Active and Passive Voice,Conditional Sentence & Reported ... · PDF fileActive and Passive...

Active and Passive Voice,Conditional Sentence & Reported Speech

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Active And Passive Voice

Active sentence (active voice) is a sentence where subjectnya do the job, otherwise, the passive voice

(passive voice) is the subject of his sentences which are subject to a work by the object of the sentence.

Active voice is more often used in everyday life than the passive voice. However, we often find the

passive voice in newspapers, articles in magazines and scholarly writings. Passive voice is used as the

object of active voice is the information that is more important than his subject. Active sentence can be

transformed into passive, but only transitive verb (followed by direct object) that can be transformed.

Transitive verb is a verb followed by a direct object to take action (eg, hit, touch, buy) of the subject.

Instead, Intransitive verb is a verb that is not followed by a direct object as the recipient of the action

(example: arrive, go, cry) because the actions taken do not involve direct object.

Transitive Verb Alice made some cookies

Intransitive Verb An accident happened ____

Not all transitive verb, verb has a direct object, can be passive. Verbs include: have, Become, lack, look

like, mean, etc. will sound unnatural meaning when pacified. Example sentences of the verb are as

follows.

e.g.

I have a great new idea. —> Cannot transform to passive to A great new idea is had by me.

The snack contains aspartame —> Cannot transform to passive to Aspartame is contained by the snack.

Passive Voice

Things you must always remember

1. All tense use “VERB 3”

2. The auxiliaries must be used in Passive sentence : to be

Basic/1st form Present Past Perfect Progressive/Continuous

Be is/am/are was/were Been Being

Explanation :

1. “Be” is used for modals because auxiliary verb modals + basic / 1st format of ‘to be’.

So,the patterns :

-(Present) modals + be + Verb 3 -(Past) modals + be + Verb 3

e.g. e.g.

will+be+V3 would+be+V3

can+be+V3 could+be+V3

2. Perfect Tense must use the variant of ‘to be’ : been

Perfect tense should use V3 form,so the ‘verb 3’ of to be is ‘been’.Perfect tense must also use

their our auxiliary ‘to have’,so the passive pattern for perfect tense are :

-Present Perfect Tense -Past Perfect Tense

Have/Has + been + V3 Had + been + V3

3. Countinuous Tense must use the variant of to be,like : “is,am,are” for present

And “was,were” for past. However in passive the verb uses V3 instead of V ing.There before to

emphasize its progressive form,the ‘ing’ form goes to the 2nd auxiliary = being.

The Patterns

(-) Present Continuous Tense

Is/am/are + being + V3

1st aux 2nd aux

(-) Past Continuous Tense

Was/were + Being + Verb 3

1st aux 2nd aux

4. The Simple Tense (Present / Past ) use the variant aux of ‘to be’ .

Present (is/am/are),and Past ( was/were)

The Pattern :

(-) Present Simple Tense (-) Simple Past Tense

Is/am/are + Verb 3 was/were + Verb 3

Singular Plural

NOTE

Some subject are NOT used again in the passive sentence,They are :

Subject of personal Pronoun : I,YOU,WE,ETC.

e.g.

I gave her some candies

(-) She was given some candies

(-) Some candies were given to her

People

e.g.

People speak English around the world.

(-) Englsih is spoken around the world.

Some………. = Somebody,Someone,Something

Every………. = Everybody,Everyone,Everything

e.g.

Somebody took her book

(-)Her book was taken

NO………. = Nobody,no one,nothing Negative Subject

e.g.

Nobody took your pen

(-) Your pen was taken

Conditional Sentence

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that

the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if)

is fulfilled. Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and

their consequences. These sentences use conditional construction and verb forms, which is called the

conditional mood. Complete conditional sentences contain a conditional clause and the consequence.

As a refresher, a clause is a group of words with their own subject and verb. Conditional Sentences has

two clause (main clause and if clause) and in it there are 2 subject and 2 verb.

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and

what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many

conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This

usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to

something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in

English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative

conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".

Consider the following sentence:

“If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens.”

“I would travel around the world if I won the lottery.”

“When water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.”

The tricky part about constructing a conditional sentence is it involves many factors both in its form and

meaning. Since there are various factors involved when writing conditional sentences, the rules can be

explained in different ways. The properties of the entire conditional sentences are determined by the

condition’s tense and degree of realness.

TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL

The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1

conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple

present, and the main clause is in the simple future.

Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible.

Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.

e.g. If he is late, we will have to go without him.

If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble.

If clause Main clause

If + simple present simple future

If this thing happens that thing will happen.

If you don't hurry you will miss the train.

If it rains today you will get wet.

FORM

In a Type 1 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple present, and the tense in the

main clause is the simple future.

If clause (condition) Main clause (result)

If + simple present simple future

If this thing happens that thing will happen.

As in all conditional sentences, the order of the clauses is not fixed. You may have to rearrange the

pronouns and adjust punctuation when you change the order of the clauses, but the meaning is

identical.

EXAMPLES

If it rains, you will get wet.

You will get wet if it rains.

If Sally is late again I will be mad.

I will be mad if Sally is late again.

If you don't hurry, you will miss the bus.

You will miss the bus if you don't hurry.

FUNCTION

The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. These sentences are based

on facts, and they are used to make statements about the real world, and about particular situations.

We often use such sentences to give warnings. In type 1 conditional sentences, the time is the present

or future and the situation is real.

EXAMPLES

If I have time, I'll finish that letter.

What will you do if you miss the plane?

Nobody will notice if you make a mistake.

If you drop that glass, it will break.

If you don't drop the gun, I'll shoot!

If you don't leave, I'll call the police.

In type 1 conditional sentences, you can also use modals in the main clause instead of the future tense

to express the degree of certainty, permission, or a recommendation about the outcome.

EXAMPLES

If you drop that glass, it might break.

I may finish that letter if I have time.

If he calls you, you should go.

If you buy my school supplies for me, I will be able to go to the park.

TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL

The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal.

These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical

condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and

the main clause uses the present conditional.

Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.

Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present, now.

e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you.

If I were you, I would tell my father.

Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security system. (Said by a presidential

candidate)

If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a schoolboy: improbable)

If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals.

If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable)


If + simple past present conditional or present continuous conditional

If this thing happened that thing would happen. (but I'm not sure this thing will

happen) OR that thing would be happening.

If you went to bed earlier you would not be so tired.

If it rained you would get wet.

If I spoke Italian I would be working in Italy.

FORM

In a Type 2 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main

clause is the present conditional or the present continuous conditional.


If + simple past present conditional or present continuous conditional

If this thing happened that thing would happen.



identical.

EXAMPLES

If it rained, you would get wet.

You would get wet if it rained.

If you went to bed earlier you wouldn't be so tired.

You wouldn't be so tired if you went to bed earlier.

If she fell, she would hurt herself.

She would hurt herself if she fell.

FUNCTION

The type 2 conditional refers to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result. These

sentences are not based on the actual situation. In type 2 conditional sentences, the time is now or any

time and the situation is hypothetical.

EXAMPLES

If the weather wasn't so bad, we would go to the park. (But the weather is bad so we can't go.)

If I was the Queen of England, I would give everyone a chicken. (But I am not the Queen.)

If you really loved me, you would buy me a diamond ring.

If I knew where she lived, I would go and see her.

It is correct, and very common, to say "if I were" instead of "if I was" (subjunctive mood).

EXAMPLES

If I were taller, I would buy this dress.

If I were 20, I would travel the world.

If I were you, I would give up smoking.

If I were a plant, I would love the rain.

In type 2 conditional sentences, you can also use modals in the main clause instead of "would" to

express the degree of certainty, permission, or a recommendation about the outcome.

EXAMPLES

We might buy a larger house if we had more money

He could go to the concert if you gave him your ticket.

If he called me, I couldn't hear.

TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL

The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to

reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used

to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if

clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.

Nature: unreal

Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.)

e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that party.(But you didn't, and I

have).


If + past perfect perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional

If this thing had happened that thing would have happened. (but neither of those

things really happened) OR that thing would have been

happening.

If you had studied harder you would have passed the exam.

If it had rained you would have gotten wet.

If I had accepted that promotion I would have been working in Milan.

FORM

In a Type 3 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main

clause is the perfect conditional or the perfect continuous conditional.


If + past perfect perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional

If this thing had happened that thing would have happened.



identical.

EXAMPLES

If it had rained, you would have gotten wet.

You would have gotten wet if it had rained.

You would have passed your exam if you had worked harder.

If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exam.

I would have believed you if you hadn't lied to me before.

If you hadn't lied to me before, I would have believed you.

FUNCTION

The type 3 conditional refers to an impossible condition in the past and its probable result in the past.

These sentences are truly hypothetical and unreal, because it is now too late for the condition or its

result to exist. There is always some implication of regret with type 3 conditional sentences. The reality

is the opposite of, or contrary to, what the sentence expresses. In type 3 conditional sentences, the time

is the past and the situation is hypothetical.

EXAMPLES

If I had worked harder I would have passed the exam. (But I didn't work hard, and I didn't pass the

exam.)

If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake. (But I didn't know and I didn't bake a cake.)

I would have been happy if you had called me on my birthday. (But you didn't call me and I am not

happy.)

In type 3 conditional sentences, you can also use modals in the main clause instead of "would" to

express the degree of certainty, permission, or a recommendation about the outcome.

EXAMPLES

If I had worked harder I might have passed the exam.

You could have been on time if you had caught the bus.

If he called you, you could go.

If you bought my school supplies for me, I might be able to go to the park.

CONTRACTIONS

Both would and had can be contracted to 'd, which can be confusing if you are not confident with type 3

conditional sentences. Remember 2 rules:

1. would never appears in the if-clause so if 'd appears in the if clause, it must be abbreviating had.

2. had never appears before have so if 'd appears on a pronoun just before have, it must be abbreviating

would.

EXAMPLES

If I'd known you were in hospital, I'd have visited you.

If I had known you were in hospital, I would have visited you.

I'd have bought you a present if I'd known it was your birthday.

I would have bought you a present if I had known it was your birthday.

If you'd given me your e-mail, I'd have written to you.

If you had given me your e-mail, I would have written to you

Remember!

1. The conditional construction does not normally use will or would in if-clauses. EXCEPTION: If will or

would express willingness, as in requests, they can be used in if-clauses.

e.g. If you will come this way, the manager will see you now.

I would be grateful if you would give me a little help.

(= ± please, come this way; please, give me...)

2. For the second conditional, were replaces was:

If I were a rich man...

3. After if, we can either use "some(-one, -where...)" or "any(-one, -where...).

If I have some spare time next weekend....or :

If I have any spare time...

4. Instead of if not, we can use unless.

e.g. I'll be back tomorrow unless there is a plane strike.

He'll accept the job unless the salary is too low.

5.There is a "mixed type" as well, for the present results of an unreal condition in the past:

If + Past Perfect - would + inf.

If you had warned me [then], I would not be in prison [now].

Report Speech

DIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we

place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words. We may

be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling

someone later about a previous conversation.

EXAMPLES

She says, "What time will you be home?"

She said, "What time will you be home?" and I said, "I don't know! "

"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.

John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."

INDIRECT SPEECH

Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of

the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to

introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.

She said, "I saw him." (direct speech) = She said that she had seen him. (indirect speech)

'That' may be omitted:

She told him that she was happy. = She told him she was happy.

'SAY' AND 'TELL'

Use 'say' when there is no indirect object:

He said that he was tired.

Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. with an indirect object):

He told me that he was tired.

'TALK' AND 'SPEAK'

Use these verbs to describe the action of communicating:

He talked to us.

She was speaking on the telephone.

Use these verbs with 'about' to refer to what was said:

He talked (to us) about his parents

A. YES / NO QUESTIONS

This type of question is reported by using 'ask' + 'if / whether' + clause:

EXAMPLES

Direct speech Indirect speech

"Do you speak English?" He asked me if I spoke English.

"Are you British or American?" He asked me whether I was British or American.

"Is it raining?" She asked if it was raining.

"Have you got a computer?" He wanted to know whether I had a computer.

"Can you type?" She asked if I could type.

"Did you come by train?" He enquired whether I had come by train.

"Have you been to Bristol before?" She asked if I had been to Bristol before.

QUESTION WORDS

This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question word + clause. The

clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tense change.

EXAMPLES


"What is your name?" he asked me. He asked me what my name was.

"How old is your mother?", he asked. He asked how old her mother was.

The policman said to the boy, "Where do you live?" The policeman asked the boy where he lived.

"What time does the train arrive?" she asked. She asked what time the train arrived.

"When can we have dinner?" she asked. She asked when they could have dinner.

Peter said to John, "Why are you so late?" Peter asked the John why he was so late.

B. REPORTING ORDERS AND REQUESTS

When we want to report an order or request, we can use a verb like 'tell' with a to-clause: He told me to

go away. The pattern is verb + indirect object + to-clause. The indirect object is the person spoken to.

Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: command, order, warn, ask, advise,

invite, beg, teach, & forbid.

EXAMPLES


The doctor said to me, "Stop smoking!". The doctor told me to stop smoking.

"Get out of the car!" said the policeman. The policeman ordered him to get out of the

car.

"Could you please be quiet," she said. She asked me to be quiet.

The man with the gun said to us, "Don't move!" The man with the gun warned us not to move.

REQUESTS FOR OBJECTS

Requests for objects are reported using the pattern "asked for" + object.

EXAMPLES


"Can I have an apple?", she asked. She asked for an apple.

"Can I have the newspaper, please?" He asked for the newspaper.

"May I have a glass of water?" he said. He asked for a glass of water.

"Sugar, please." She asked for the sugar.

"Could I have three kilos of onions?" He asked for three kilos of onions.

C. Statements

Indirect reports of statements consist of a reporting clause and a that-clause. We often omit that,

especially in informal situations:

direct statement reported statement

He said, "I am sick." He said that he was sick.

We usually introduce reported statements with "reporting verbs" such as "say" or "tell":

He said (that)...

He told me (that)...

When we report a statement, we can say "He said that..." or simply "He said...". Both are possible. "He

said that..." is more formal.

When we use our own words to report speech, there are one or two things that we sometimes change:

-Pronouns may need to change to reflect a different perspective

-Tense sometimes has to go back one tense (eg, present becomes past) - this is called backshift

TENSE CHANGES WHEN USING REPORTED SPEECH

Normally, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech:

She said, "I am tired." = She said that she was tired.

Phrase in Direct Speech Equivalent in Reported Speech

Simple present Simple past

"I always drink coffee", she said She said that she always drank coffee.

Present continuous Past continuous

"I am reading a book", he explained. He explained that he was reading a book

Simple past Past perfect

"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said. He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday.

Present perfect Past perfect

"I have been to Spain", he told me. He told me that he had been to Spain.

Past perfect Past perfect

"I had just turned out the light," he explained. He explained that he had just turned out the light.

Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

They complained, "We have been waiting for

hours".

They complained that they had been waiting for

hours.

Phrase in Direct Speech Equivalent in Reported Speech

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

"We were living in Paris", they told me. They told me that they had been living in Paris.

Future Present conditional

"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said. He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.

Future continuous Conditional continuous

She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday". She said that she would be using the car next

Friday.

CHANGING TIME AND PLACE REFERENCES

Time and place must often change when going from direct to reported speech.

Phrase in direct speech Equivalent in reported speech

today that day

"I saw him today", she said. She said that she had seen him that day.

yesterday the day before

"I saw him yesterday", she said. She said that she had seen him the day before.

The day before yesterday two days before

"I met her the day before yesterday", he

said.

He said that he had met her two days before.

Tomorrow the next/following day

"I'll see you tomorrow", he said He said that he would see me the next day.

The day after tomorrow in two days time/ two days later

"We'll come the day after tomorrow", they

said.

They said that they would come in two days time/ two days

later.

Next week/month/year the following week/month/year

"I have an appointment next week", she said. She said that she had an appointment the following week.

Phrase in direct speech Equivalent in reported speech

Last week/month/year the previous/week/month/year

"I was on holiday last week", he told us. He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week.

ago before

"I saw her a week ago," he said. He said he had seen her a week before.

this (for time) that

"I'm getting a new car this week", she said. She said she was getting a new car that week.

this/that (adjectives) the

"Do you like this shirt?" he asked He asked if I liked the shirt.

here there

He said, "I live here". He told me he lived there.

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