"ti"s of o!inion) is, t+at t+"y do not !lant

t+"s"lv"s on t+" d""! and n"c"ssary ro%nds to 8+ic+ t+"y ar" r"s!"ctiv"ly"ntitl"d, b%t las+ t+"s"lv"s to f%ry in t+" carryin of so" local and o"ntary"as%r", no8is" %s"f%l to t+" coon8"alt+. Of t+" t8o r"at !arti"s, 8+ic+, att+is +o%r, alost s+ar" t+" nation b"t8""n t+", : s+o%ld say, t+at, on" +as t+"b"st ca%s", and t+" ot+"r contains t+" b"st "n. +" !+iloso!+"r, t+" !o"t, or t+"r"liio%s an 8ill, of co%rs", 8is+ to cast +is vot" 8it+ t+" d"ocrat, for fr""Dtrad",for 8id" s%'ra", for t+" abolition of l"al cr%"lti"s in t+" !"nal cod", and forfacilitatin in "v"ry ann"r t+" acc"ss of t+" yo%n and t+" !oor to t+" so%rc"s of 8"alt+ and !o8"r. B%t +" can rar"ly acc"!t t+" !"rsons 8+o t+" soDcall"d !o!%lar!arty !ro!os" to +i as r"!r"s"ntativ"s of t+"s" lib"raliti"s. +"y +av" not at +"artt+" "nds 8+ic+ iv" to t+" na" of d"ocracy 8+at +o!" and virt%" ar" in it. +"s!irit of o%r "rican radicalis is d"str%ctiv" and ail"ssA it is not lovin, it +as no%lt"rior and divin" "ndsG b%t is d"str%ctiv" only o%t of +atr"d and s"ls+n"ss. Ont+" ot+"r sid", t+" cons"rvativ" !arty, co!os"d of t+" ost od"rat", abl", andc%ltivat"d !art of t+" !o!%lation, is tiid, and "r"ly d"f"nsiv" of !ro!"rty. :tvindicat"s no ri+t, it as!ir"s to no r"al ood, it brands no cri", it !ro!os"s no"n"ro%s !olicy, it do"s not b%ild, nor 8rit", nor c+"ris+ t+" arts, nor fost"r r"liion,nor "stablis+ sc+ools, nor "nco%ra" sci"nc", nor "anci!at" t+" slav", norb"fri"nd t+" !oor, or t+" :ndian, or t+" iirant. Fro n"it+"r !arty, 8+"n in


17/167

!o8"r, +as t+" 8orld any b"n"t to "J!"ct in sci"nc", art, or +%anity, at allco"ns%rat" 8it+ t+" r"so%rc"s of t+" nation. 11

: do not for t+"s" d"f"cts d"s!air of o%r r"!%blic. 4" ar" not at t+" "rcy of any8av"s of c+anc". :n t+" strif" of f"rocio%s !arti"s, +%an nat%r" al8ays nds its"lf c+"ris+"d, as t+" c+ildr"n of t+" convicts at Botany Bay ar" fo%nd to +av" as

+"alt+y a oral s"nti"nt as ot+"r c+ildr"n. Citi>"ns of f"%dal stat"s ar" alar"d ato%r d"ocratic instit%tions la!sin into anarc+yG and t+" old"r and or" ca%tio%saon o%rs"lv"s ar" l"arnin fro E%ro!"ans to loo 8it+ so" t"rror at o%rt%rb%l"nt fr""do. :t is said t+at in o%r lic"ns" of constr%in t+" Constit%tion and int+" d"s!otis of !%blic o!inion, 8" +av" no anc+orG and on" for"in obs"rv"rt+ins +" +as fo%nd t+" saf"%ard in t+" sanctity of Marria" aon %sG andanot+"r t+ins +" +as fo%nd it in o%r Calvinis. Fis+"r "s "J!r"ss"d t+" !o!%lars"c%rity or" 8is"ly, 8+"n +" co!ar"d a onarc+y and a r"!%blic, sayin, Rt+at aonarc+y is a "rc+antan, 8+ic+ sails 8"ll, b%t 8ill so"ti"s stri" on a roc,and o to t+" bottoG 8+ilst a r"!%blic is a raft, 8+ic+ 8o%ld n"v"r sin, b%t t+"nyo%r f""t ar" al8ays in 8at"r.S No fors can +av" any dan"ro%s i!ortanc", 8+ilst8" ar" b"fri"nd"d by t+" la8s of t+ins. :t a"s no di'"r"nc" +o8 any tons

8"i+t of atos!+"r" !r"ss"s on o%r +"ads, so lon as t+" sa" !r"ss%r" r"sists it8it+in t+" l%ns. %"nt t+" ass a t+o%sand fold, it cannot b"in to cr%s+ %s, aslon as r"action is "=%al to action. +" fact of t8o !ol"s, of t8o forc"s, c"ntri!"taland c"ntrif%al, is %niv"rsal, and "ac+ forc" by its o8n activity d"v"lo!s t+" ot+"r.4ild lib"rty d"v"lo!s iron consci"nc". 4ant of lib"rty, by str"nt+"nin la8 andd"cor%, st%!""s consci"nc". R9ync+Dla8S !r"vails only 8+"r" t+"r" is r"at"r+ardi+ood and s"lfDs%bsist"ncy in t+" l"ad"rs. ob cannot b" a !"ran"ncyA"v"rybody7s int"r"st r"=%ir"s t+at it s+o%ld not "Jist, and only H%stic" satis"s all.

12

4" %st tr%st innit"ly to t+" b"n"c"nt n"c"ssity 8+ic+ s+in"s t+ro%+ all la8s./%an nat%r" "J!r"ss"s its"lf in t+" as c+aract"ristically as in stat%"s, or sons,

or railroads, and an abstract of t+" cod"s of nations 8o%ld b" a transcri!t of t+"coon consci"nc". 0ov"rn"nts +av" t+"ir oriin in t+" oral id"ntity of "n.3"ason for on" is s""n to b" r"ason for anot+"r, and for "v"ry ot+"r. +"r" is aiddl" "as%r" 8+ic+ satis"s all !arti"s, b" t+"y n"v"r so any, or so r"sol%t" fort+"ir o8n. Ev"ry an nds a sanction for +is si!l"st clais and d""ds in d"cisionsof +is o8n ind, 8+ic+ +" calls r%t+ and /olin"ss. :n t+"s" d"cisions all t+" citi>"nsnd a !"rf"ct ar"""nt, and only in t+"s"G not in 8+at is ood to "at, ood to8"ar, ood %s" of ti", or 8+at ao%nt of land, or of !%blic aid, "ac+ is "ntitl"d toclai. +is tr%t+ and H%stic" "n !r"s"ntly "nd"avor to a" a!!lication of, to t+""as%rin of land, t+" a!!ortion"nt of s"rvic", t+" !rot"ction of lif" and !ro!"rty.

+"ir rst "nd"avors, no do%bt, ar" v"ry a88ard. ?"t absol%t" ri+t is t+" rstov"rnorG or, "v"ry ov"rn"nt is an i!%r" t+"ocracy. +" id"a, aft"r 8+ic+ "ac+

co%nity is aiin to a" and "nd its la8, is, t+" 8ill of t+" 8is" an. +"8is" an, it cannot nd in nat%r", and it a"s a88ard b%t "arn"st "'orts tos"c%r" +is ov"rn"nt by contrivanc"G as, by ca%sin t+" "ntir" !"o!l" to iv" t+"irvoic"s on "v"ry "as%r"G or, by a do%bl" c+oic" to "t t+" r"!r"s"ntation of t+"8+ol"G or, by a s"l"ction of t+" b"st citi>"nsG or, to s"c%r" t+" advanta"s of "ci"ncy and int"rnal !"ac", by condin t+" ov"rn"nt to on", 8+o ay +is"lf s"l"ct +is a"nts. ll fors of ov"rn"nt syboli>" an iortal ov"rn"nt,


18/167

coon to all dynasti"s and ind"!"nd"nt of n%b"rs, !"rf"ct 8+"r" t8o "n "Jist,!"rf"ct 8+"r" t+"r" is only on" an. 1#

Ev"ry an7s nat%r" is a s%ci"nt adv"rtis""nt to +i of t+" c+aract"r of +isf"llo8s. My ri+t and y 8ron, is t+"ir ri+t and t+"ir 8ron. 4+ilst : do 8+at is tfor ", and abstain fro 8+at is %nt, y n"i+bor and : s+all oft"n ar"" in o%r

"ans, and 8or to"t+"r for a ti" to on" "nd. B%t 8+"n"v"r : nd y doinionov"r ys"lf not s%ci"nt for ", and %nd"rta" t+" dir"ction of +i also, : ov"rst"!t+" tr%t+, and co" into fals" r"lations to +i. : ay +av" so %c+ or" sill orstr"nt+ t+an +", t+at +" cannot "J!r"ss ad"=%at"ly +is s"ns" of 8ron, b%t it is ali", and +%rts li" a li" bot+ +i and ". 9ov" and nat%r" cannot aintain t+"ass%!tionA it %st b" "J"c%t"d by a !ractical li", na"ly, by forc". +is%nd"rtain for anot+"r, is t+" bl%nd"r 8+ic+ stands in colossal %lin"ss in t+"ov"rn"nts of t+" 8orld. :t is t+" sa" t+in in n%b"rs, as in a !air, only not=%it" so int"lliibl". : can s"" 8"ll "no%+ a r"at di'"r"nc" b"t8""n y s"ttinys"lf do8n to a s"lfDcontrol, and y oin to a" so"body "ls" act aft"r yvi"8sA b%t 8+"n a =%art"r of t+" +%an rac" ass%" to t"ll " 8+at : %st do, :ay b" too %c+ dist%rb"d by t+" circ%stanc"s to s"" so cl"arly t+" abs%rdity of

t+"ir coand. +"r"for", all !%blic "nds loo va%" and =%iJotic b"sid" !rivat"on"s. For, any la8s b%t t+os" 8+ic+ "n a" for t+"s"lv"s, ar" la%+abl". :f :!%t ys"lf in t+" !lac" of y c+ild, and 8" stand in on" t+o%+t, and s"" t+att+ins ar" t+%s or t+%s, t+at !"rc"!tion is la8 for +i and ". 4" ar" bot+ t+"r",bot+ act. B%t if, 8it+o%t carryin +i into t+" t+o%+t, : loo ov"r into +is !lot, and%"ssin +o8 it is 8it+ +i, ordain t+is or t+at, +" 8ill n"v"r ob"y ". +is is t+"+istory of ov"rn"nts,Ton" an do"s so"t+in 8+ic+ is to bind anot+"r. an8+o cannot b" ac=%aint"d 8it+ ", taJ"s "G looin fro afar at ", ordains t+ata !art of y labor s+all o to t+is or t+at 8+isical "nd, not as :, b%t as +" +a!!"nsto fancy. B"+old t+" cons"=%"nc". Of all d"bts, "n ar" l"ast 8illin to !ay t+"taJ"s. 4+at a satir" is t+is on ov"rn"ntK Ev"ry8+"r" t+"y t+in t+"y "t t+"iron"y7s 8ort+, "Jc"!t for t+"s". 1&

/"nc", t+" l"ss ov"rn"nt 8" +av", t+" b"tt"r,Tt+" f"8"r la8s, and t+" l"sscond"d !o8"r. +" antidot" to t+is ab%s" of foral 0ov"rn"nt, is, t+" inI%"nc"of !rivat" c+aract"r, t+" ro8t+ of t+" :ndivid%alG t+" r"a!!"aranc" of t+" !rinci!alto s%!"rs"d" t+" !roJyG t+" a!!"aranc" of t+" 8is" an, of 8+o t+" "Jistinov"rn"nt, is, it %st b" o8n"d, b%t a s+abby iitation. +at 8+ic+ all t+ins t"ndto "d%c", 8+ic+ fr""do, c%ltivation, int"rco%rs", r"vol%tions, o to for andd"liv"r, is c+aract"rG t+at is t+" "nd of nat%r", to r"ac+ %nto t+is coronation, of +"rin. o "d%cat" t+" 8is" an, t+" $tat" "JistsG and 8it+ t+" a!!"aranc" of t+"8is" an, t+" $tat" "J!ir"s. +" a!!"aranc" of c+aract"r a"s t+" $tat"%nn"c"ssary. +" 8is" an is t+" $tat". /" n""ds no ary, fort, or navy,T+" lov"s"n too 8"llG no brib", or f"ast, or !alac", to dra8 fri"nds to +iG no vanta"

ro%nd, no favorabl" circ%stanc". /" n""ds no library, for +" +as not don"t+ininG no c+%rc+, for +" is a !ro!+"tG no stat%t" boo, for +" is t+" la8Div"rG noon"y, for +" is val%"G no road, for +" is at +o" 8+"r" +" isG no "J!"ri"nc", fort+" lif" of t+" cr"ator s+oots t+ro%+ +i and loos fro +is "y"s. /" +as no!"rsonal fri"nds, for +" 8+o +as t+" s!"ll to dra8 t+" !ray"r and !i"ty of all "n%nto +i, n""ds not +%sband and "d%cat" a f"8, to s+ar" 8it+ +i a s"l"ct and!o"tic lif". /is r"lation to "n is an"licG +is "ory is yrr+ to t+"G +is!r"s"nc", franinc"ns" and Io8"rs. 15


19/167

4" t+in o%r civili>ation n"ar its "ridian, b%t 8" ar" y"t only at t+" cocDcro8inand t+" ornin star. :n o%r barbaro%s soci"ty t+" inI%"nc" of c+aract"r is in itsinfancy. s a !olitical !o8"r, as t+" ri+tf%l lord 8+o is to t%bl" all r%l"rs fro t+"irc+airs, its !r"s"nc" is +ardly y"t s%s!"ct"d. Malt+%s and 3icard =%it" oit itG t+"nn%al 3"ist"r is sil"ntG in t+" Conv"rsations7 9"Jicon, it is not s"t do8nG t+"r"sid"nt7s M"ssa", t+" %""n7s $!""c+, +av" not "ntion"d itG and y"t it is n"v"r

not+in. Ev"ry t+o%+t 8+ic+ "ni%s and !i"ty t+ro8 into t+" 8orld, alt"rs t+"8orld. +" ladiators in t+" lists of !o8"r f""l, t+ro%+ all t+"ir frocs of forc" andsi%lation, t+" !r"s"nc" of 8ort+. : t+in t+" v"ry strif" of trad" and abition ar"conf"ssion of t+is divinityG and s%cc"ss"s in t+os" "lds ar" t+" !oor a"nds, t+"Dl"af 8it+ 8+ic+ t+" s+a"d so%l att"!ts to +id" its na"dn"ss. : nd t+" li"%n8illin +oa" in all =%art"rs. :t is b"ca%s" 8" no8 +o8 %c+ is d%" fro %st+at 8" ar" i!ati"nt to s+o8 so" !"tty tal"nt as a s%bstit%t" for 8ort+. 4" ar"+a%nt"d by a consci"nc" of t+is ri+t to rand"%r of c+aract"r, and ar" fals" to it.B%t "ac+ of %s +as so" tal"nt, can do so"8+at %s"f%l, or rac"f%l, or foridabl",or a%sin, or l%crativ". +at 8" do, as an a!oloy to ot+"rs and to o%rs"lv"s, fornot r"ac+in t+" ar of a ood and "=%al lif". B%t it do"s not satisfy %s, 8+ilst 8"t+r%st it on t+" notic" of o%r co!anions. :t ay t+ro8 d%st in t+"ir "y"s, b%t do"s

not soot+ o%r o8n bro8, or iv" %s t+" tran=%illity of t+" stron 8+"n 8" 8alabroad. 4" do !"nanc" as 8" o. O%r tal"nt is a sort of "J!iation, and 8" ar"constrain"d to r"I"ct on o%r s!l"ndid o"nt, 8it+ a c"rtain +%iliation, asso"8+at too n", and not as on" act of any acts, a fair "J!r"ssion of o%r!"ran"nt "n"ry. Most !"rsons of ability ""t in soci"ty 8it+ a ind of tacita!!"al. Eac+ s""s to say, R: a not all +"r".S $"nators and !r"sid"nts +av"clib"d so +i+ 8it+ !ain "no%+, not b"ca%s" t+"y t+in t+" !lac" s!"ciallyar""abl", b%t as an a!oloy for r"al 8ort+, and to vindicat" t+"ir an+ood in o%r"y"s. +is cons!ic%o%s c+air is t+"ir co!"nsation to t+"s"lv"s for b"in of a!oor, cold, +ard nat%r". +"y %st do 8+at t+"y can. 9i" on" class of for"stanials, t+"y +av" not+in b%t a !r"+"nsil" tailA clib t+"y %st or cra8l. :f a anfo%nd +is"lf so ric+Dnat%r"d t+at +" co%ld "nt"r into strict r"lations 8it+ t+" b"st!"rsons, and a" lif" s"r"n" aro%nd +i by t+" dinity and s8""tn"ss of +isb"+avior, co%ld +" a'ord to circ%v"nt t+" favor of t+" ca%c%s and t+" !r"ss, andcov"rt r"lations so +ollo8 and !o!o%s, as t+os" of a !oliticianL $%r"ly nobody8o%ld b" a c+arlatan, 8+o co%ld a'ord to b" sinc"r". 16

+" t"nd"nci"s of t+" ti"s favor t+" id"a of s"lfDov"rn"nt, and l"av" t+"individ%al, for all cod", to t+" r"8ards and !"nalti"s of +is o8n constit%tion, 8+ic+8or 8it+ or" "n"ry t+an 8" b"li"v", 8+ilst 8" d"!"nd on articial r"straints.

+" ov""nt in t+is dir"ction +as b""n v"ry ar"d in od"rn +istory. M%c+ +asb""n blind and discr"ditabl", b%t t+" nat%r" of t+" r"vol%tion is not a'"ct"d by t+"vic"s of t+" r"volt"rsG for t+is is a !%r"ly oral forc". :t 8as n"v"r ado!t"d by any!arty in +istory, n"it+"r can b". :t s"!arat"s t+" individ%al fro all !arty, and %nit"s+i, at t+" sa" ti", to t+" rac". :t !rois"s a r"conition of +i+"r ri+ts t+ant+os" of !"rsonal fr""do, or t+" s"c%rity of !ro!"rty. an +as a ri+t to b""!loy"d, to b" tr%st"d, to b" lov"d, to b" r"v"r"d. +" !o8"r of lov", as t+" basisof a $tat", +as n"v"r b""n tri"d. 4" %st not iain" t+at all t+ins ar" la!sininto conf%sion, if "v"ry t"nd"r !rot"stant b" not co!"ll"d to b"ar +is !art inc"rtain social conv"ntionsA nor do%bt t+at roads can b" b%ilt, l"tt"rs carri"d, and t+"fr%it of labor s"c%r"d, 8+"n t+" ov"rn"nt of forc" is at an "nd. r" o%r "t+odsno8 so "Jc"ll"nt t+at all co!"tition is +o!"l"ssL Co%ld not a nation of fri"nds "v"n


20/167

d"vis" b"tt"r 8aysL On t+" ot+"r +and, l"t not t+" ost cons"rvativ" and tiid f"aranyt+in fro a !r"at%r" s%rr"nd"r of t+" bayon"t, and t+" syst" of forc". For,accordin to t+" ord"r of nat%r", 8+ic+ is =%it" s%!"rior to o%r 8ill, it stands t+%sGt+"r" 8ill al8ays b" a ov"rn"nt of forc", 8+"r" "n ar" s"ls+G and 8+"n t+"yar" !%r" "no%+ to abH%r" t+" cod" of forc", t+"y 8ill b" 8is" "no%+ to s"" +o8t+"s" !%blic "nds of t+" !ostDoc", of t+" +i+8ay, of co"rc", and t+"

"Jc+an" of !ro!"rty, of %s"%s and librari"s, of instit%tions of art and sci"nc",can b" ans8"r"d. 1

4" liv" in a v"ry lo8 stat" of t+" 8orld, and !ay %n8illin trib%t" to ov"rn"ntsfo%nd"d on forc". +"r" is not, aon t+" ost r"liio%s and instr%ct"d "n of t+"ost r"liio%s and civil nations, a r"lianc" on t+" oral s"nti"nt, and a s%ci"ntb"li"f in t+" %nity of t+ins to !"rs%ad" t+" t+at soci"ty can b" aintain"d8it+o%t articial r"straints, as 8"ll as t+" solar syst"G or t+at t+" !rivat" citi>"ni+t b" r"asonabl", and a ood n"i+bor, 8it+o%t t+" +int of a Hail or aconscation. 4+at is stran" too, t+"r" n"v"r 8as in any an s%ci"nt fait+ in t+"!o8"r of r"ctit%d", to ins!ir" +i 8it+ t+" broad d"sin of r"novatin t+" $tat" ont+" !rinci!l" of ri+t and lov". ll t+os" 8+o +av" !r"t"nd"d t+is d"sin, +av" b""n

!artial r"for"rs, and +av" aditt"d in so" ann"r t+" s%!r"acy of t+" bad$tat". : do not call to ind a sinl" +%an b"in 8+o +as st"adily d"ni"d t+"a%t+ority of t+" la8s, on t+" si!l" ro%nd of +is o8n oral nat%r". $%c+ d"sins,f%ll of "ni%s and f%ll of fat" as t+"y ar", ar" not "nt"rtain"d "Jc"!t avo8"dly as airD!ict%r"s. :f t+" individ%al 8+o "J+ibits t+", dar" to t+in t+" !racticabl", +"dis%sts sc+olars and c+%rc+"nG and "n of tal"nt, and 8o"n of s%!"riors"nti"nts, cannot +id" t+"ir cont"!t. Not t+" l"ss do"s nat%r" contin%" to ll t+"+"art of yo%t+ 8it+ s%"stions of t+is "nt+%sias, and t+"r" ar" no8 "n,Tif ind""d : can s!"a in t+" !l%ral n%b"r,Tor" "Jactly, : 8ill say, : +av" H%st b""nconv"rsin 8it+ on" an, to 8+o no 8"i+t of adv"rs" "J!"ri"nc" 8ill a" it fora o"nt a!!"ar i!ossibl", t+at t+o%sands of +%an b"ins i+t "J"rcis"to8ards "ac+ ot+"r t+" rand"st and si!l"st s"nti"nts, as 8"ll as a not of

fri"nds, or a !air of lov"rs. 1

Of #"ns" of -oas obb"s

CONCE3N:N0 t+" t+o%+ts of an, : 8ill consid"r t+" rst sinly, and aft"r8ardsin train, or d"!"nd"nc" %!on on" anot+"r. $inly, t+"y ar" "v"ryon" aVr"!r"s"ntation7 or Va!!"aranc"7 of so" =%ality, or ot+"r accid"nt of a body8it+o%t %s, 8+ic+ is coonly call"d an VobH"ct.7 4+ic+ obH"ct 8or"t+ on t+" "y"s,"ars, and ot+"r !arts of a an7s body, and, by div"rsity of 8orin, !rod%c"t+div"rsity of a!!"aranc"s. 1

+" oriinal of t+" all is t+at 8+ic+ 8" call Vs"ns",7 for t+"r" is no conc"!tion in aan7s ind 8+ic+ +at+ not at rst, totally or by !arts, b""n b"ott"n %!on t+"orans of s"ns". +" r"st ar" d"riv"d fro t+at oriinal. 2

o no8 t+" nat%ral ca%s" of s"ns" is not v"ry n"c"ssary to t+" b%sin"ss no8 in+andG and : +av" "ls"8+"r" 8ritt"n of t+" sa" at lar". N"v"rt+"l"ss, to ll "ac+!art of y !r"s"nt "t+od : 8ill bri"Iy d"liv"r t+" sa" in t+is !lac". #


21/167

+" ca%s" of s"ns" is t+" "Jt"rnal body, or obH"ct, 8+ic+ !r"ss"t+ t+" oran!ro!"r to "ac+ s"ns", "it+"r i"diat"ly, as in t+" tast" and to%c+, or "diat"ly,as in s""in, +"arin, and s"llinG 8+ic+ !r"ss%r", by t+" "diation of t+" n"rv"sand ot+"r strins and "bran"s of t+" body contin%"d in8ards to t+" brain and+"art, ca%s"t+ t+"r" a r"sistanc", or co%nt"rD!r"ss%r", or "nd"avo%r of t+" +"art tod"liv"r its"lf, 8+ic+ "nd"avo%r, b"ca%s" Vo%t8ard,7 s"""t+ to b" so" att"r

8it+o%t. nd t+is Vs""in7 or Vfancy7 is t+at 8+ic+ "n call Vs"ns"7 and consist"t+,as to t+" "y", in a Vli+t7 or Vcolo%r %r"d7G to t+" "ar, in a Vso%nd7G to t+" nostril, inan Vodo%r7G to t+" ton%" and !alat", in a Vsavo%r7G and to t+" r"st of t+" body, inV+"at,7 Vcold,7 V+ardn"ss,7 Vsoftn"ss,7 and s%c+ ot+"r =%aliti"s as 8" disc"rn byVf""lin.7 ll 8+ic+ =%aliti"s, call"d Vs"nsibl"7 ar" in t+" obH"ct t+at ca%s"t+ t+" b%tso any s"v"ral otions of t+" at"r, by 8+ic+ it !r"ss"t+ o%r orans div"rs"ly.N"it+"r in %s t+at ar" !r"ss"d ar" t+"y anyt+in "ls" b%t div"rs otionsG for otion!rod%c"t+ not+in b%t otion. B%t t+"ir a!!"aranc" to %s is fancy, t+" sa" 8aint+at dr"ain. nd as !r"ssin, r%bbin, or striin t+" "y", a"s %s fancy a li+t,and !r"ssin t+" "ar !rod%c"t+ a din, so do t+" bodi"s also 8" s"" or +"ar !rod%c"t+" sa" by t+"ir stron, t+o%+ %nobs"rv"d, action. For if t+os" colo%rs andso%nds 8"r" in t+" bodi"s, or obH"cts t+at ca%s" t+", t+"y co%ld not b" s"v"r"d

fro t+", as by lass"s, and in "c+o"s by r"I"ction, 8" s"" t+"y ar", 8+"r" 8"no8 t+" t+in 8" s"" is in on" !lac", t+" a!!"aranc" in anot+"r. nd t+o%+ atso" c"rtain distanc" t+" r"al and v"ry obH"ct s"" inv"st"d 8it+ t+" fancy itb""ts in %s, y"t still t+" obH"ct is on" t+in, t+" ia" or fancy is anot+"r. $o t+ats"ns" in all cas"s is not+in "ls" b%t oriinal fancy, ca%s"d, as : +av" said, by t+"!r"ss%r", t+at is by t+" otion, of "Jt"rnal t+ins %!on o%r "y"s, "ars, and ot+"rorans t+"r"%nto ordain"d. &

B%t t+" !+iloso!+y sc+ools t+ro%+ all t+" %niv"rsiti"s of C+rist"ndo, ro%nd"d%!on c"rtain t"Jts of ristotl", t"ac+ anot+"r doctrin", and say, for t+" ca%s" of Vvision,7 t+at t+" t+in s""n s"nd"t+ fort+ on "v"ry sid" a Vvisibl" s!"ci"s,7 inEnlis+, a Vvisibl" s+o8,7 Va!!arition,7 or Vas!"ct,7 or Va b"in s""n7G t+" r"c"ivin

8+"r"of into t+" "y" is Vs""in.7 nd for t+" ca%s" of V+"arin,7 t+at t+" t+in +"ards"nd"t+ fort+ an Va%dibl" s!"ci"s,7 t+at is an Va%dibl" as!"ct,7 or Va%dibl" b"ins""n,7 8+ic+ "nt"rin at t+" "ar a"t+ V+"arin.7 Nay, for t+" ca%s" of V%nd"rstandin7 also, t+"y say t+" t+in %nd"rstood s"nd"t+ fort+ an Vint"lliibl"s!"ci"s,7 t+at is, an Vint"lliibl" b"in s""n,7 8+ic+, coin into t+" %nd"rstandin,a"s %s %nd"rstand. : say not t+is as dis!rovin t+" %s" of %niv"rsiti"sG b%t,b"ca%s" : a to s!"a +"r"aft"r of t+"ir oc" in a coon8"alt+, : %st l"t yo%s"" on all occasions by t+" 8ay 8+at t+ins 8o%ld b" a"nd"d in t+", aonst8+ic+ t+" fr"=%"ncy of insinicant s!""c+ is on". 5

Of t" Nat$ral Condition of Man4ind as Conc"rnin& -"ir F"licity andMis"ry by -oas obb"s

N3E +at+ ad" "n so "=%al in t+" fac%lti"s of t+" body and ind, as t+at,t+o%+ t+"r" b" fo%nd on" an so"ti"s anif"stly stron"r in body or of =%ic"rind t+an anot+"r, y"t 8+"n all is r"con"d to"t+"r t+" di'"r"nc" b"t8""n anand an is not so consid"rabl" as t+at on" an can t+"r"%!on clai to +is"lf anyb"n"t to 8+ic+ anot+"r ay not !r"t"nd as 8"ll as +". For, as to t+" str"nt+ of


22/167

body, t+" 8"a"st +as str"nt+ "no%+ to ill t+" stron"st, "it+"r by s"cr"tac+ination or by conf"d"racy 8it+ ot+"rs t+at ar" in t+" sa" dan"r 8it++is"lf. 1

nd, as to t+" fac%lti"s of t+" ind, s"ttin asid" t+" arts ro%nd"d %!on 8ordsand "s!"cially t+at sill of !roc""din %!on "n"ral and infallibl" r%l"s call"d

sci"nc", 8+ic+ v"ry f"8 +av" and b%t in f"8 t+ins, as b"in not a nativ" fac%ltyborn 8it+ %s, nor attain"d, as !r%d"nc", 8+il" 8" loo aft"r so"8+at "ls", : ndy"t a r"at"r "=%ality aonst "n t+an t+at of str"nt+. For !r%d"nc" is b%t"J!"ri"nc", 8+ic+ "=%al ti" "=%ally b"sto8s on all "n in t+os" t+ins t+"y"=%ally a!!ly t+"s"lv"s %nto. +at 8+ic+ ay !"r+a!s a" s%c+ "=%alityincr"dibl" is b%t a vain conc"it of on"7s o8n 8isdo, 8+ic+ alost all "n t+int+"y +av" in a r"at"r d"r"" t+an t+" v%lar, t+at is, t+an all "n b%t t+"s"lv"s,and a f"8 ot+"rs 8+o by fa" or for conc%rrin 8it+ t+"s"lv"s t+"y a!!rov".For s%c+ is t+" nat%r" of "n t+at, +o8so"v"r t+"y ay acno8l"d" any ot+"rsto b" or" 8itty or or" "lo=%"nt or or" l"arn"d, y"t t+"y 8ill +ardly b"li"v"t+"r" b" any so 8is" as t+"s"lv"s, for t+"y s"" t+"ir o8n 8it at +and and ot+"r"n7s at a distanc". B%t t+is !rov"t+ rat+"r t+at "n ar" in t+at !oint "=%al t+an

%n"=%al. For t+"r" is not ordinarily a r"at"r sin of t+" "=%al distrib%tion of anyt+in t+an t+at "v"ry an is cont"nt"d 8it+ +is s+ar". 2

Fro t+is "=%ality of ability aris"t+ "=%ality of +o!" in t+" attainin of o%r "nds.nd t+"r"for", if any t8o "n d"sir" t+" sa" t+in 8+ic+ n"v"rt+"l"ss t+"ycannot bot+ "nHoy, t+"y b"co" "n"i"sG and, in t+" 8ay to t+"ir "nd, 8+ic+ is!rinci!ally t+"ir o8n cons"rvation and so"ti"s t+"ir d"l"ctation only, "nd"avo%rto d"stroy or s%bd%" on" anot+"r. nd fro +"nc" it co"s to !ass t+at, 8+"r" aninvad"r +at+ no or" to f"ar t+an anot+"r an7s sinl" !o8"r, if on" !lant, so8,b%ild, or !oss"ss, a conv"ni"nt s"at ot+"rs ay !robably b" "J!"ct"d to co"!r"!ar"d 8it+ forc"s %nit"d to dis!oss"ss and d"!riv" +i not only of t+" fr%it of +islabor b%t also of +is lif" or lib"rty. nd t+" invad"r aain is in t+" li" dan"r of

anot+"r. #

nd fro t+is did"nc" of on" anot+"r t+"r" is no 8ay for any an to s"c%r"+is"lf so r"asonabl" as antici!ation, t+at is, by forc" or 8il"s to ast"r t+"!"rsons of all "n +" can so lon till +" s"" no ot+"r !o8"r r"at "no%+ to"ndan"r +iG and t+is is no or" t+an +is o8n cons"rvation r"=%ir"t+ and is"n"rally allo8"d. lso, b"ca%s" t+"r" b" so" t+at, tain !l"as%r" incont"!latin t+"ir o8n !o8"r in t+" acts of con=%"st, 8+ic+ t+"y !%rs%" fart+"rt+an t+"ir s"c%rity r"=%ir"s, if ot+"rs, t+at ot+"r8is" 8o%ld b" lad to b" at "as"8it+in t+" od"st bo%nds, s+o%ld not b" invasion incr"as" t+"ir !o8"r, t+"y 8o%ldnot b" abl" lon ti", by standin only on t+"ir d"f"nc", to s%bsist. nd bycons"=%"nc", s%c+ a%"ntation of doinion ov"r "n b"in n"c"ssary to a an7s

cons"rvation, it o%+t to b" allo8"d +i. &

ain, "n +av" no !l"as%r", b%t on t+" contrary a r"at d"al of ri"f, in ""!inco!any 8+"r" t+"r" is no !o8"r abl" to ov"ra8" t+" all. For "v"ry an loo"t+t+at +is co!anion s+o%ld val%" +i at t+" sa" rat" +" s"ts %!on +is"lf, and,%!on all sins of cont"!t or %nd"rval%in, nat%rally "nd"avo%rs as far as +" dar"s(8+ic+ aonst t+" t+at +av" no coon !o8"r to ""! t+" in =%i"t, is far


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"no%+ to a" t+" d"stroy "ac+ ot+"r) to "Jtort a r"at"r val%" fro +iscont"n"rs by daa", and fro ot+"rs by t+" "Ja!l". 5

$o t+at in t+" nat%r" of an 8" nd t+r"" !rinci!al ca%s"s of =%arr"l. First,co!"titionG s"condly, did"nc"G t+irdly, lory. 6

+" rst a"t+ an invad" for ainG t+" s"cond, for saf"tyG and t+" t+ird, forr"!%tation. +" rst %s" viol"nc", to a" t+"s"lv"s ast"rs of ot+"r "n7s!"rsons, 8iv"s, c+ildr"n, and cattl"G t+" s"cond, to d"f"nd t+"G t+" t+ird, fortriI"s, as a 8ord, a sil", a di'"r"nt o!inion, and any ot+"r sin of %nd"rval%","it+"r dir"ct in t+"ir !"rsons or by r"I"ction in t+"ir indr"d, t+"ir fri"nds, t+"irnation, t+"ir !rof"ssion, or t+"ir na".

/"r"by it is anif"st t+at, d%rin t+" ti" "n liv" 8it+o%t a coon !o8"r to""! t+" all in a8", t+"y ar" in t+at condition 8+ic+ is call"d 8ar, and s%c+ a 8aras is of "v"ry an aainst "v"ry an. For V8ar7 consist"t+ not in battl" only or t+"act of +tin, b%t in a tract of ti" 8+"r"in t+" 8ill to cont"nd by battl" iss%ci"ntly no8n, and t+"r"for" t+" notion of Vti"7 is to b" consid"r"d in t+"

nat%r" of 8ar, as it is in t+" nat%r" of 8"at+"r. For as t+" nat%r" of fo%l 8"at+"rli"t+ not in a s+o8"r or t8o of rain b%t in an inclination t+"r"to of any daysto"t+"r, so t+" nat%r" of 8ar consist"t+ not in act%al +tin b%t in t+" no8ndis!osition t+"r"to d%rin all t+" ti" t+"r" is no ass%ranc" to t+" contrary. llot+"r ti" is V!"ac".7

4+atso"v"r t+"r"for" is cons"=%"nt to a ti" or 8ar 8+"r" "v"ry an is "n"y to"v"ry an, t+" sa" is cons"=%"nt to t+" ti" 8+"r"in "n liv" 8it+o%t ot+"rs"c%rity t+an 8+at t+"ir o8n str"nt+ and t+"ir o8n inv"ntion s+all f%rnis+ t+"8it+al. :n s%c+ condition t+"r" is no !lac" for ind%stry, b"ca%s" t+" fr%it t+"r"of is%nc"rtain, and cons"=%"ntly no c%lt%r" of t+" "art+, no naviation nor %s" of t+"cooditi"s t+at ay b" i!ort"d by s"a, no coodio%s b%ildin, no instr%"nts

of ovin and r"ovin s%c+ t+ins as r"=%ir" %c+ forc", no no8l"d" of t+"fac" of t+" "art+G no acco%nt of ti", no arts, no l"tt"rs, no soci"ty, and, 8+ic+ is8orst of all, contin%al f"ar and dan"r of viol"nt d"at+, and t+" lif" of an solitary,!oor, nasty, br%tis+, and s+ort. -

:t ay s"" stran" to so" an t+at +as not 8"ll 8"i+"d t+"s" t+ins t+atNat%r" s+o%ld t+%s dissociat" and r"nd"r "n a!t to invad" and d"stroy on"anot+"rG and +" ay t+"r"for", not tr%stin to t+is inf"r"nc" ad" fro t+"!assions, d"sir" !"r+a!s to +av" t+" sa" conr"d by "J!"ri"nc". 9"t +it+"r"for" consid"r 8it+ +is"lf, 8+"n tain a Ho%rn"y, +" ars +is"lf and s""sto o 8"ll acco!ani"dG 8+"n oin to sl""!, +" locs +is doorsG 8+"n "v"n in +is+o%s", +" locs +is c+"stsG and t+is 8+"n +" no8s t+"r" b" la8s and !%blic oc"rs

ar"d to r"v"n" all inH%ri"s s+all b" don" +iG 8+at o!inion +" +as of +is f"llo8Ds%bH"cts 8+"n +" rid"s ar"dG of +is f"llo8Dciti>"ns, 8+"n +" locs +is doorsG and of +is c+ildr"n and s"rvants, 8+"n +" locs +is c+"sts.


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:t ay !"radv"nt%r" b" t+o%+t t+"r" 8as n"v"r s%c+ a ti" nor condition of 8aras t+isG and : b"li"v" it 8as n"v"r "n"rally so ov"r all t+" 8orld, b%t t+"r" ar"any !lac"s 8+"r" t+"y liv" so no8. For t+" sava" !"o!l" in any !lac"s of "rica, "Jc"!t t+" ov"rn"nt of sall faili"s t+" concord 8+"r"of d"!"nd"t+on nat%ral l%st, +av" no ov"rn"nt at all, and liv" at t+is day in t+at br%tis+ann"r as : said b"for". /o8so"v"r, it ay b" !"rc"iv"d 8+at ann"r of lif" t+"r"

8o%ld b" 8+"r" t+"r" 8"r" no coon !o8"r to f"ar, by t+" ann"r of lif" 8+ic+"n t+at +av" for"rly liv"d %nd"r a !"ac"f%l ov"rn"nt %s" to d""n"rat" into,in a civil 8ar. 11

B%t, t+o%+ t+"r" +ad n"v"r b""n any ti" 8+"r"in !artic%lar "n 8"r" in acondition of 8ar on" aainst anot+"r, y"t in all ti"s ins and !"rsons of sov"r"ina%t+ority, b"ca%s" of t+"ir ind"!"nd"ncy, ar" in contin%al H"alo%si"s and in t+"stat" and !ost%r" of ladiators, +avin t+"ir 8"a!ons !ointin, and t+"ir "y"s J"don on" anot+"r, t+at is, t+"ir forts, arrisons, and %ns, %!on t+" fronti"rs of t+"irindos, and contin%al s!i"s %!on t+"ir n"i+bo%rsA 8+ic+ is a !ost%r" of 8ar. B%tb"ca%s" t+"y %!+old t+"r"by t+" ind%stry of t+"ir s%bH"cts, t+"r" do"s not follo8fro it t+at is"ry 8+ic+ acco!ani"s t+" lib"rty of !artic%lar "n. 12

o t+is 8ar of "v"ry an aainst "v"ry an t+is also is cons"=%"nt, t+at not+incan b" %nH%st. +" notions of ri+t and 8ron, H%stic" and inH%stic", +av" t+"r" no!lac". 4+"r" t+"r" is no coon !o8"r, t+"r" is no la8G 8+"r" no la8, no inH%stic".Forc" and fra%d ar" in 8ar t+" t8o cardinal virt%"s. *%stic" and inH%stic" ar" non" of t+" fac%lti"s n"it+"r of t+" body nor ind. :f t+"y 8"r", t+"y i+t b" in a an t+at8"r" alon" in t+" 8orld, as 8"ll as +is s"ns"s and !assions. +"y ar" =%aliti"s t+atr"lat" to "n in soci"ty, not in solit%d". :t is cons"=%"nt also to t+" sa" conditiont+at t+"r" b" no !ro!ri"ty, no doinion, no Vin"7 and Vt+in"7 distinct, b%t only t+atto b" "v"ry an7s t+at +" can "t, and for so lon as +" can ""! it. nd t+%s %c+for t+" ill condition 8+ic+ an by "r" nat%r" is act%ally !lac"d in, t+o%+ 8it+ a!ossibility to co" o%t of it, consistin !artly in t+" !assions, !artly in +is r"ason.

1#

+" !assions t+at inclin" "n to !"ac" ar" f"ar of d"at+, d"sir" of s%c+ t+ins asar" n"c"ssary to coodio%s livin, and a +o!" by t+"ir ind%stry to obtain t+".nd r"ason s%"st"t+ conv"ni"nt articl"s of !"ac", %!on 8+ic+ "n ay b" dra8nto ar"""nt. +"s" articl"s ar" t+"y 8+ic+ ot+"r8is" ar" call"d t+" 9a8s of Nat%r".

Of t" "ir to das Monarcical 'o7"r by on 8oc4" Boo4 9. Of /ov"rn"nt Ca!t"r :.

W. 1&. O3 a%t+or t"lls %s, Obs"rvations, 25#. R+at it is a tr%t+ %nd"niabl", t+att+"r" cannot b" any %ltit%d" of "n 8+atso"v"r, "it+"r r"at or sall, t+o%+at+"r"d to"t+"r fro t+" s"v"ral corn"rs and r"ot"st r"ions of t+" 8orld, b%tt+at in t+" sa" %ltit%d", consid"r"d by its"lf, t+"r" is on" an aonst t+",t+at in nat%r" +at+ a ri+t to b" in of all t+" r"st, as b"in t+" n"Jt +"ir to da,and all t+" ot+"r s%bH"cts to +iA "v"ry an by nat%r" is a in or a s%bH"ct.S ndaain, !. 2. R:f da +is"lf 8"r" still livin, and no8 r"ady to di", it is c"rtaint+at t+"r" is on" an, and b%t on" in t+" 8orld, 8+o is n"Jt +"ir.S 9"t t+is %ltit%d"


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of "n b", if o%r a%t+or !l"as"s, all t+" !rinc"s %!on t+" "art+, t+"r" 8ill t+"n b",by o%r a%t+or7s r%l", on" aonst t+", t+at in nat%r" +at+ a ri+t to b" in of allt+" r"st, as b"in t+" ri+t +"ir to daG an "Jc"ll"nt 8ay to "stablis+ t+" t+ron"sof !rinc"s, and s"ttl" t+" ob"di"nc" of t+"ir s%bH"cts, by s"ttin %! an +%ndr"d, or!"r+a!s a t+o%sand titl"s (if t+"r" b" so any !rinc"s in t+" 8orld) aainst any inno8 r"inin, "ac+ as ood, %!on o%r a%t+or7s ro%nds, as +is 8+o 8"ars t+"

cro8n. :f t+is ri+t of +"ir carry any 8"i+t 8it+ it, if it b" t+" ordinanc" of 0od, aso%r a%t+or s""s to t"lls %s, Obs"rvations, 2&&. %st not all b" s%bH"ct to it, frot+" +i+"st to t+" lo8"stL Can t+os" 8+o 8"ar t+" na" of !rinc"s, 8it+o%t +avint+" ri+t of b"in +"irs to da, d"and ob"di"nc" fro t+"ir s%bH"cts by t+is titl",and not b" bo%nd to !ay it by t+" sa" la8L Eit+"r ov"rn"nts in t+" 8orld ar"not to b" clai"d, and +"ld by t+is titl" of da7s +"irG and t+"n t+" startin of it isto no !%r!os", t+" b"in or not b"in da7s +"ir, sini"s not+in as to t+" titl" of doinionA or if it r"ally b", as o%r a%t+or says, t+" tr%" titl" to ov"rn"nt andsov"r"inty, t+" rst t+in to b" don", is to nd o%t t+is tr%" +"ir of da, s"at +iin +is t+ron", and t+"n all t+" ins and !rinc"s of t+" 8orld o%+t to co" andr"sin %! t+"ir cro8ns and sc"!tr"s to +i, as t+ins t+at b"lon no or" to t+",t+an to any of t+"ir s%bH"cts. 1

W. 15. For "it+"r t+is ri+t in nat%r", of da7s +"ir, to b" in ov"r all t+" rac" of "n, (for all to"t+"r t+"y a" on" %ltit%d") is a ri+t not n"c"ssary to t+"ain of a la8f%l in, and so t+"r" ay b" la8f%l ins 8it+o%t it, and t+"n ins7titl"s and !o8"r d"!"nd not on itG or "ls" all t+" ins in t+" 8orld b%t on" ar" notla8f%l ins, and so +av" no ri+t to ob"di"nc"A "it+"r t+is titl" of +"ir to da ist+at 8+"r"by ins +old t+"ir cro8ns, and +av" a ri+t to s%bH"ction fro t+"irs%bH"cts, and t+"n on" only can +av" it, and t+" r"st b"in s%bH"cts can r"=%ir" noob"di"nc" fro ot+"r "n, 8+o ar" b%t t+"ir f"llo8Ds%bH"ctsG or "ls" it is not t+"titl" 8+"r"by ins r%l", and +av" a ri+t to ob"di"nc" fro t+"ir s%bH"cts, and t+"nins ar" ins 8it+o%t it, and t+is dr"a of t+" nat%ral sov"r"inty of da7s +"iris of no %s" to ob"di"nc" and ov"rn"ntA for if ins +av" a ri+t to doinion, and

t+" ob"di"nc" of t+"ir s%bH"cts, 8+o ar" not, nor can !ossibly b", +"irs to da,8+at %s" is t+"r" of s%c+ a titl", 8+"n 8" ar" obli"d to ob"y 8it+o%t itL :f ins,8+o ar" not +"irs to da, +av" no ri+t to sov"r"inty, 8" ar" all fr"", till o%ra%t+or, or any body for +i, 8ill s+"8 %s da7s ri+t +"ir. :f t+"r" b" b%t on" +"irof da, t+"r" can b" b%t on" la8f%l in in t+" 8orld, and nobody in consci"nc"can b" obli"d to ob"di"nc" till it b" r"solv"d 8+o t+at isG for it ay b" any on",8+o is not no8n to b" of a yo%n"r +o%s", and all ot+"rs +av" "=%al titl"s. :f t+"r"b" or" t+an on" +"ir of da, "v"ryon" is +is +"ir, and so "v"ryon" +as r"al!o8"rA for if t8o sons can b" +"irs to"t+"r, t+"n all t+" sons ar" "=%ally +"irs, andso all ar" +"irs, b"in all sons, or sons7 sons of da. B"t8iJt t+"s" t8o t+" ri+t of +"ir cannot standG for by it "it+"r b%t on" only an, or all "n ar" ins. a" 8+ic+yo% !l"as", it dissolv"s t+" bonds of ov"rn"nt and ob"di"nc"G sinc", if all "nar" +"irs, t+"y can o8" ob"di"nc" to nobodyG if only on", nobody can b" obli"d to!ay ob"di"nc" to +i, till +" b" no8n, and +is titl" ad" o%t.

Of 'olitical or Civil #oci"ty by on 8oc4"


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27/167

s"ason s%ons t+" aain to c+oos" n"8 at"s. 4+"r"in on" cannot b%t adir"t+" 8isdo of t+" r"at Cr"ator, 8+o +avin iv"n to an for"si+t, and an abilityto lay %! for t+" f%t%r", as 8"ll as to s%!!ly t+" !r"s"nt n"c"ssity, +at+ ad" itn"c"ssary, t+at soci"ty of an and 8if" s+o%ld b" or" lastin, t+an of al" andf"al" aon ot+"r cr"at%r"sG t+at so t+"ir ind%stry i+t b" "nco%ra"d, andt+"ir int"r"sts b"tt"r %nit"d, to a" !rovision and lay %! oods for t+"ir coon

iss%", 8it+ %nc"rtain iJt%r", or "asy and fr"=%"nt sol%tions of conH%al soci"ty8o%ld i+tily dist%rb. &

W. 1. B%t t+o%+ t+"s" ar" ti"s %!on anind, 8+ic+ a" t+" conH%al bondsor" r and lastin in an, t+an t+" ot+"r s!"ci"s of anialsG y"t it 8o%ld iv"on" r"ason to "n=%ir", 8+y t+is co!act, 8+"r" !rocr"ation and "d%cation ar"s"c%r"d, and in+"ritanc" ta"n car" for, ay not b" ad" d"t"rinabl", "it+"r bycons"nt, or at a c"rtain ti", or %!on c"rtain conditions, as 8"ll as any ot+"rvol%ntary co!acts, t+"r" b"in no n"c"ssity in t+" nat%r" of t+" t+in, nor to t+""nds of it, t+at it s+o%ld al8ays b" for lif"G : "an, to s%c+ as ar" %nd"r no r"straintof any !ositiv" la8, 8+ic+ ordains all s%c+ contracts to b" !"r!"t%al. 5

W. 2. B%t t+" +%sband and 8if", t+o%+ t+"y +av" b%t on" coon conc"rn, y"t+avin di'"r"nt %nd"rstandins, 8ill %navoidably so"ti"s +av" di'"r"nt 8illstooG it t+"r"for" b"in n"c"ssary t+at t+" last d"t"rination, i. ". t+" r%l", s+o%ld b"!lac"d so"8+"r"G it nat%rally falls to t+" an7s s+ar", as t+" abl"r and t+"stron"r. B%t t+is r"ac+in b%t to t+" t+ins of t+"ir coon int"r"st and !ro!"rty,l"av"s t+" 8if" in t+" f%ll and fr"" !oss"ssion of 8+at by contract is +"r !"c%liarri+t, and iv"s t+" +%sband no or" !o8"r ov"r +"r lif" t+an s+" +as ov"r +isG t+"!o8"r of t+" +%sband b"in so far fro t+at of an absol%t" onarc+, t+at t+" 8if"+as in any cas"s a lib"rty to s"!arat" fro +i, 8+"r" nat%ral ri+t, or t+"ircontract allo8s itA 8+"t+"r t+at contract b" ad" by t+"s"lv"s in t+" stat" of nat%r", or by t+" c%stos or la8s of t+" co%ntry t+"y liv" inG and t+" c+ildr"n %!ons%c+ s"!aration fall to t+" fat+"r or ot+"r7s lot, as s%c+ contract do"s d"t"rin".

6

W. #. For all t+" "nds of arria" b"in to b" obtain"d %nd"r !olitic ov"rn"nt,as 8"ll as in t+" stat" of nat%r", t+" civil aistrat" dot+ not abrid" t+" ri+t or!o8"r of "it+"r nat%rally n"c"ssary to t+os" "nds, vi>. !rocr"ation and %t%als%!!ort and assistanc" 8+ilst t+"y ar" to"t+"rG b%t only d"cid"s any controv"rsyt+at ay aris" b"t8""n an and 8if" abo%t t+". :f it 8"r" ot+"r8is", and t+atabsol%t" sov"r"inty and !o8"r of lif" and d"at+ nat%rally b"lon"d to t+"+%sband, and 8"r" n"c"ssary to t+" soci"ty b"t8""n an and 8if", t+"r" co%ld b"no atriony in any of t+os" co%ntri"s 8+"r" t+" +%sband is allo8"d no s%c+absol%t" a%t+ority. B%t t+" "nds of atriony r"=%irin no s%c+ !o8"r in t+"+%sband, t+" condition of conH%al soci"ty !%t it not in +i, it b"in not at all

n"c"ssary to t+at stat". ConH%al soci"ty co%ld s%bsist and attain its "nds 8it+o%t itGnay, co%nity of oods, and t+" !o8"r ov"r t+", %t%al assistanc" andaint"nanc", and ot+"r t+ins b"lonin to conH%al soci"ty, i+t b" vari"d andr"%lat"d by t+at contract 8+ic+ %nit"s an and 8if" in t+at soci"ty, as far as ayconsist 8it+ !rocr"ation, and t+" brinin %! of c+ildr"n till t+"y co%ld s+ift fort+"s"lv"sG not+in b"in n"c"ssary to any soci"ty, t+at is not n"c"ssary to t+""nds for 8+ic+ it is ad".


28/167

W. &. +" soci"ty b"t8iJt !ar"nts and c+ildr"n, and t+" distinct ri+ts and !o8"rsb"lonin r"s!"ctiv"ly to t+", : +av" tr"at"d of so lar"ly in t+" for"oin c+a!t"r,t+at : s+all not +"r" n""d to say any t+in of it. nd : t+in it is !lain, t+at it is fardi'"r"nt fro a !olitic soci"ty.

W. 5. Mast"r and s"rvant ar" na"s as old as +istory, b%t iv"n to t+os" of far

di'"r"nt conditionG for a fr""an a"s +is"lf a s"rvant to anot+"r, by s"llin+i, for a c"rtain ti", t+" s"rvic" +" %nd"rta"s to do, in "Jc+an" for 8a"s +" isto r"c"iv"A and t+o%+ t+is coonly !%ts +i into t+" faily of +is ast"r, and%nd"r t+" ordinary disci!lin" t+"r"ofG y"t it iv"s t+" ast"r b%t a t"!orary !o8"rov"r +i, and no r"at"r t+an 8+at is contain"d in t+" contract b"t8""n t+". B%tt+"r" is anot+"r sort of s"rvants, 8+ic+ by a !"c%liar na" 8" call slav"s, 8+o,b"in ca!tiv"s ta"n in a H%st 8ar, ar" by t+" ri+t of nat%r" s%bH"ct"d to t+"absol%t" doinion and arbitrary !o8"r of t+"ir ast"rs. +"s" "n +avin, as : say,forf"it"d t+"ir liv"s, and 8it+ it t+"ir lib"rti"s, and lost t+"ir "stat"sG and b"in int+" stat" of slav"ry, not ca!abl" of any !ro!"rty, cannot in t+at stat" b" consid"r"das any !art of civil soci"tyG t+" c+i"f "nd 8+"r"of is t+" !r"s"rvation of !ro!"rty.

-

W. 6. 9"t %s t+"r"for" consid"r a ast"r of a faily 8it+ all t+"s" s%bordinat"r"lations of 8if", c+ildr"n, s"rvants, and slav"s, %nit"d %nd"r t+" do"stic r%l" of afailyG 8+ic+, 8+at r"s"blanc" so"v"r it ay +av" in its ord"r, oc"s, andn%b"r too, 8it+ a littl" coon8"alt+, y"t is v"ry far fro it, bot+ in itsconstit%tion, !o8"r and "ndA or if it %st b" t+o%+t a onarc+y, and t+"!at"rfailias t+" absol%t" onarc+ in it, absol%t" onarc+y 8ill +av" b%t a v"rys+att"r"d and s+ort !o8"r, 8+"n it is !lain, by 8+at +as b""n said b"for", t+at t+"ast"r of t+" faily +as a v"ry distinct and di'"r"ntly liit"d !o8"r, bot+ as toti" and "Jt"nt, ov"r t+os" s"v"ral !"rsons t+at ar" in itG for "Jc"!tin t+" slav"(and t+" faily is as %c+ a faily, and +is !o8"r as !at"rfailias as r"at,8+"t+"r t+"r" b" any slav"s in +is faily or no) +" +as no l"islativ" !o8"r of lif"

and d"at+ ov"r any of t+", and non" too b%t 8+at a istr"ss of a faily ay +av"as 8"ll as +". nd +" c"rtainly can +av" no absol%t" !o8"r ov"r t+" 8+ol" faily,8+o +as b%t a v"ry liit"d on" ov"r "v"ry individ%al in it. B%t +o8 a faily, or anyot+"r soci"ty of "n, di'"r fro t+at 8+ic+ is !ro!"rly !olitical soci"ty, 8" s+allb"st s"", by consid"rin 8+"r"in !olitical soci"ty its"lf consists. 1

W. . Man b"in born, as +as b""n !rov"d, 8it+ a titl" to !"rf"ct fr""do, and an%ncontro%l"d "nHoy"nt of all t+" ri+ts and !rivil""s of t+" la8 of nat%r", "=%ally8it+ any ot+"r an, or n%b"r of "n in t+" 8orld, +at+ by nat%r" a !o8"r, notonly to !r"s"rv" +is !ro!"rty, t+at is, +is lif", lib"rty and "stat" aainst t+" inH%ri"sand att"!ts of ot+"r "nA b%t to H%d" of, and !%nis+ t+" br"ac+"s of t+at la8 inot+"rs, as +" is !"rs%ad"d t+" o'"nc" d"s"rv"s, "v"n 8it+ d"at+ its"lf, in cri"s

8+"r" t+" +"ino%sn"ss of t+" fact, in +is o!inion, r"=%ir"s it. B%t b"ca%s" no!olitical soci"ty can b", nor s%bsist, 8it+o%t +avin in its"lf t+" !o8"r to !r"s"rv"t+" !ro!"rty, and in ord"r t+"r"%nto, !%nis+ t+" o'"nc"s of all t+os" of t+at soci"tyAt+"r", and t+"r" only is !olitical soci"ty, 8+"r" "v"ry on" of t+" "b"rs +at+=%itt"d t+is nat%ral !o8"r, r"sin"d it %! into t+" +and of t+" co%nity in allcas"s t+at "Jcl%d" +i not fro a!!"alin for !rot"ction to t+" la8 "stablis+"d byit. nd t+%s all !rivat" H%d"nt of "v"ry !artic%lar "b"r b"in "Jcl%d"d, t+"co%nity co"s to b" %!ir", by s"ttl"d standin r%l"s, indi'"r"nt, and t+" sa"


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to all !arti"sG and by "n +avin a%t+ority fro t+" co%nity, for t+" "J"c%tion of t+os" r%l"s, d"cid"s all t+" di'"r"nc"s t+at ay +a!!"n b"t8""n any "b"rs of t+at soci"ty conc"rnin any att"r of ri+tG and !%nis+"s t+os" o'"nc"s 8+ic+ any"b"r +at+ coitt"d aainst t+" soci"ty, 8it+ s%c+ !"nalti"s as t+" la8 +as"stablis+"dA 8+"r"by it is "asy to disc"rn, 8+o ar", and 8+o ar" not, in !oliticalsoci"ty to"t+"r. +os" 8+o ar" %nit"d into on" body, and +av" a coon

"stablis+"d la8 and H%dicat%r" to a!!"al to, 8it+ a%t+ority to d"cid" controv"rsi"sb"t8""n t+", and !%nis+ o'"nd"rs, ar" in civil soci"ty on" 8it+ anot+"rA b%t t+os"8+o +av" no s%c+ coon !"o!l", : "an on "art+, ar" still in t+" stat" of nat%r","ac+ b"in, 8+"r" t+"r" is no ot+"r, H%d" for +is"lf, and "J"c%tion"rG 8+ic+ is, as: +av" b"for" s+"8"d it, t+" !"rf"ct stat" of nat%r". 11

W. . nd t+%s t+" coon8"alt+ co"s by a !o8"r to s"t do8n 8+at!%nis+"nt s+all b"lon to t+" s"v"ral transr"ssions 8+ic+ t+"y t+in 8ort+y of it,coitt"d aonst t+" "b"rs of t+at soci"ty, (8+ic+ is t+" !o8"r of ainla8s) as 8"ll as it +as t+" !o8"r to !%nis+ any inH%ry don" %nto any of its "b"rs,by any on" t+at is not of it, (8+ic+ is t+" !o8"r of 8ar and !"ac"G) and all t+is fort+" !r"s"rvation of t+" !ro!"rty of all t+" "b"rs of t+at soci"ty, as far as it is

!ossibl". B%t t+o%+ "v"ry an 8+o +as "nt"r"d into civil soci"ty, and is b"co" a"b"r of any coon8"alt+, +as t+"r"by =%itt"d +is !o8"r to !%nis+ o'"nc"s,aainst t+" la8 of nat%r", in !ros"c%tion of +is o8n !rivat" H%d"nt, y"t 8it+ t+"

H%d"nt of o'"nc"s, 8+ic+ +" +as iv"n %! to t+" l"islativ" in all cas"s, 8+"r" +"can a!!"al to t+" aistrat", +" +as iv"n a ri+t to t+" coon8"alt+ to "!loy+is forc", for t+" "J"c%tion of t+" H%d"nts of t+" coon8"alt+, 8+"n"v"r +"s+all b" call"d to itG 8+ic+ ind""d ar" +is o8n H%d"nts, t+"y b"in ad" by+is"lf, or +is r"!r"s"ntativ". nd +"r"in 8" +av" t+" oriinal of t+" l"islativ" and"J"c%tiv" !o8"r of civil soci"ty, 8+ic+ is to H%d" by standin la8s, +o8 far o'"nc"sar" to b" !%nis+"d, 8+"n coitt"d 8it+in t+" coon8"alt+G and also tod"t"rin", by occasional H%d"nts fo%nd"d on t+" !r"s"nt circ%stanc"s of t+"fact, +o8 far inH%ri"s fro 8it+o%t ar" to b" vindicat"dG and in bot+ t+"s" to "!loy

all t+" forc" of all t+" "b"rs, 8+"n t+"r" s+all b" no n""d. 12

W. -. 4+"r"v"r t+"r"for" any n%b"r of "n ar" so %nit"d into on" soci"ty, as to=%it "v"ry on" +is "J"c%tiv" !o8"r of t+" la8 of nat%r", and to r"sin it to t+"!%blic, t+"r" and t+"r" only is a !olitical, or civil soci"ty. nd t+is is don", 8+"r"v"rany n%b"r of "n, in t+" stat" of nat%r", "nt"r into soci"ty to a" on" !"o!l",on" body !olitic, %nd"r on" s%!r"" ov"rn"ntG or "ls" 8+"n any on" Hoins+is"lf too, and incor!orat"s 8it+ any ov"rn"nt alr"ady ad"G for +"r"by +"a%t+ori>"s t+" soci"ty, or 8+ic+ is all on", t+" l"islativ" t+"r"of, to a" la8s for+i, as t+" !%blic ood of t+" soci"ty s+all r"=%ir"A to t+" "J"c%tion 8+"r"of, +iso8n assistanc" (as to +is o8n d"cr""s) is d%". nd t+is !%ts "n o%t of a stat" of nat%r" into t+at of a coon8"alt+, by s"ttin %! a H%d" on "art+, 8it+ a%t+ority

to d"t"rin" all t+" controv"rsi"s, and r"dr"ss t+" inH%ri"s t+at ay +a!!"n to any"b"r of t+" coon8"alt+G 8+ic+ H%d" is t+" l"islativ", or aistrat"sa!!oint"d by it. nd 8+"r"v"r t+"r" ar" any n%b"r of "n, +o8"v"r associat"d,t+at +av" no s%c+ d"cisiv" !o8"r to a!!"al to, t+"r" t+"y ar" still in t+" stat" of nat%r". 1#

W. -. /"nc" it is "vid"nt, t+at absol%t" onarc+y, 8+ic+ by so" "n is co%nt"dt+" only ov"rn"nt in t+" 8orld, is ind""d inconsist"nt 8it+ civil soci"ty, and so


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can b" no for of civil ov"rn"nt at allA for t+" "nd of civil soci"ty, b"in to avoid,and r""dy t+os" inconv"ni"nc"s of t+" stat" of nat%r", 8+ic+ n"c"ssarily follo8fro "v"ry an7s b"in H%d" in +is o8n cas", by s"ttin %! a no8n a%t+ority, to8+ic+ "v"ry on" of t+at soci"ty ay a!!"al %!on any inH%ry r"c"iv"d, orcontrov"rsy t+at ay aris", and 8+ic+ "v"ry on" of t+" 1 soci"ty o%+t to ob"yG8+"r"v"r any !"rsons ar", 8+o +av" not s%c+ an a%t+ority to a!!"al to, for t+"

d"cision of any di'"r"nc" b"t8""n t+", t+"r" t+os" !"rsons ar" still in t+" stat" of nat%r"G and so is "v"ry absol%t" !rinc", in r"s!"ct of t+os" 8+o ar" %nd"r +isdoinion. 1&

W. -1. For +" b"in s%!!os"d to +av" all, bot+ l"islativ" and "J"c%tiv" !o8"r in+is"lf alon", t+"r" is no H%d" to b" fo%nd, no a!!"al li"s o!"n to any on", 8+oay fairly, and indi'"r"ntly, and 8it+ a%t+ority d"cid", and fro 8+os" d"cisionr"li"f and r"dr"ss ay b" "J!"ct"d of any inH%ry or inconv"ni"ncy, t+at ay b"s%'"r"d fro t+" !rinc", or by +is ord"rA so t+at s%c+ a an, +o8"v"r intitl"d, C>ar,0rand $"inor, or +o8 yo% !l"as", is as %c+ in t+" stat" of nat%r", 8it+ all %nd"r+is doinion, as +" is 8it+ t+" r"st of anindA for 8+"r"v"r any t8o "n ar", 8+o+av" no standin r%l", and coon H%d" to a!!"al to on "art+, for t+"

d"t"rination of controv"rsi"s of ri+t b"t8iJt t+", t+"r" t+"y ar" still in t+" stat"of nat%r", 2 and %nd"r all t+" inconv"ni"nc"s of it, 8it+ only t+is 8o"f%l di'"r"nc"to t+" s%bH"ct, or rat+"r slav" of an absol%t" !rinc"A t+at 8+"r"as, in t+" ordinarystat" of nat%r", +" +as a lib"rty to H%d" of +is ri+t, and accordin to t+" b"st of +is!o8"r, to aintain itG no8, 8+"n"v"r +is !ro!"rty is invad"d by t+" 8ill and ord"r of +is onarc+, +" +as not only to a!!"al, as t+os" in soci"ty o%+t to +av", b%t as if +" 8"r" d"rad"d fro t+" coon stat" of rational cr"at%r"s, is d"ni"d a lib"rtyto H%d" of, or to d"f"nd +is ri+tG and so is "J!os"d to all t+" is"ry andinconv"ni"nc"s, t+at a an can f"ar fro on", 8+o b"in in t+" %nr"strain"d stat"of nat%r", is y"t corr%!t"d 8it+ Iatt"ry, and ar"d 8it+ !o8"r. 15

W. -2. For +" t+at t+ins absol%t" !o8"r !%ri"s "n7s blood, and corr"cts t+"

bas"n"ss of +%an nat%r", n""d r"ad b%t t+" +istory of t+is, or any ot+"r a", to b"convinc"d of t+" contrary. /" t+at 8o%ld +av" b""n insol"nt and inH%rio%s in t+"8oods of "rica, 8o%ld not !robably b" %c+ b"tt"r in a t+ron"G 8+"r" !"r+a!sl"arnin and r"liion s+all b" fo%nd o%t to H%stify all t+at +" s+all do to +is s%bH"cts,and t+" s8ord !r"s"ntly sil"nc" all t+os" t+at dar" =%"stion itA for 8+at t+"!rot"ction of absol%t" onarc+y is, 8+at ind of fat+"rs of t+"ir co%ntri"s it a"s!rinc"s to b", and to 8+at a d"r"" of +a!!in"ss and s"c%rity it carri"s civil soci"ty,8+"r" t+is sort of ov"rn"nt is ro8n to !"rf"ction, +" t+at 8ill loo into t+" lat"r"lation of C"ylon, ay "asily s"". 16

W. -#. :n absol%t" onarc+i"s ind""d, as 8"ll as ot+"r ov"rn"nts of t+" 8orld,t+" s%bH"cts +av" an a!!"al to t+" la8, and H%d"s to d"cid" any controv"rsi"s, and

r"strain any viol"nc" t+at ay +a!!"n b"t8iJt t+" s%bH"cts t+"s"lv"s, on"aonst anot+"r. +is "v"ry on" t+ins n"c"ssary, and b"li"v"s +" d"s"rv"s to b"t+o%+t a d"clar"d "n"y to soci"ty and anind, 8+o s+o%ld o abo%t to ta" ita8ay. B%t 8+"t+"r t+is b" fro a tr%" lov" of anind and soci"ty, and s%c+ ac+arity as 8" o8" all on" to anot+"r, t+"r" is r"ason to do%btA for t+is is no or"t+an 8+at "v"ry an, 8+o lov"s +is o8n !o8"r, !rot, or r"atn"ss, ay, andnat%rally %st do, ""! t+os" anials fro +%rtin, or d"stroyin on" anot+"r, 8+olabo%r and dr%d" only for +is !l"as%r" and advanta"G and so ar" ta"n car" of,


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not o%t of any lov" t+" ast"r +as for t+", b%t lov" of +is"lf, and t+" !rot t+"ybrin +iA for if it b" as"d, 8+at s"c%rity, 8+at f"nc" is t+"r", in s%c+ a stat",aainst t+" viol"nc" and o!!r"ssion of t+is absol%t" r%l"rL t+" v"ry =%"stion canscarc" b" born". +"y ar" r"ady to t"ll yo%, t+at it d"s"rv"s d"at+ only to as aft"rsaf"ty. B"t8iJt s%bH"ct and s%bH"ct, t+"y 8ill rant, t+"r" %st b" "as%r"s, la8sand H%d"s, for t+"ir %t%al !"ac" and s"c%rityA b%t as for t+" r%l"r, +" o%+t to b"

absol%t", and is abov" all s%c+ circ%stanc"sG b"ca%s" +" +as !o8"r to do or"+%rt and 8ron, it is ri+t 8+"n +" do"s it. o as +o8 yo% ay b" %ard"d fro+ar, or inH%ry, on t+at sid" 8+"r" t+" stron"st +and is to do it, is !r"s"ntly t+"voic" of faction and r"b"llionA as if 8+"n "n =%ittin t+" stat" of nat%r" "nt"r"dinto soci"ty, t+"y ar""d t+at all of t+" b%t on" s+o%ld b" %nd"r t+" r"straint of la8s, b%t t+at +" s+o%ld still r"tain all t+" lib"rty of t+" stat" of nat%r", incr"as"d8it+ !o8"r, and ad" lic"ntio%s by i!%ni

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