Adaptive Learning .
Transcript of Adaptive Learning .
• Adaptive Learning
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Best practice Environmental best management practice
1 In these contexts, it is more useful to think of best management practice
as an adaptive learning process rather than a fixed set of rules or
guidelines
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Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence - General machine intelligence
1 The 2011 Federal Virtual World Challenge advertised by The White
House and sponsored by the US Army held a competition offering a total of $52,000 USD in cash prize
awards for general Artificial Intelligence applications, including
adaptive learning systems, intelligent conversational bots, adaptive
behavior (objects or processes) and more.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-adaptive-learning-toolkit.html
History of video games - Origins of the computer game
1 Early game creation was thus largely limited to testing or demonstrating theories relating to areas such as
human-computer interaction, adaptive learning, and military
strategy.
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Best practices - Environmental best management practice
1 In these contexts, it is more useful to think of best management
practice as an adaptive learning process rather than a fixed set of
rules or guidelines
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Posttraumatic stress disorder - Neuroendocrinology
1 Translating this reaction to human conditions gives a pathophysiological
explanation for PTSD by a maladaptive learning pathway to fear response through a hypersensitive, hyperreactive, and hyperresponsive
HPA axis.
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Orbitofrontal cortex - Functions of the human orbitofrontal cortex
1 In doing this, the brain is capable of comparing the expected
reward/punishment with the actual delivery of reward/punishment, thus, making the OFC critical for adaptive
learning
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Learning - Sensitisation
1 Sensitisation is thought to underlie both adaptive as well as maladaptive learning processes in the organism.
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Augmented learning
1 'Augmented learning' is an on-demand learning technique where the environment
adapts to the learner. By providing remediation on-demand, learners can gain
greater understanding of a topic and stimulate discovery and
learning.[http://techcrunch.com/2012/05/09/an-interview-with-mcgraw-hill-higher-
education-president-brian-kibby-about-the-future-of-ebooks-tctv/ Augmented learning
and super-adaptive learning]
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Augmented learning
1 Instead of focusing on memorization, the learner
experiences an adaptive learning experience based upon the current
context
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McGraw-Hill - McGraw-Hill Education
1 The company’s two flagship adaptive learning products are LearnSmart [http://www.mhlearnsmart.com],
available for higher education and High School students, and ALEKS
[http://www.aleks.com/], available for higher education and K-12 students.
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B. F. Skinner - Teaching machine
1 There has been a resurgence of interest in the notion of the teaching
machine and its relationship to adaptive learning systems of the
early 21st Century[http://philmcrae.com/2/post/
2013/04/rebirth-of-the-teaching-maching-through-the-seduction-of-
data-analytics-this-time-its-personal1.html Philip McRae, Ph.D.]
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Experimental economics - Learning experiments
1 Amnon Rapoport, Jim Parco and Ryan Murphy have investigated
reinforcement-based adaptive learning models in one of the most
celebrated paradoxes in game theory known as the centipede game.
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Hindsight bias - Cognitive models
1 RAFT is a by-product of adaptive
learning
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Economic crises - Herding models and learning models
1 In adaptive learning or adaptive expectations models, investors are assumed to be
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Rehabilitation counseling - College disability counselors/specialists
1 Some adaptive technological accommodations may include but are not limited to: Adaptive
computer technology (including voice activated and speech output), Assistive listening devices,
Films/videotapes about disabilities, Kurzweil personal reader, Large print software,Print
enlargers (CCTV), Raised-line drawing kit, Tactile map of campus, Talking calculators, Tape
recorders/APH Talking Book Machine, TDD for hearing impaired, Wheelchair, Wheelchair access maps.[http://www.foothill.edu/al/drc.php Adaptive
Learning Division - Disability Resource Center]
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University of Phoenix - Academics
1 In August 2011, Apollo group announced it would buy 100% of
Carnegie Learning to accelerate its efforts to incorporate adaptive
learning into its academic platform.Trip Gabriel|Gabriel, Trip
(August 2, 2011)
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Heutagogy - Etymology and generalizations
1 This learning is problem based adaptive learning that challenges
faulty schema, integrates new knowledge with existing knowledge which allows for creation of original
work and innovative procedures
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Learning theories - Humanism
1 This self-directed learning is needs
motivated, adaptive learning
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Constructivism (learning theory)
1 It is problem-based, adaptive learning that challenges faulty
schema, integrates new knowledge with existing knowledge, and allows
for creation of original work or innovative procedures
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Thomas Sargent - Professional contributions
1 * studying the conditions under which systems with bounded rationality of agents
and Adaptive learning|adaptive learners converge to rational expectations.
[http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/MacroeconomicTheory/?
view=usaci=9780198288695 Description] and chapter-preview 1st-page
[http://www.questia.com/library/book/bounded-rationality-in-macroeconomics-thomas-j-
sargent-by-thomas-j-sargent.jsp links].
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Eric von Hippel - Collaborators
1 • Tyre, Marcie and Eric von Hippel (1997) The Situated Nature of
Adaptive Learning in Organizations Organization Science, vol 8, No 1
(January–February) p.71-83
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Gregory I. Piatetsky-Shapiro - Career
1 In April 2000, KSP was acquired by [http://www.kdnuggets.com/press/Yahoo-X-ksp.htm Xchange, Inc], and Gregory joined
Xchange as Vice-President and Chief Scientist. He led the development of
Adaptive Learning Engine to support multi-channel, complex customer interaction in real-time and participated in a number of consulting engagements on the topics of CRM, data mining, customer attrition and
cross-sell.
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Digifant Engine Management system - History
1 Changes in circuit technology, design and processing speed along with
evolving emissions standards, resulted in the development of new
engine management systems. These new system incorporated adaptive learning fuzzy logic, enhanced and
expanded diagnostics, and the ability to meet total vehicle emissions
standards.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-adaptive-learning-toolkit.html
Theodore Millon - Books
1 * Millon, Theodore (1969) Modern Psychopathology: A Biosocial
Approach to Maladaptive Learning and Functioning. Philadelphia: J.B.
Saunders Company.
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Immunity to change
1 Heifetz's distinction between technical and adaptive learning,
Chris Argyris's ladder of inference, and the four stages of competence
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Self-organizing map - Alternatives
1 The TASOM employs adaptive learning rates and
neighborhood functions
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Paul Milgrom - Context and Overview
1 He has also contributed to agency theory by describing conditions under which linear
incentives are optimal, and by developing a tractable model of multitask agency
relationships. His work on contract and organization theory has been very
influential in management science. Finally, Professor Milgrom has contributed to
mathematical economics and game theory, with studies on reputation and adaptive
learning.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-adaptive-learning-toolkit.html
Paul Milgrom - Learning in Games
1 Thus, a sequence consistent with adaptive learning is also consistent with sophisticated
learning
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Paul Milgrom - Learning in Games
1 “Best Replies and Adaptive Learning,” Mathematical Social Sciences, Vol.30, No.3,
1995, pp.221-234.
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Knewton
1 Knewton also offers two adaptive learning products of its own: a
developmental math program and a test prep course for the GMAT.
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Knewton - Description
1 Knewton uses adaptive learning technology to identify each student's particular strengths and weaknesses
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Cognitive science of religion - Dual inheritance
1 A sophisticated statement of this approach can be found in Scott Atran
and Joseph Henrich (2010) [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/
pdf/10.1162/BIOT_a_00018 The Evolution of Religion: How Cognitive
By-Products, Adaptive Learning Heuristics, Ritual Displays, and Group
Competition Generate Deep Commitments to Prosocial Religions]
Biological Theory 5.1.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-adaptive-learning-toolkit.html
Hindsight - Cognitive models
1 RAFT is a by-product of adaptive learning
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Adaptive learning
1 'Adaptive learning' is an educational method which uses
computers as interactive teaching devices. Computers adapt the
presentation of educational material according to students' learning
needs, as indicated by their responses to questions and tasks.
The technology encompasses aspects derived from various fields of
study including computer science, education, and psychology.
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Adaptive learning
1 Adaptive learning systems' primary application is in education, but another popular application is
business training
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Adaptive learning
1 Adaptive learning has also been known as adaptive educational hypermedia, computer-based learning, adaptive instruction,
intelligent tutoring systems, and computer-based pedagogical agents.
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Adaptive learning - History
1 In adaptive learning, the basic premise is that the tool or system will
be able to adjust to the student/user's learning method,
which results in a better and more effective learning experience for the
user
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Adaptive learning - History
1 Today, the number of new adaptive learning system companies is
growing steadily as more classrooms are becoming computerized and
other industries are finding uses for the applications of adaptive learning such as professional development.
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Adaptive learning - Technology and methodology
1 Adaptive learning systems have traditionally been divided into
separate components or 'models'. While different model groups have
been presented, most systems include some or all of the following models (occasionally with different names):Charles P. Bloom, R. Bowen Loftin Facilitating the Development
and Use of Interactive Learning Environments, Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates (1998).
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Adaptive learning - Expert model
1 Adaptive learning systems which do not include an expert model will
typically incorporate these functions in the instructional model.
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Adaptive learning - Student model
1 A student takes a test, the probabilities of weakness in all
concepts conditional on incorrect answers in all questions can be
calculated using Bayes' Theorem|Bayes' Law (these adaptive learning methods are often called bayesian
algorithms).
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Adaptive learning - Classroom Implementation
1 Adaptive learning that is implemented in the classroom environment using information
technology is often referred to as an Intelligent Tutoring System or an
Adaptive Learning System. Intelligent Tutoring Systems operate
on three basic principles:
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Adaptive learning - Classroom Implementation
1 **Inductive logic programming (ILP) is a way to bring together inductive
learning and logic programming to an Adaptive Learning System. Systems
using ILP are able to create hypothesis from examples demonstrated to it by the
programmer or educator and then use those experiences to develop
new knowledge to guide the student down paths to correct answers.
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Adaptive learning - Classroom Implementation
1 **Cost of developing new Adaptive Learning Systems is often prohibitive
to educational institutions so re-usability is essential.
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Adaptive learning - Distance learning implementation
1 Adaptive Learning systems can be implemented on the Internet for use
in distance learning and group collaboration applications.
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Adaptive learning - Distance learning implementation
1 The field of distance learning is now incorporating aspects of adaptive learning. Initial systems without adaptive learning were able to provide automated feedback to
students who are presented questions from a preselected question bank. That approach
however lacks the guidance which teachers in the classroom can
provide. Current trends in distance learning call for the use of adaptive
learning to implement intelligent dynamic behavior in the learning
environment.
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Adaptive learning - Distance learning implementation
1 A current successful implementation of adaptive learning in web-based
distance learning is the Maple engine of WebLearn by
[http://www.rmit.edu.au RMIT university]
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Adaptive learning - Distance learning implementation
1 Group collaboration is also a hot field in the adaptive learning research area.
Group collaboration is a key field in Web 2.0 which extends the functionality of
distance learning. Adaptive learning can be incorporated to facilitate collaboration
within distance learning environments like forums or resource sharing services. Some examples of how adaptive learning
can help with collaboration include:
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Adaptive learning - Companies currently using adaptive learning technology
1 A 2013 report commissioned by the Gates Foundation provides a list of almost forty companies currently
active in adaptive learning technology.http://edgrowthadvisors.c
om/gatesfoundation/
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Adaptive learning - Companies currently using adaptive learning technology
1 * Cengage Learning, a publishing company whose Aplia product
provides adaptive learning technology for Developmental
English.
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Adaptive learning - Companies currently using adaptive learning technology
1 *DreamBox (company)|DreamBox, an adaptive learning platform with
individualized paths for personalized learning.
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Adaptive learning - Companies currently using adaptive learning technology
1 *eSpindle Learning, a nonprofit maintaining an online vocabulary
and spelling coaching program based on the adaptive learning concept.
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Adaptive learning - Companies currently using adaptive learning technology
1 *Knewton, whose adaptive learning API connects to third-party products to help teachers identify and predict
knowledge gaps and personalize content for each student through
sophisticated, real-time analysis of reams of student performance data.
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Adaptive learning - Companies currently using adaptive learning technology
1 *PrepMe, an online learning company, currently uses adaptive
learning technology for test preparation, K-12 education, and
professional development.
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Adaptive learning - Companies currently using adaptive learning technology
1 *Sherston Software, a UK education software company, offers
PlanetSherston, an adaptive learning platform.
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Adaptive learning - Companies currently using adaptive learning technology
1 *Smart.fm, a social learning and community website, uses adaptive
learning technology with the goal of increasing learning speed and
retention.
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Adaptive learning - Companies currently using adaptive learning technology
1 *Smart Sparrow, has an adaptive learning platform that offers
instructional designers and teachers integrated tools to create, publish and analyse their own adaptive
content.
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User modeling - Data Gathering
1 * 'A hybrid approach which asks for explicit feedback and alters the user
model by adaptive learning'
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Stochastic gradient descent - Iterative method
1 As the algorithm sweeps through the training set, it performs the above update for each training example.
Several passes can be made over the training set until the algorithm
converges, if this is done, the data can be shuffled for each pass to
prevent cycles. Typical implementations may use an
adaptive learning rate so that the algorithm converges.
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Rprop
1 This algorithm was created by Martin Riedmiller and Heinrich Braun in
1992.Martin Riedmiller und Heinrich Braun: Rprop - A Fast Adaptive
Learning Algorithm
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Rprop - Variations
1 # RPROPminus; is defined at [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?
doi=10.1.1.27.7876 Advanced Supervised Learning in Multi-layer Perceptrons ndash; From
Backpropagation to Adaptive Learning Algorithms]. Backtracking is removed from
RPROP+.Martin Riedmiller. [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?
doi=10.1.1.27.7876 Advanced supervised learning in multi-layer perceptrons - From backpropagation
to adaptive learning algorithms]. Computer Standards and Interfaces 16(5), 265-278, 1994
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Learning styles - A more recent evidence-based model of learning
1 PALS2: Pedagogically Adaptive Learning System based on
Learning Styles
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Video game crash of 1977 - Origins of the computer game (1940–2014)
1 Early game creation was thus largely limited to testing or demonstrating theories relating to areas such as
human-computer interaction, adaptive learning, and military
strategy.
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McGraw-Hill Education
1 This shift has accelerated in recent years with an increased focus on
developing adaptive learning systems that enable classroom
teaching to come closer to a one-to-one student-teacher interaction
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Burlington County College - The Integrated Learning Resource Center/Library (ILRC)
1 The Integrated Learning Resource Center/Library houses an online catalog, a
law collection, children's reading area, Pinelands Room, Career Adaptive Learning Literacy lab with computers and assistive devices for students with special needs,
periodicals and non-print media, a collection of classic films, reference works, leisure
reading materials, study rooms and meeting facilities with videoconferencing
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