Activity 8-spinal cord-eye-ear-2
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Transcript of Activity 8-spinal cord-eye-ear-2
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Activity #8:
Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves,
& Sensory Organs
Chapters 16 & 19 – McKinley et al., Human Anatomy, 4e.
Objectives:
• Identify structures in the gross anatomy of the spinal cord on both models and cadavers or wet specimens.
• Identify structures in the cross section of the spinal cord on classroom models.
• Identify the nerve plexuses and specific nerves from each.
• Identify structures from the human eye on models.
• Dissect a cow eye and identify the structures listed.
• Identify structures of the ear on classroom models.
• Histology: Observe and identify structures in a histology slide of the cochlea.
1Compilation: Lisa Radmall
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy
2
• Cervical enlargement
• Thoracic region
• Lumbar enlargement
• Conus medullaris
• Cauda equina
• Filum terminale
• Spinal Nerves
• Cervical (C1-C8)
• Thoracic (T1-T12)
• Lumbar (L1-L5)
• Sacral (S1-S5)
• Coccygeal (Co1)
• Denticulate Ligaments
Fig. 16.1
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Spinal Cord: Cross Section
3
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Spinal Cord: Cross Section
4
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Spinal Cord: Meninges & Spaces
5Fig. 16.2a
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Spinal Cord: Meninges & Spaces
6
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater
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Spinal Nerves: Plexuses
7
• All ventral rami except T2-T12 form interlacing nerve networks called plexuses.
• Major nerve plexuses are found in the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral regions of the spinal cord.
• Each resulting branch of a plexus contains fibers from several spinal nerves.
• Thoracic spinal nerves T2-T12 do not form a plexus; branch to intercostal nerves.
• You will be responsible to know the listed nerves and (only) the muscles they innervate from your muscle anatomy labs.
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Spinal Nerves: Cervical Plexus
8Fig. 16.8
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Phrenic Nerve – Innervation of Diaphragm
9
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Spinal Nerves: Brachial Plexus
10Fig. 16.9a
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Spinal Nerves: Brachial Plexus
11
• Axillary nerve
• Median nerve (center of “M”)
• Musculotaneous nerve (lateral on “M”)
• Radial nerve
• Ulnar nerve (medial on “M”)
• Long thoracic nerve
• Medial pectoral nerve
• Lateral pectoral nerve
Fig. 16.9c
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Brachial Plexus – Axillary Nerve
12
• Axillary nerve
• Innervation
• Deltoid
• Teres minor
Table 16.4
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Brachial Plexus – Median Nerve
13
• Median nerve (center of “M”)
• Innervation: Anterior forearm muscles
• Pronator teres
• Flexor capri radialis
• Palmaris longus
• Flexor digitorum superficialis
• Flexor digitorum profundus
• Flexor pollicis longus
Table 16.4
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Brachial Plexus – Musculocutaneous Nerve
14
• Musculotaneous nerve (lateral on “M”)
• Innervation
• Biceps brachii (both heads)
• Brachialis
Table 16.4
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Brachial Plexus – Radial Nerve
15
• Radial nerve
• Innervation: Posterior arm muscles
• Triceps brachii (3 heads)
• Innervation: Posterior forearm muscles
• Brachioradialis
• Supinator
• Extensor carpi radialis
• Extensor carpi ulnaris
• Extensor digitorum
• Extensor pollicis longus
• Extensor pollicis brevis
• Abductor pollicis longus
Table 16.4
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Brachial Plexus – Ulnar Nerve
16
• Ulnar nerve (medial on “M”)
• Innervation
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
• Flexor digitorum profundus
• Most hand muscles
Table 16.4
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Brachial Plexus – Long Thoracic Nerve
17
• Long thoracic nerve
• Innervation
• serratus anterior
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Brachial Plexus – Pectoral Nerves
18
• Medial pectoral nerve
• Innervation
• Pectoralis Major
• Pectoralis Minor
• Lateral pectoral nerve
• Innervation
• Pectoralis Major
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Spinal Nerves: Intercostal Nerves
19
• Intercostal Nerves
• Branch from spinal nerves
• Do NOT form a plexus
• Innervation: intercostal muscles
Fig. 16.7
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Spinal Nerves: Lumbar Plexus
20Fig. 16.10
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Lumbar Plexus – Femoral Nerve
21
• Femoral nerve
• Innervation: Anterior thigh
muscles
• Illiacus
• Psoas major
• Pectineus
• Sartorius
• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
• Vastus intermedius
Table 16.5
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Lumbar Plexus – Obturator Nerve
22
• Obturator nerve
• Innervation: Medial thigh muscles
• Gracilis
• Adductor longus
• Adductor brevis
• Adductor magnus
• Pectineus
Table 16.5
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Spinal Nerves: Sacral Plexus
23Fig. 16.11
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Sacral Plexus – Gluteal Nerves
24
• Inferior gluteal nerve
• Innervation
• Gluteus maximus
• Superior gluteal nerve
• Innervation
• Tensor fasciae latae
• Gluteus medius
• Gluteus minimus
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Sacral Plexus – Tibial Nerve
25
Sciatic nerve
(branches into tibial and common fibular nerve)
• Tibial nerve
• Innervation: Posterior thigh & leg
muscles
• Biceps femoris long head
• Semitendinosus
• Semimembranosus
• Adductor magnus
• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus
• Popliteus
• Flexor digitorum longus
• Flexor hallicus longus
• Plantar surface of footTable 16.6
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Sacral Plexus – Common Fibular Nerve
26
• Common fibular nerve
• Innervation: Biceps femoris (short head)
• Branches into deep and superficial fibular nerve
• Deep fibular nerve
• Innervation: Dorsal surface of foot
• Innervation: Anterior leg muscles
• Tibialis anterior
• Extensor digitorum longus
• Extensor hallicus longus
• Superficial fibular nerve
• Innervation: Lateral compartment
• Fibularis longus
• Fibularis brevis
Table 16.6
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27
Extrinsic Eye Muscles - Lateral view
Orbital
fat pad
Palpebra
(eyelid)
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28
Extrinsic Eye Muscles - Medial view
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles – Innervation & Movement
29
The six (6) extrinsic eye muscles, innervation, and movement of the eye:
1. Inferior Oblique
• (CNIII) elevates and turns eye laterally
2. Inferior Rectus
• (CNIII) pulls eye inferiorly
3. Superior Rectus
• (CNIII) pulls eye superiorly
4. Medial Rectus
• (CNIII) pulls eye medially
5. Lateral Rectus
• (CNVI) pulls eye laterally
6. Superior Oblique
• (CNIV) depresses and turns eye laterally
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Accessory Structures of the Eye
30Fig. 19.10
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Layers of the Eye Wall
31
• Conjunctiva
• Surrounds most of eye, covers sclera
• Fibrous Tunic (outermost layer)
• Anterior cornea – Transparent and avascular. Nourished by lacrimal fluid.
• Posterior sclera – “White” of eye. Gives shape and protection to eye.
• Vascular Tunic (middle layer)
• Choroid – Capillary network. Supplies nutrients and oxygen to retina.
• Ciliary body & muscles – Smooth muscle & epithelium affect tension on
suspensory ligaments, altering shape of lens.
• Iris – Color of eye. Smooth muscle, controls pupil size & diameter.
• Neural Tunic (innermost layer)
• Retina – Pigmented layer provides vitamin A for photoreceptor cells in
Neural layer.
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Layers of the Eye Wall
32
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Structures of the Eye
33
Ora serrata
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Cavities of the Eye
34Fig. 19.16
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Cow Eye: External & Internal Anatomy
35
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Sensory Organ: The Ear
36
The ear is composed of three regions: the external ear, located mostly on
the outside of the head, and the middle and inner ear, which are housed
within the petrous portion of the temporal bone
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Sensory Organ: The Ear
37Fig. 19.19
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Structure of the Middle Ear
38Fig. 19.20
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Structure of the Inner Ear
39Fig. 19.21
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Structure of the Cochlea and Spiral Organ
40Fig. 19.26
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Histology of Cochlea
41
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Sensory Organ: The Ear
42Fig. 19.19
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Auditory Transduction
43
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Image References
44
3- studyblue.com
5-www.slccanatomy.com
6-
9- studyblue.com
17-
18-
24- https://web.duke.edu/anatomy/Lab13-15/lab13images/lab13-step4a.jpg
27-30- http://medical-transcriptionist-reference.blogspot.com/2012/05/eye-muscles.html
https://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu
33- google
43- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeTriGTENoc
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Accessory Structures of the Eye
45
Lacrimal caruncle
Nasolacrimal duct
Palpebra
(eyelid)