• IntroductionIntroduction

• Country OverviewCountry Overview

• Public Administrative Reforms of Mongolia Public Administrative Reforms of Mongolia

• Overview of ICT in Mongolia Overview of ICT in Mongolia

• Overview of ICT in Japan Overview of ICT in Japan

• E-government key challenges in Mongolia

• Discussions and RecommendationsDiscussions and Recommendations

CONTENTSCONTENTS

1. Introduction

Research Purpose: 1. To review a current trends of Mongolian public

and ICT sector, an overview Japanese ICT development and best experiences on E-government services,

2. To reveal the key challenges and,3. To suggest recommendation for possible e-

government policies in Mongolia.

Research Questions1. How to work together government agencies? 2. How to enhance citizen participation? 3. How to build partnership with private sector?

Methodology(a) comparative analysis of ICT strategies and E-

government in Mongolia and Japan,(b) interviewing by the central& local governments

along with their e-government implementation, (c) observing public opinions, (d) studying theoretical books on ICT strategy and

E-government, (e) discussion with decision makers and ICT

experts and,(f) two case studies to conduct Japanese E-

government solutions and services

2. Country

Overview• Area: 1.565 mln. sqr. km• Population: 2.585 mln. (2004)

– In Ulaanbaatar (capital city): 735’000– In Rural: 1’650’000– Growth rate: 1.9% (2000)

• Geography: steppe, desert, forest, mountains • Administration: Ulaanbaatar, 21 provinces • Government: Parliamentary

Mongolia: Macroeconomic Performance

(percentages)

Source: NSO 1997-2003 and Mongol Bank

3.Public Administrative Reforms • History overview• Building Institutional Capacity for Change

– Management Development Program– Regional Development concept – Mongolian state policy on reforming government

processes and the general system of structure • Law on Public sector management and

finance • Good governance program

4.Overview of ICT in Mongolia 4.Overview of ICT in Mongolia

ICT POLICY AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENTICT POLICY AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

• Mongolian Telecom Master Plan up to 2010, 1994

• Law of Radio Frequency, 1999• ICT vision-2010, 2000• Law on Communications, 2001 • Telecommunications sector midterm policy, 2001• Medium term strategy of ICT, 2002• Draft package law on IT (under construction)• E-Mongolia program 2005-2012

In 1916, the Mongolian Government adopted a first Telegraph Rule.

Huvsgol

Arhangai

Uvs

BayanUlgii

Hovd

Zavhan

GobiAltai BayanhongorUvorhangai

Umnogobi

6. DORNGOVI

Dundgobi

HentiiÒuv

Dornod

Sukhbaatar

Darhan

Bulgan

SAINSHAND

CHOIR

ULAANBAATAR

Dornogobi

Gobisumber

Selenge

Orhon

Zamyn Uud

Information InfrastructureInformation Infrastructure

Source by PTA

Optical Fiber CableOptical Fiber Cable

Digital Microwave links Digital Microwave links

1990 1997 2003

Fixed (per 100 people)

1.7

3.8 5.4 (10.2 in UB; 0.8 rural)

Mobile (per 100 people)

No 0.1 13.1

PCs (total) <100

13000

169000

Internet users

No 1200 50000 (7ISP),

Cable TV Household

No 18000 40000 (90% in UB)

Legal and Regulatory Framework

Infrastructure development

Leadership and Reform

Interoperabilityand

Applications

ICT-enabled Economic

Growth

Public Awareness

and Participation

ICT Skills and Human Resources

Development

Implications

Vision of e-Mongolia

This policy aims at establishing the information society and founding the knowledge-based society in Mongolia by enhancing extensive applications of ICT in all sectors of society. By 2012, Mongolia will become one of the top ten ICT developed countries in Asia.

Designing and implementing new businesses such as e-Commerce, e-Tax, e-Custom, e-Payments, e-Procurement, e-Health, and e-LearningEstablishment of an electronic system to expand civil participationsEstablishment of a unified Information exchange network among Gov. agenciesRequirement for the leadership at all levels of e-Government executionRequirement for legislating laws and regulations on ICTNeed to build high speed transmission networks throughout MongoliaEstablishment of nation-wide Digital Community Centers for businessReduction of the Internet connection fees

e-Mongolia National Program e-Mongolia National Program

E-Government initiatives

• ICT for sustainable human development” project from 1998 to 2001,

• In 2001 “Assessment on In 2001 “Assessment on government information and government information and communication system” communication system”

• Open Government “Prime Open Government “Prime Minister’s website”Minister’s website”

• ICT mid term strategy, 2002ICT mid term strategy, 2002• Drafting IT basic law, Drafting IT basic law, • Launching e-Government Launching e-Government

Master Plan, 2005Master Plan, 2005

e-Government Master Plan

5. Overview of ICT in Japan 5. Overview of ICT in Japan

• Policy and regulatory issues

• ICT strategy – E-Japan strategy I– E-Japan strategy II

• E-government and e-local government– Case study 1. Yokosuka online tender system

Case study 2. Okayama Information highway

IT Policy Targets and the Current Status

Main objective: “To make Japan the world's most advanced IT nation by 2005”

　　　　◆ 5-year urgent concentrated implementation by 2005　　　　　 ◆ Four priority policy areas

Drawing up an IT state strategy: [e-Japan Strategy] (January 2001)

－ Infrastructure: Principle of private-sector initiatives, Creation of the world’s Creation of the world’s most advanced environment for the Internetmost advanced environment for the Internet

－ e-commerce: Ex-post-facto check rule, Building confidence in participants, International harmonization

－ e-governments: Reform of administrative work, Social infrastructures for use of IT － Human resources: Improvement in IT literacy, Recruiting of IT instructors, Fostering

of IT engineers/experts

Constant access environment by 2005 High-speed: 　　 30 million households Ultra-high-speed: 10 million households

Constant access environment by 2005 High-speed: 　　 30 million households Ultra-high-speed: 10 million households

Targets

IT Strategy – Phase I:

To positively tackle the establishment of IT foundational infrastructure significant level of progress.

IT Strategy – Phase II:

To realize a “vigorous, safe, impressive and convenient society” through the practical use of Information Technology

IT Strategy – Phase I:

To positively tackle the establishment of IT foundational infrastructure significant level of progress.

IT Strategy – Phase II:

To realize a “vigorous, safe, impressive and convenient society” through the practical use of Information Technology

1. Construction of next generation IT environment

2. Safe and secure use environment3. R&D to promote the intellectual resources of

the next generation4. Develop IT-HR and promote learning5. New international relationships focusing on IT

1. Construction of next generation IT environment

2. Safe and secure use environment3. R&D to promote the intellectual resources of

the next generation4. Develop IT-HR and promote learning5. New international relationships focusing on IT

Develop results in these 7 fields to other fields.

Construction of New SocietyConstruction of New Society

Priority PoliciesPriority Policies

Leading 7 fields making practical use of

IT

Medical / Foods / Life / Finance for SMEs /

Intellectual / Employment and Labor / Governmental

Services 　

Leading 7 fields making practical use of

IT

Medical / Foods / Life / Finance for SMEs /

Intellectual / Employment and Labor / Governmental

Services 　

“e-Japan Strategy II”(Decided by the IT Strategy Headquarters July 2nd 2003)

In addition to making Japan the world's most advanced IT nation by 2005, we must

aim to continue leading the world after 2006.

In addition to making Japan the world's most advanced IT nation by 2005, we must

aim to continue leading the world after 2006.

“e-Japan Priority Policy Program-2003-2004”

(Decided by the IT Strategy Headquarters August 8th 2003)

Japanese e-government program

Case study A. Yokosuka e-bidding system

The Yokosuka city implemented an electronic bidding system in The Yokosuka city implemented an electronic bidding system in September 2001. The electronic bidding system with competitiveness, September 2001. The electronic bidding system with competitiveness, transparency, fairness and effectiveness, has gained a good reputation transparency, fairness and effectiveness, has gained a good reputation

as working towards the effect of overcoming the economic crisisas working towards the effect of overcoming the economic crisis

Case study B. Okayama Information highway

Backbone network consists of 450 km Backbone network consists of 450 km optical fiber linked connected by all optical fiber linked connected by all municipality branch offices, public municipality branch offices, public organizations and schools. The city of organizations and schools. The city of Niimi in Okayama prefecture Niimi in Okayama prefecture implemented electronic voting via a implemented electronic voting via a touch machine in June 2002. The touch machine in June 2002. The electronic voting system was electronic voting system was designed to facilitate the “quick designed to facilitate the “quick counting votes” and “accurately counting votes” and “accurately reflecting the will of the people by reflecting the will of the people by reducing the number of spoiled and reducing the number of spoiled and invalid ballots” . invalid ballots” .

6. E-government key challenges in Mongolia

• Strategy (vision, policy objectives), • Leadership (motivation, political support), • Human Resource Development (skill, training) • Management Change (organizational change,

internal resistance to change ) • Digital Divide• Technological change• Public-private partnership,• Citizen participation

National ICT Strategies

Leadership

• Establishing National ICT Committee headed by the Prime Minister of Mongolia since 2001. This committee was consisting of representatives from government, civil societies, academic organizations and the private sector.

• In 2004, Government of Mongolia established Information and Communications Technology Authority (ICTA). But, ICTA is government agency and has a lower status than line ministry. This makes it difficult for ICTA to coordinate on e-government policy development and to implement it in national level.

Human Development Issues

• Mongolians learn quickly. This country is largely influenced by nomadic culture, which gives it a very flexible mentality.

• However, the lack of human resources, financial constraints, and low computer literacy in Mongolian are significant challenges.

• Therefore, the Government of Mongolia considers that one of the essential tasks for Mongolians at the beginning of the 21st century is to become universally computer literate. [1

Comparison between Japan

and Mongolia on Public

Organizational

Cultures

Bridging Digital Divide

E-readiness of Mongolia to Networked World

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Information infrastructure

Internet availability

Internet affordability

Netw ork speed and quality

Hardw are and softw are

Service and support

Schools access to ICT

Enhancing education w ith ICT

Developing ICT w orkforcePeople and organizations onlineLocally relevant content

ICT in everyday life

ICT in w orkplace

ICT employment opportunities

B2C E-commerce

B2B e-commerce

e-Government

Telecommunications regulation

ICT trade policy

Ulaanbaatar

Rural

• Subscriber access network Subscriber access network

• Switching networkSwitching network

• National transmission networkNational transmission network

International networkInternational network

TDM SwitchesTDM Switches - - IP-basedIP-based

Star network typeStar network type Ring typeRing typeMicrowave linksMicrowave links Fiber optics Fiber optics

PDH, SDH,analoguePDH, SDH,analogue DWDMDWDM

Copper cables, ADSLCopper cables, ADSL - - WiFi, WiMax, BcNWiFi, WiMax, BcN

SattelliteSattellite - - Terrestrial Terrestrial fiber opticfiber optic

Present technologyPresent technology Planned Planned technologytechnologyin usein use to be deployedto be deployed

Technology Change

Public-Private Partnership

• Government supports Computer supply companies for tax-free for computer and local software;

• Banks provide loan and leasing for new computers under Low Cost PC project

• Companies offers 4 kind of PC and cost of PC is around 250-450US$;

• 1 Tugrug Internet Campaign by dialup;• Introducing Broadband Internet technologies

Citizen Participation

• In Mongolia, citizen participation is low, due to a lack of initiative, and due to the inertia left behind by a command-administrative system

• The low population density, financial constraints and underdeveloped communication networks has added barriers to participation, while there exists a poor understanding of democracy and human rights

• Therefore, Government of Mongolia considers that e-government can help strengthen citizen participation in the decision making process, promote open and accountable government, help to prevent corruption and protect personal information

• Establishment of the nation-wide strategy• Political and governmental leadership to the e-

government initiatives. • Investing human resource development • Introduce universal management techniques

and create the basic skills for e-government • Adaptation of new technology • Bridging digital divide • Partnership with private sector • Collaboration with civil society

7. Conclusions & Recommendations