ACP-EU JOINT PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY

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ACP-EU/102.064/16/fin

RESOLUTION1

on challenges for family farming and small-scale agriculture production in ACPcountries

The ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly,

meeting in Nairobi (Kenya) from 19 to 21 December 2016,

having regard to its resolutions of 28 June 2007 on poverty reduction for small farmersin ACP countries and of 27 November 2013 on the social and environmental impact ofpastoralism in ACP countries,

having regard to the Partnership Agreement between the members of the African,Caribbean and Pacific Group of States, of the one part, and the European Communityand its Member States, of the other part, signed in Cotonou on 23 June 2000 (theCotonou Agreement), in particular Articles 23 and 34 thereof, and to the revisions of theCotonou Agreement adopted in 2005 and 20102,

having regard to the European Parliament resolutions of 27 September 2011 on an EUpolicy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges3,of 11 December 2013 on the EU approach to resilience and disaster risk reduction indeveloping countries: learning from food security crises4, of 13 March 2014 on the roleof property rights, property ownership and wealth creation in eradicating poverty andfostering sustainable development in developing countries5, of 12 March 2015 onTanzania, notably the issue of land grabbing6, and of 7 June 2016 on the New Alliancefor Food Security and Nutrition7,

having regard to the Communication from the Commission to the Council and theEuropean Parliament on an EU policy framework to assist developing countries in

1 Adopted by the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly on 21 December 2016 in Nairobi (Kenya)2 OJ L 287, 4.11.2010, p. 3.3 OJ C 56 E, 26.2.2013, p. 75.4 Texts adopted, P7_TA(2013)0578.5 Texts adopted, P7_TA(2014)0250.6 OJ C 316, 30.8.2016, p. 122.7 Texts adopted, P8_TA(2016)0247.

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addressing food security challenges, adopted on 31 March 20108, and to the Councilconclusions on the policy framework adopted on 10 May 20109,

having regard to the Council conclusions of 28 May 2013 on food and nutrition securityin external assistance10,

having regard to the Commission’s Action Plan on Nutrition of 3 July 201411,

having regard to the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit and the outcomedocument adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015, entitled‘Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’, and inparticular to Goal 2 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set out therein,namely to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promotesustainable agriculture12,

having regard to the Paris Agreement of the parties to the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change, adopted on 12 December 201513,

having regard to the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme(CAADP) agreed by the African Union (AU) in 200214,

having regard to the summit of AU Heads of State held in Maputo (Mozambique) in2003, at which the AU governments agreed to invest more than 10 % of their totalnational budget allocations in the agricultural sector15,

having regard to the UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and CulturalRights of 16 December 1966,

having regard to the UN International Year of Family Farming 201416,

having regard to the African Union ‘Policy Framework for Pastoralism in Africa:Securing, Protecting and Improving the Lives, Livelihoods and Rights of PastoralistCommunities’ adopted by the Conference of African Ministers of Agriculture inOctober 2010 and approved by its Executive Council at the 18th ordinary session heldin Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) in January 2011,

having regard to the report of the Committee on Foreign Affairs on corporate liabilityfor serious human rights abuses in third countries17,

8 COM(2010)0127.9 http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/114357.pdf10 http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/137318.pdf11 SWD(2014)0234.12 UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/70/1.13 UN FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1.14 http://www.nepad.org/system/files/caadp.pdf15 Assembly/AU/Decl.7(II).16 Where family is defined as ‘a means of organising agricultural, forestry, fisheries, pastoral and aquacultureproduction…’ (FAO, 2013 p. 2); http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-cn-nd/4.0/17 Texts adopted, P8_TA(2016)0405.

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having regard to the assembly of AU Heads of State and Government of July 2012,which designated 2014 the ‘Year of Agriculture and Food Security in Africa’18, markingthe tenth anniversary of the adoption of the CAADP,

having regard to the Milan Urban Food Policy Pact of 15 October 2015, put forward byMilan City Council and signed by 113 cities around the world, which was submitted tothe UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, and illustrates the key role played by cities inpolicymaking on sustainable food,

having regard to the Malabo Declaration on Accelerated Agricultural Growth andTransformation for Shared Prosperity and Improved Livelihoods, adopted on 27 June2014 by the summit of AU Heads of State held in Malabo (Equatorial Guinea), wherebythe AU governments recommitted to allocating at least 10 % of public spending toagriculture19,

having regard to the G8 L’Aquila Food Security Initiative of 200920,

having regard to the Framework and Guidelines on Land Policy in Africa (F&G),adopted by the Joint Conference of Ministers of Agriculture, Land and Livestock whichtook place in April 2009 in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)21, and to the Declaration on LandIssues and Challenges in Africa22 adopted by the AU Heads of State at the summit heldin Sirte (Libya) in July 2009, urging effective implementation of the F&G,

having regard to the Guiding Principles on Large Scale Land Based Investments inAfrica, adopted by the AU Joint Conference of Ministers of Agriculture, RuralDevelopment, Fisheries and Aquaculture, meeting in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) on 1 and 2May 2014,

having regard to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation’s (FAO) ‘VoluntaryGuidelines to support the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food in thecontext of national food security’ of 200423,

having regard to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966,

having regard to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discriminationagainst Women (CEDAW) of 197924,

having regard to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights of 198725,

having regard to the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples of 200726,

18 Assembly/AU/Decl.449(XIX).19 Assembly/AU/Decl.1(XXIII).20 http://www.ifad.org/events/g8/statement.pdf21 http://www.uneca.org/publications/framework-and-guidelines-landpolicy-africa22 Assembly/AU/Decl.1(XIII) Rev.1.23 http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/y7937e/y7937e00.htm24 http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/25 http://www.achpr.org/instruments/achpr/

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having regard to the UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on development-basedevictions and displacement of 200727,

having regard to the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, endorsed bythe UN Human Rights Council in 201128, and to the OECD’s Guidelines forMultinational Enterprises, updated in 201129,

having regard to the 2011 Busan Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation30,

having regard to the 2012 Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenureof Land, Fisheries and Forests (VGGT)31,

having regard to the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties ofPlants (UPOV Convention) of 199132,

having regard to the Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in theArea of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ETOP),

having regard to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food andAgriculture (ITPGRFA) of 200133,

having regard to the Convention on Biological Diversity of 1992 and the associatedCartagena Protocol on Biosafety of 2000 and Nagoya Protocol on Access to GeneticResources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilisationof 201034,

having regard to Article 18(1) of its Rules of Procedure,

having regard to the report of the Committee on Social Affairs and the Environment(ACP-EU/xxx.xxx vxx-xx),

A. whereas small-scale producers and in particular indigenous peoples, family farmers,women, pastoralists and fishers, usually lack recognition of their land rights, therebymaking them vulnerable to inadequate land deals, expropriation without consent or lackof fair compensation;

B. whereas the disadvantages of land grabbing outweigh the advantages; whereassettlements have been burnt and destroyed to make way for developers, and availablerelocation sites are frequently far from the central business areas thus forcing farmers toreside away from their main source of income;

26 http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf27 http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Housing/Pages/ForcedEvictions.aspx28 https://www.unglobalcompact.org/library/229 http://www.oecd.org/corporate/mne/oecdguidelinesformultinationalenterprises.htm30 http://www.oecd.org/development/effectiveness/busanpartnership.htm31 http://www.fao.org/nr/tenure/voluntary-guidelines/en/32 http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/conventions/1991/content.html33 http://www.planttreaty.org/34 https://www.cbd.int/

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C. whereas direct allocation and private investment in small-scale farming has beendeclining over the last thirty years in the ACP countries, while low-income countries’dependence on food imports has grown, rendering them vulnerable to price variationson international markets;

D. whereas increasing the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale producers iskey to poverty alleviation in ACP countries, by contributing to food and labour security,and leading to less encroachment on land rights;

E. whereas large public-private partnerships (PPPs) create dominant positions for largeagricultural companies in ACP agriculture that exclude local businesses;

F. whereas the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement onclimate change of December 2015 highlight the importance of developing a model ofagriculture that improves resilience and creates sustainable food systems;

G. whereas the food crisis of 2008 generated universal recognition of the need to supportsmallholder food production for domestic markets;

H. whereas the launch of structural adjustment programmes in the early 1980s developedan export-led agriculture in which priority was given to increasing the production ofcash crops for global markets; whereas this choice favoured large-scale, highlycapitalised and mechanised forms of production, while small-scale farming wascomparatively neglected;

I. whereas international markets will be more volatile in the future; whereas countriesshould not take the risk of being excessively dependent on imports, but should, rather,invest primarily in domestic food production to build resilience;

J. whereas so-called ‘growth poles’ are aimed at attracting international investors bymaking land available to big private companies, and whereas this must not be done atthe expense of family farmers;

K. whereas farmers’ right to produce, exchange and sell seeds freely underpins 90 % ofagricultural livelihoods in Africa, while seed diversity is vital in building the resilienceof farming to climate change;

L. whereas family farmers and smallholders have demonstrated their ability to providediversified products, including livestock and fisheries, and to increase food productionsustainably by means of agro-ecological practices;

M. whereas monocultures can increase dependency on chemical fertilisers and pesticides,and can lead to massive land degradation and contribute to climate change;

N. whereas large-scale agriculture in Africa accounts for at least 14 % of total annualgreenhouse gas emissions, mostly owing to the use of nitrogen fertilisers, and makingthe continent the third largest emitter since the year 200035;

35 http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3671e/i3671e.pdf

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O. whereas gender and training are very important dimensions of investment in agriculturein ACP countries; whereas the empowerment of women in small-scale agriculture asactive and skilled agents of change is crucial to the economic development of the sector;whereas rural women have long been discriminated against as regards access to a rangeof productive resources, including land, credit, inputs and services;

P. whereas the FAO estimates that about 75 % of plant genetic diversity has been lostworldwide; whereas wide-scale genetic erosion increases our vulnerability to climatechange and to the appearance of new pests and diseases;

Q. whereas control, ownership and affordability of seeds are essential to the food securityresilience of poor farmers;

R. whereas family farms often achieve higher productivity in terms of land than largerfarms and use more labour per hectare than their larger counterparts;

S. whereas in Africa access to water for farmers is a major issue; whereas supportingsmallholder irrigation through finance and technical assistance could significantlyimprove productivity and income as access to water provides an opportunity for localdevelopment;

T. whereas many small-scale farmers and rural communities adhere to traditional practicesand continue to supplement their protein intake from animals caught in the wild(bushmeat); whereas this is increasingly shown to be unsustainable;

U. whereas family farming and smallholders affect the economic, political and socio-cultural development of developing countries, which will have a direct impact on theprocess of nation building; whereas the failure of the nation-building process mightresult in political instability, social unrest, injustice and socio-cultural stagnation leadingto failed states;

V. whereas family farms are a major source of intergenerational solidarity and social andenvironmental responsibility, thus promoting sustainable development in even the mostimpoverished regions;

W. whereas the world’s population, about 7.2 billion people, lives from agriculturalproduction systems represented by over 570 million farms around the world; whereassmall-scale agriculture represents the majority of farming systems in the world;whereas, globally, 73 % of farmers have less than 1 ha of land, and whereas 85 % haveless than 2 ha; whereas smallholders contribute to a large part of agricultural productionin the developing world and play a fundamental role in food security, economic growth,employment generation and poverty alleviation;

X. whereas the absence of context-specific policies pertinent to the realities of each ACPcountry advocating support for family farmers and smallholders with a view todeveloping self-reliance and sustainable farming practices adds to the diverse andcomplex challenges facing them;

Y. whereas innovation in the agricultural sector is a crucial factor in improving efficiency

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of labour and land use, thus enabling families that own and operate farms to escapepoverty and achieve prosperity;

Z. whereas a lack of suitable local agricultural research, rural advisory services andtraining, among other things, to help family farmers and smallholders has become animpediment for the development of this sector;

AA. whereas family farms often provide the only opportunity for young people to beemployed and acquire working skills;

1. Calls on governments and donors to suspend or review all policies and projects thatdirectly encourage and facilitate land grabbing or indirectly increase pressure on landand natural resources and can result in serious human rights violations;

2. Recalls that the SDGs include the goal of promoting sustainable agriculture, to beachieved by 2030;

3. Urges the EU Member States to create genuine tools for sustainable development andinstruments such as best-practice growing techniques, to support family farming andlocal economies in sub-Saharan Africa, recalling that family farmers and smallholdersproduce about 80 % of the world’s food and provide over 60 % of employment in ACPcountries; stresses that yields are an essential determinant of income in small-scaleagriculture;

4. Calls on the EU, its Member States and the ACP countries to encourage theparticipation of family farms in programmes supporting innovation and widerapplication of existing technologies and practices; notes that the development,adaptation and application of new technologies and farm management practices shouldtake into consideration the specific structure of family farming in each country asrecommended by the FAO in its report entitled ‘State of Food and Agriculture –Innovation in Family Farming’;

5. Stresses that small-scale agriculture accounts for more than 80 % of agriculturalproduction worldwide and plays an important role in food security, poverty alleviationand sustainable management of natural resources;

6. Calls on the ACP countries to do more to encourage young people to support familyfarming;

7. Notes that an ageing farming population, limited access to social protection, assets,financial services, markets and effective extension services and the weak organisationof farmers are severely constraining the development of small-scale agriculture andlimiting opportunities for youth employment in agriculture;

8. Recalls that despite the many constraints it is facing, family farming and small-scaleagriculture can still play an important role in food security, economic growth andpoverty alleviation and has the potential to create decent jobs for women and men inrural areas;

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9. Calls on the EU and its Member States to ensure that EU-based investors respect therights of local communities and the needs of small farms, through effectiveimplementation of international standards that regulate responsible investment inagriculture, including the AU’s Framework and Guidelines on Land Policy in Africaand its Guiding Principles on Large Scale Land Based Investments in Africa, and abideby the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and the OECD’s Guidelinesfor Multinational Enterprises;

10. Stresses that support is needed not only for small-scale farmers, but also for the ruralsmall and medium-sized enterprises that buy products from small-scale farmers andsupply goods to them;

11. Recalls the importance of a healthy and vibrant services sector that connects small-scale farming to wider markets, in order to enable smallholders to upscale theirbusinesses and to develop;

12. Recalls that the 2013 discovery of a large aquifer in Kenya shows that, far from beingdry, Africa has abundant water resources; stresses that the problem for farmers isaccess and that only around 6 % of cultivated land is equipped for irrigation, leavingmillions dependent on rain-fed agriculture;

13. Recalls that access to water for farmers in Africa is a major issue and an opportunityfor local development, and stresses that another constraint is the lack of detailed hydro-geological mapping for Africa as a whole;

14. Underlines the importance of finding a way to carry out hydro-geological mapping andmake the resulting information public or available to smallholders, since this wouldfundamentally change the agricultural landscape and farming economics;

15. Recalls that when agriculture is able to grow at a local level, farmers are able to earnmore capital, which can be reinvested locally, thus enhancing capacity and efficiencyand increasing returns;

16. Notes with concern that many land deals breach the principles of free, prior andinformed consent (FPCI) of the communities involved; in particular, points out that thedecision-making process in the cooperation framework of the New Alliance for FoodSecurity and Nutrition (NAFSN) has not involved all stakeholders, particularly smallfarmers;

17. Stresses the need to revitalise public investment in ACP agriculture and to prioritiseinvestment in agricultural extension including training, and agro-ecology awareness, inline with the conclusions of the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge,Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD), the recommendations of the UNSpecial Rapporteur on the right to food, and the SDGs;

18. Observes that agricultural investment policies mostly focus on large-scale landacquisitions and on export-oriented agriculture that is unrelated to local economies;calls, therefore, also for the promotion of organic farming in ACP countries; recallsthat for a majority of the population of Africa, access to land and tenure security are

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essential for the enjoyment of the right to food; calls on African countries to recogniseall legitimate rights to land, including informal, indigenous and customary tenurerights, to support family and smallholder farming and to combat land grabbing;

19. Stresses that user rights derived from customary tenure, such as those of pastoralists,should be recognised and protected by a legal system, in line with the provisions andrulings of the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights;

20. Recalls that the FAO Tenure Guidelines, including those on pastoralism, recommendsecure access to land; calls on the EU to proactively track and monitor land dealsinvolving EU actors; stresses that private companies involved in PPPs, such as theNAFSN, should be accountable for their actions; to this end, calls on parties to theNAFSN to set up a strict accountability and monitoring mechanism, including judicialremedies for local people and communities affected by land deals;

21. Calls for governments and agencies to monitor reliance on wild-caught protein, and toplan for its replacement before the ecosystem is damaged irreversibly;

22. Recalls that farmers’ rights to produce, exchange and sell seeds freely underpins 90 %of agricultural livelihoods in Africa, and is of considerable importance in all ACPcountries, and that seed diversity is vital in building resilience of farming to climatechange; deplores the corporate requests to strengthen plant breeders’ rights in line withthe 1991 International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants Convention,which prohibits the majority of such informal arrangements;

23. Notes that the introduction and spread of certified seeds in Africa, while adding to landproductivity and crop yields, may increase the risk of smallholder dependence andindebtedness;

24. Recalls that in Europe, the free movement of goods and services has stimulated foodproduction and strengthened food security; in this respect, stresses the importance ofregional free trade agreements and reliable infrastructure that enables small and familyfarmers to reach beyond their local markets;

25. Urges the Commission to ensure that the commitments made to farmers’ rights by theEU under the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food andAgriculture are reflected in technical assistance and financial support for seed policy;calls for the EU to support intellectual property rights that enhance the development oflocally-adapted seed varieties and farmer-saved seeds;

26. Urges the G8 member states not to support GMO crops in the ACP countries; recallsthat the African Model Law on Biosafety sets a high benchmark for biosafety; believesthat all assistance from foreign donors in developing biosafety at national and regionallevels should be framed accordingly;

27. Calls on the governments of ACP countries to do their utmost to support familyfarming and smallholders by stressing the need to create policies that foster socialjustice and develop self-reliant and sustainable farming practices, and to come up withcontext-specific policies pertinent to each ACP country and to encourage appropriate

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agricultural research, rural advisory services and training, as well as other relevanttechnical and financial support;

28. Emphasises the importance of supporting and encouraging the involvement of womenfarmers in decision-making processes, given that in many ACP countries they bear themain responsibility for looking after their families and at the same time do most of thesubsistence farming work;

29. Draws attention to the problems which women farmers face in obtaining capital andgaining access to farmland; notes that easier access to investment capital is theprerequisite for improving the socio-economic situation of women and, in thatconnection, calls for women’s access to sources of financing and to specific trainingmeasures which can facilitate that access to be encouraged, supported and made easier;

30. Notes that social security and legal recognition, in particular as regards title and theright to inherit or bequeath, must be improved for women farmers, so that they areguaranteed the same rights as men;

31. Instructs its Co-Presidents to forward this resolution to the ACP Council of Ministers,the European Parliament, the European Commission, the European Council, theAfrican Union, the Pan-African Parliament, the regional and national parliaments ofthe ACP countries and the EU Member States, and the regional organisations of ACPcountries.