Abela's Talk

7/31/2019 Abela's Talk

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Outline of Presentation

Results

Discussion


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Chapter 3: Results

Environmental health

Housing condition

Water supply

Waste disposal

Refuse disposal

Maternal and child health

General information

Family planning

Pregnancy and delivery practices

Child care practices


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Housing Condition

Around 70.6 % of the population were living in private houses,20.2% in rented houses and remaining 9.3% in a government(kebele) houses.

Roof of 17.7 % of houses were thatched, 77.8 % werecorrugated with iron sheet and remaining 4.4 % were with othertypes of roofs.

Wall of majority of houses, 93.5 % were made up of mud, 5.2% of bricks or cement, 0.4 % of stone and 0.8 % of wood.

Floor of houses, 85.5 % were made up of earth, 8.5 % of woodand remaining 6 % of concrete.


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Housing Condition Contd

Mean number of people living in the same room was 3.33 withSD of 1.916.

Minimum number was 1 and maximum number was 9.

Number of rooms for human use varies from 1-7, and onaverage 2 rooms for human use in each HH.

Around 76% of the HHs had no store and used the main housefor storing.

In 29.7% of the HHs, domestic animals lived with human in thesame house.

Around 21% of HHs had no kitchen, 43% had separate roomfor kitchen w/c was attached to the main house and 43.15 had a

kitchen w/c was separate from the main house.


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About 91.2 % of the houses had window and 26.9% had dualegress.

Around 26.9%, 64.7% and 8.4% of the houses had good, fairand bad ventilation.

Regarding to the neatness of the rooms 27% had good, 69% hadfair and 4% of the houses had bad cleanliness.

Good illumination was observed in 48.6%, fair in 44.2% and

bad in 7.2% of the houses. Around 30.1% of the houses were in good condition and need

no maintenance, more than half (57%) of the houses were in faircondition and need no maintenance, whereas 12.9% of thehouses were in poor condition and need urgent maintenance.


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Water Supply

Almost all of the HHs had access to adequate and safe drinkingwater.

Main source of water supply for majority of HHs was publicstand point, 47% uses pipe line and 3.6% uses protected spring.

And takes less than 5 minutes for 52.4% of HHs to fetch water,5-10 minutes for 31.15 %, 11-15 minutes for 2.8%, 16-20minutes for 5.7%, 120 minutes or more for 7.95%.


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Table 1.6: Estimated distance from watersource the house, Ejersa kebele 02, 2012

Estimated distance(meters) Percentage (%)

30 20.3

Total 100


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Human Excreta Disposal System

Around 89.6 % of the HHs had latrine, whereas 10.4 % had nolatrine.

Of latrines available to HHs, 81.6 % were pit latrine, 18 % wereVIP and 0.4 % were water carriage system.

Of these latrines, 65.4 % were owned by family and 43.6 %were communal.


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Figure 1.11: Latrine facility, (Ejersakebele 02, 2012)


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Figure 1.12 Type of latrine, (Ejersa

kebele 02, 2012)


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About 51.3 % of latrines were clean, 15.9 % were dirty, 11 %were filled up and 9.3 % were in need of repaire.

Of latrines available to families, 74.7 % are utilized by families,whereas 13.3 % of families do not like to use latrine and 12 %of latrines are not functional.

Of those families without latrines, 88.2 % have adequate spacefor construction and the rest 11.8 % do not have adequate spacefor construction.

Of those families without latrine, only 60 % can afford latrineconstruction.


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Solid Waste Mgt

About 145 (58 %) of the HHs use open field, whereas 38 % useprivate pits and 6 % use municipality, burning and burying.

Around 94.2% of the HHs slaughter their animals in open fieldslaughter, whereas 2.5% of HHs use municipality abattoir and3.3% use other options.


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Insects and Vermin

Around 78.4% of the households had problem with insects andother vermin.

Three most common insects and vermin are housefly, bed bugsand rats.


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Figure 1.13 Type of vermin,(Ejersa kebele 02, 2012)


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Maternal and Child Health (MCH)

Of 250 HHs interviewed, 214 HHs had women of child bearingage w/c account for 27 % of the total population.

Mean age of women in reproductive age group was 33.13 yearswith SD of 8.85.

Minimum age was 15 years and maximum age 49 years.

Of 214 women, 76.3 % were married, 9.3 % were single, 7.4 %widowed and 7 % divorced.

Of 214 women, 91.6 % were orthodox christian, 5.6 %protestant, 1.9 % muslim and 0.9 % catholic.

Of 214 women, 79.4 % were oromo and 20.6 % were otherethnic groups.

About 76.1 % of the husband were oromo and 20.6 % were


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Maternal and Child (MCH)

More than half of the women (52%) were illiterate, 6.5% couldread and write, 17.4% are 1-6 graders and 23.9 % were in 7-12schools.

No woman studied above grade 12.

Educational status of the husband, 39.1% are illiterate, 14.6%can read and write only, 17.9% are 1-6 graders, 27.2% are 7-12graders and 1.3% has certificate and diploma.

Occupational status of the women, about 40.1% arehousewives, 28.8% farmers, 13.2% government and privateemployees and 17.9% earn their living by selling tella and othersmall scale trading.

Fi 1 14 lit t t f


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Figure 1.14 literacy statuses ofwomen (15-49 years) and their

husband, Ejersa kebele 02, 2012


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Family planning is a way of thinking and living that is adoptedvoluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge, attitude andresponsible decisions by individual and couples, in order to

promote the health and welfare of family group and thus

contribute effectively to the social development of a country. WHO expert committee, 1971.

Among the mothers interviewed, 79.7 % had some knowledgeof contraceptives and remaining 20.3 % had no knowledge of

contraceptives.

Of mothers who had some knowledge, 67.1 % were using someforms of family planning contraceptives.


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Table 1.7 Knowledge, attitude and practice of familyplanning among women in the reproductive age group

(15-49 years), Ejersa kebele 02, 2012Knowledge of contraceptives Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 169 79.7No 43 20.3

Total 212 100Type of method

Pill 90 53.2Rhythm 32 18.9

Loop 58 34.3Condom 41 24.2

Diaphragm 0 0Injections 151 89.3

Total 169

Usage of contraceptives

Yes 143 67.1No 70 32.9

Total 213 100Type of method

Injection 108 75.5

Pill 27 18.9Others 8 5.6Total 143 100

Reason to use

Spacing 102 71.3Financial reason 35 24.5

Others 6 4.2Total 143 100

Reasons not to use

Lack of husband consent 25 35.7Fear of side effect 13 18.6Dont know source 8 11.4


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Pregnancy and Delivery Practice

Mean age at first marriage 16.65 years with SD of 3.237.

Minimum age was 12 years and maximum age 31 years.

Mean age at first pregnancy was 17.80 years with SD of 3.694.

Minimum age at first pregnancy was 13 years and maximumage was 38 years.

Maximum children per woman was 11 children.

Average, maximum and minimum number of live births is 2.88,11 and 0.


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Table 1.9 Total number ofpregnancy, (Ejersa kebele 02, 2012)

Frequency Total number of pregnancy Percentage (%)

1 22 3

2 45 12.1

3 61 25

4 20 11

>4 95 48.9

Total 734 100


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Among 215 mothers interviewed, 0.9% had 3 or moreabortions, 6.5% had 2 abortions and 7.9% had one pregnancy.

About 84.7% of the pregnancy ended up with birth (live birth orstillbirth).

Among 215 mothers who had at least one pregnancy, 2.8% had1 still birth whereas 97.2% ended up with live birth.

Of 647 live births, 53.8% were male and 46.2% were female.

From the total live births, 50.8% were male and alive, 3% aremale and dead, 43% are female and alive, and 3.2% are femaleand dead.


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Among 214 pregnant women, 76.6% visited health facility atleast once during pregnancy.

Of pregnant women who visited HF, 70.9% had a regular followup and remaining 29.1% went to near by HF to get treatment.

Around 70.3% of pregnant mothers gave birth at home, 15.6%at health center, 11.8% at hospital, 1.9% at community health

post and 0.5% in other place.

Of pregnant women 37.7% were attended by untrained TBA,25.1% by neighbors and family members, another 25.1% bytrained TBA, 11.1% by health personnel and remaining 1% wasattended by other person not mentioned above.


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Figure 1.18 Delivery of last child,(Ejersa kebele 02, 2012)


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Child Care practices

Among mothers who gave birth, 37.7% washed their newbornwithin 24 hours, 6.6% in the 2nd day, 9.4% in the 3rd day andthe remaining from 4th to 7th day after birth.

About 73.4% of mothers started breast feeding within an hour

whereas 26.6% within the first 24 hours but after 1 hour (up tothird days).

Around 32.9% of children were given other feeds immediatelyafter birth.

Most frequently additional feed given in their decreasing orderare; water 77.5%, water and butter 12.7%, boiled water withTena adam 5.6%, butter 2.8% and boiled water with sugar1.4%.


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Total duration of breast feeding is; >6 months in 62.8% ofchildren, 6 months for 32.6% of children, 5 months in 0.5% ofchildren,3-4 months 0.5% children and


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Table 1.10 First additional foodsfor an infant, Ejersa kebele 02,

2012Type of food Frequency Percentage (%)

Pulses and Nuts 63 30

Milk and milk products 192 91.4

Eggs 23 11

Meats 0 0

Fruits and vegetables 20 12.4

Cereals 39 18.6

Total 210 100


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Of children U5 years of age, 64.1 % attended U5 clinic.

Among 220 respondents, 1.8 % practice HTPs in the family.

Of HTPs, 0.9% practiced FGM, 1.4% practiced uvula cutting

and remaining 0.5% practiced milk teeth extraction. Among 212 HHs interviewed, there were 16 children U5 year

of age who had health problems two weeks 2 before the survey.


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Figure 1.19 Ailments in under 5children, (Ejersa Kebele 02, 2012)

Table 1 11 Morbidity in children


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Table 1.11 Morbidity in childrenunder 5 years of age, Ejersa kebele

02, 2012Frequency Percentage (%)

Sickness in the last 2 weeks

Yes 16 7.5

No 197 92.5

Total 212 100

Sex

Male 5 31.3

Female 11 68.7

Total 16 100

Age (year/s)

1 3 18.8

2 5 31.2

3 5 31.2

4 3 18.8

Total 16 100

Ailments

Fever 3 18.8

Diarrhea 6 37.5

Cough 3 18.8


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Chapter 4: Discussion

Socio-demographic characteristics

Vital statistics

Environmental health

Maternal health


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In the survey carried out in Ejersa 02 kebele, a total of 250 HHswere visited.

Of 250 HHs visited, 24 % were female-headed when comparedwith 26 % (1 HH in every 4) in EDHS, 2011.

In 2011 EDHS report, the proportion of population under 15years of age was 47 %.

In the survey conducted at Ejersa 02 kebele, the proportion was

35.2 % w/c is a little bit lower than the national figure. The survey result shows that there is high number of dependent

age group in Ejersa 02 kebele.

It is also an indirect indicator of low utilization of family

planning service.


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In EDHS carried out in 2011, the largest ethnic group wasOromo, followed by Amhara (33 % women and 32 % men).

Similarly the result of this survey shows that 74.1% of thepopulation belongs to Oromo ethnic group and remaining 25.9

% constitutes the other ethnic groups.

Religion is defined as the set of beliefs that guide the people.

According to our data, 88 % were Orthodox Christian, 11 %were Protestants, and 1 % was Muslim.

In EDHS 2011 report, about half of the population wereOrthodox Christians, one-third were Muslims, about one inevery five (18 %) were Protestants, and 3 % were followers oftraditional religion.

om ared to 11 the number of uslims was found


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The results of the survey showed that 79.5 % of the populationhad attended formation education and could read and writewhere as 20.5 % were illiterate.

Of those who were literate, 44.6% were grade 7-12, 39.7% were

grade 1-6, 14.3% read and write only and only 1.4% were abovegrade 12. More than half of the women (52%) are illiterate,6.5% can read and write, 17.4% are 1-6 graders and 23.9 and 7-12 graders.

None of the women had educational level above grade 12.


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In the survey conducted at Ejersa 02 kebele, 48.7% ofpopulation were married and remaining 43.7%, 4.5% and 3.1%were single, widowed and divorced respectively.

In EDHS 2011 report, married women (62 %) constituted over

three-fifths of all interviewed women and over half of men (54%) age 15-49 were in union, and 44% of women and 27% ofhad never been married (single).

Based on EDHS report of 2011, 6 in 10 people were married

whereas 5 in 10 people were found to be married in survey. The proportion of single is slightly higher in Ejersa than in

EDHS report.


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In this study, 34 % of the study population were students, 17.4% were house wives, 10.6 % were government employees, 7.3% were farmers and remaining 30.7% accounts for small scaletrading, unemployed, daily labor workers, under and over age,

etc. Excluding students 23.6% of the population had no source of

income and were dependent on others.

In EDHS 2011, the main occupation of the settled population is

farming. In Ejersa 02 kebele there were a lot of industries (flower farms,

Tannery) that could employ quite a number of regular andseasonal daily labor workers.

This could explain the relative lower number of farmers in the


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In this survey, the average monthly income for most HHs wasb/n 500-1000 ETB.

In this survey, the average number of people living in the samehouse ranges from 1 to 9 people.

In this survey, 77.2% of the population earns up to 1000 ETBper month.

Considering the economic inflation and high price in the marketthroughout the country, 77.2% of the population falls under thecategory of low socio-economic status.

Improving the literacy status, health status, access to electricity,communication and road will definitely improve the livingstandard of Ejersa 02 kebele.

hus intersectoral collaboration la s a reat role to tackle this


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Exposure to information on television, radio and in the printmedia can increase knowledge and awareness of new ideas,social changes, and opportunities and can affect an individuals

perceptions and behavior, including those about health.

From the 250 households interviewed, 69.2% had exposure toradio, 45.6% to television, 53.2% had mobile telephone, 1.2%had access to public phone, 4.4% had access to postal service,and 2.8% had access to newspapers within a month after theirdissemination.


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In EDHS (2011), the level of exposure to mass media was lowin Ethiopia, especially exposure to the print media.

Respondents were more likely to listen to the radio (30%) thanto watch television or read newspapers.

Men had greater access than women to each of these media.

Women under age 25 were more likely than older women to beexposed to the mass media, primarily because of theireducational level was higher.

Exposure to mass media was highly influenced by education,and wealth.


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Exposure to specified media sources had increased since 2005.For example, the proportion of women who listen to the radio atleast once a week had increased from 16 percent in the 2005EDHS to 22 percent in 2011, whereas the proportion among

men had increased from 31 percent to 38 percent. In general, in Ejersa kebele as compared to the national figure

access to radio, TV and mobile phone is higher but notadequate.

However access to public and house phone, postal service andnewspaper was minute. Hence areas of communication werestill prior problems of the society and should be given dueemphasis by the kebele and wereda administration bureaus.


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Vital Statistics

In this survey, 46 people were found to be sick in the last twoweeks.

From our study, the top 3 causes of morbidity were fever,diarrhea, and cough.

According to information obtained from Lume wereda healthbureau, malaria (clinically diagnosed) was the leading cause ofmorbidity in all age groups.

Since the main manifestation of malaria is fever, any one whohad fever and had been living in the area was considered tohave malaria unless and otherwise indicated.

So malaria was an important public health problem in Ejersa 02kebele.


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Vital Statistics

According to EDHS, 2005, malaria was a public health concernin Ethiopia, especially among pregnant women and childrenunder 5 years of age.

Malaria (clinical without laboratory confirmation) was the

leading cause of outpatient visit in Ethiopia.

From FDRE, MOH, Health and Health Related indicators, 2001EC, among 10 top causes of OPD visits in Ethiopia were foundto be as follow: Diarrhea (non-bloody and dysentery), acute

URTI, pneumonia, TB and other unspecified disease of therespiratory system.


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Vital Statistics

Based on the magnitude, severity, feasibility, and target groupsaffected, wereda health bureau could put in place interventionmeasures.

Improving the housing condition, water supply, latrine facility

and waste disposal would play an enormous role in decreasingthe incidence and prevalence of the above mentioned health

problems.

Spraying the house with chemicals and distributing ITN to the

society should be given due emphasis in planning of preventionof malaria.


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Vital Statistics

Health care seeking behavior of the community (46 people whowere sick in the last two weeks), only 80.4% sought help.

From those sought help, 65.2% in the health institution, 17.4%traditional medicine, 8.7% home/self treatment and remaining

8.7% religious treatment.

Always in medicine, the earlier is the better so any sick personshould go to a health institution as early as possible.

Therefore, the health seeking behavior of the community shouldalso be improved.


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Environmental Health

In EDHS, 2011, 51 % (more than half ) of HHs had earth orsand floors, and about 34 % (one-third) had dung floors.

In this survey, every five out of six households (85.5%) hadearth and dung floors, about 8.5% had wood floors and

remaining 6% had concrete and other floor type.

Since maintaining cleanliness is difficult in earth and dungfloors, it may have a negative impact on the environmentalcondition of the community.

These housing conditions is expected to be improved with theeconomic status of each household.

In fact, educating the community on hygiene and sanitation isthe only effective strategy of maintaining cleanliness since then.


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The number of rooms used for human use in relation to thenumber of HH members is an indicator of the extent ofcrowding, which in turn increases the risk of contractingcommunicable diseases.

According to EDHS, 2011, 70 % of Ethiopian HHs use oneroom, 25 % use two rooms, and 5 % use three or more roomsfor human use.

In this survey, the maximum number of people living in the

same house was 9 while the minimum was 1. The number of rooms for human use varies from 1-7, on

average there were two rooms for human use in everyhousehold.

In this survey, 8.8% of the houses had no window, 73.1% had


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In 29.7% of the households domestic animals lived with humanin the house and this has a negative impact on child health andmay predispose children to different respiratory system

problems.

Thus the community should be thought about the importance ofhaving separate room for animals.


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In reference to EDHS 2011 the great majority (95 %) of HHsprimarily use solid fuel for cooking.

The practice is nearly universal in rural HHs, at 99 %, and verycommon in urban HHs (80 %) as well.

Cooking and heating with solid fuels such charcoal, wool,straw, shrubs, grass, agricultural crops, and animal dung) canlead to high levels of indoor smoke, which consists of acomplex mix of pollutants that could increase the risk of

contracting diseases.


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According to EDHS 2011, more than half of HHs in Ethiopia(54%) had access to an improved source of drinking water.

In this survey, almost every household had access to animproved source of drinking water.

Access to improved water by every HH was a thing to beappreciated and exemplary to other kebeles.

Most common source of improved drinking water was publicstand point (49.4%).

And people need to travel 10 minutes or more to fetch drinkingwater.

So the next step should be to tackle this problem.

In order to decrease the working load, especially of women and


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In this study, around 89.6 % of HHs had latrine and rest 10.4%had no latrine (used open field).

From our data, 81.6 % of HHs had pit latrine, 18 % had VIP and0.4% had water carriage system.

Among those HHs who had latrine facility, 65.4% were ownedby the family and 34.6% were shared or communal.

In EDHS, 2011, 8 % of HHs in Ethiopia used improved toiletfacilities that were not shared with other HHs.

One in ten HHs used shared toilet facilities.

Large majority of HHs, 82 %, use non-improved toilet facilities.

Most common type of non-improved toilet facility is an open

pit latrine or pit latrine without slabs.


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Overall, 38 % of HHs have no toilet facility.

Compare to this result, the availability of latrine facility is a bithigher in Ejersa 02 kebele.

But the proportion of house holds that use non- improved orshared toilet facility is almost similar.

From the WHO and UNICEF, 2010 definition, it can beconcluded that around 82% of the households had inadequatesanitation facility.

Improving the latrine status of a community is essential inpreventing most of the communicable infectious disease in allage groups.

This in turn has a role in reducing morbidity and mortality ofthe communit es eciall of children.


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The term maternal and child health (MCH) refers to thepromotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health carefor mothers and children.

It has been known to us that the appropriate age of marriage for

an individual should be after the reproductive organs of theindividual is properly developed, i.e., enough to conceive.

Normally, the age of marriage for a boy should be above 22 andin the same way a girl should get married after she is 20 from

the point of view of health.


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In Ethiopia marriage marks the point in a womans life whenchildbearing becomes socially acceptable.

Age at marriage has a major effect on childbearing becausewomen who marry early have on average a longer period of

exposure to the risk of pregnancy and give birth to a greaternumber of children over their lifetimes.

In this survey, the mean age at marriage was 16.65 years, whichis a similar finding with EDHS 2011 report.


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From EDHS 2011,for women, marriage takes place relativelyearly in Ethiopia.

Among women age 15-49, 63 % married by age 18, and 77 %married by age 20.

The median age at first marriage among women age 15-49 is16.5 years, a slight increase from the 16.1 years reported in the2005 EDHS.

For men age 25-59, the median age at first marriage is 23.1years.

The proportion of women married by age 15 has declined overtime, from39 % among women currently age 45-49 to 8 %among women currently age 15-19.


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On the basis of EDHS 2011 report, childbearing begins early inEthiopia.

More than one-third (34 %) of women age 15-49 gave birth byage 18, and more than half (54 %), by age 20. 12% of

adolescent women, age 15-19, are already mothers or pregnantwith their first child. In this survey the mean age at first

pregnancy is 17.80years.

As the national report, childbearing begins early in Ejersa too.

To overcome this problem, education of the females should behighly advocated.


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As expected, the mean number of children ever born and meannumber of children surviving rise monotonically withincreasing age of women.

A comparison of the mean number of living children with the

mean number of children ever born shows that, by the end oftheir childbearing years, women have lost an average of 1.7children.

In this survey, the mean of the total number of children ever

born is 3. Among 215 women who had at least one pregnancy,0.9% had 3 or more abortions, 6.5% had 2 abortions and 7.9%had one pregnancy. 84.7% of the pregnancy ends with birth(live birth or stillbirth).

Similarly from 215 pregnant women, 2.8% had 1 still birthwhile 97.2% end with live birth.


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In Ejersa 79.7% of women in reproductive age group hasknowledge about contraceptives and out of these 67.1% of thewomen are using some form of contraceptives.

The most commonly used method of contraceptive is

injectables (75.5%). 71.3% of the women are using for spacingand 24.5% for financial reasons.

Among 70 women who are not using any of the contraceptives25% are due to lack of husbands consent ,18% dont know the

source, 13% had fear of side effects, and the rest 44% hadvariety of reasons like need of fertility, unavailability ofcontraceptives, cost, religious issues etc.


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In EDHS 2011 report, knowledge of contraception is nearlyuniversal in Ethiopia.

Three in every ten currently married women (29 %) are using amethod of contraception, mostly modern methods.

By far the most popular modern method, used by 21 % ofcurrently married women, is injectables.

Use of modern methods among currently married women hasincreased from 6 % in the 2000 EDHS to 27 % in the 2011EDHSlargely due to the sharp increase in the use ofinjectables, from 3 % in 2000 to 21 % in 2011.


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Use of modern methods among currently married women hasincreased from 6 % in the 2000 EDHS to 27 % in the 2011EDHSlargely due to the sharp increase in the use ofinjectables, from 3 % in 2000 to 21 % in 2011.

Overall, the 2005 EDHS found that 15 % of married women areusing some method of contraception and the majority of usersrely on a modern method.

Use of modern contraceptive methods has more than doubled

from 6 % of currently married women in the 2000 EDHS to 14% in the 2005 EDHS.

The most commonly used modern method is injectables (10 %),followed by the pill (3 %).


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Order


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Vital statistics

i l l h


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Determines the health status of a given community to agreat extent

Imbalance in the relation b/n man and his environment

leads to ill-health: Housing condition

Supply of drinking water

Waste disposal (solid, liquid)

Human excreta disposal system


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H i C di i C d


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In Ethiopia, about 70 % of HHs use one room, 25 % use tworooms, and 5 % use three or more rooms for human useaccording to EDHS 2011 report.

In Ejersa, the maximum number of people living in the same

house is nine while the minimum is one. While the number of rooms for human use varies from 1-7; and

on average there are 2 rooms for human use in every HH.

In this survey, 8.8% of the houses have no window, 73.1% have

no dual egress, 8.4% have bad ventilation, and 7.2% have badillumination. Perhaps, 12.9% of the houses are in poorcondition and needs urgent maintenance.

In 29.7% of the households domestic animals live with human

in the house.

H i C di i C d


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More than half (53 %) of HHs cook in the housing unit wherethey live, while more than one-third (36 %) use a separate

building, and about one HH in every ten (9 percent) cooks

outdoors.

About 21% of HHs have no kitchen for cooking, 43% haveseparate room for cooking w/c is attached to the main house and43.15% have a kitchen detached from the main house (Ejersa).

Proportion of HHs using living room for cooking is lower when

compared to EDHS.

W S l


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Water Supply

Water supply is a major part of environmental health; and inEjersa 02 kebele we studied water supply in terms of source anddistance from homes.

According to EDHS 2011, more than half of HHs in Ethiopia

(54%) have access to adequate and safe drinking water. In Ejersa 02 kebele almost every HH has access to adequate and

safe drinking water.

About 49.4 % of HHs get water from public stand point.

People need to travel 10 minutes or more to fetch water.

H E Di l S


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One of the MDG is ensuring adequate sanitation facilities.

At the household level, adequate sanitation facilities include animproved toilet and disposal that separates waste from humancontact.

A household is classified as having an improved toilet if it isused only by members of the HH and if the facility used by thehousehold separates the waste from human contact (WHO andUNICEF, 2010).

H E t Di l S t


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In Ejersa 02 kebele, around 89.6 % of the HHs have toiletfacility whereas about 10.4 % of the HHS have no toilet facility.

Around 81.6 % of HHs have pit latrine, 18 % have VIP and 0.4% have water carriage system.

About 65.4 % are owned by family and 34.6 % are communal.

S lid W t M t


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Solid Waste Mgt

The term solid waste includes garbage, food waste & rubbish.

Demolition products (bricks), dead animals and other discardedanimals.

Correlation b/n improper solid waste disposal and incidence ofvector born diseases.

If allows to accumulate, it creates health hazard b/s it attractsflies, rodents and vermin and causes water and soil pollution.


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Order


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Birth in the last 12 months


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About 26 births encountered from 250 HHs in the last 12months.

Mean age of the mothers is 29 years with SD of 7.5 years.

Minimum and maximum is 19 and 45 years respectively.

Table1.3: Birth in the last 12th i th h h ld


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months in the householdsFrequency Percentage (%)


Yes 26 10.4

Total 250 100

Status of birth

Live birth 25 96.1

Still birth 1 3.9

Total 26 100

Sex of the newborn

Male 9 34.6

Female 17 65.4

Total 26 100

Place of delivery

Home 20 76.9

Health institution 6 23.1

Total 26 100

Attendant of delivery

TTBA 12 46.1

Professional8 30.8

6 23.1

Death in the last 12 months


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A total of 2 deaths occurred in two families out of 250households.

Information regarding, age, sex and cause of death was notfound.

Table 1.4: Death in the last 12th (Ej k b l 02 2012)


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months, (Ejersa kebele 02, 2012)Death in the last 12 months Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 2 0.8

No 248 99.2%

Total 250 100

Sickness in the last 12 months


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Around 46 people became sick in the last 2 weeks before thesurvey was carried out.

Mean age is 23 years with SD of 20.1 years.

Age ranges from 1-70 years.

Major cause of morbidity was fever, diarrhea, cough, etc.

About 1-30 days were lost with an average of 7 days.

Table 1.5: Sick family members inthe last 2 weeks, (Ejersa kebele 02,


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, ( j ,2012)

Frequency Percentage (%)

Sickness in the last 2 weeks

Yes 46 18.5

No 202 81.5

Total 248 100

Sex

Male 14 30.4

Female 32 69.6

Total 46 100

Seek help

Yes 37 80.4

No 9 19.6

Total 46 100Where

Health institution 30 65.2

Traditional health 8 17.4

Home self treatment 4 8.7

Religious treatment 4 8.7

Total 46 100

Ann


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Abela's Talk

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