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Transcript of Abdominal Flow 2010.Ppt_0
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ABDOMINAL FLOWABDOMINAL FLOW
Theodore A Makoske MD Theodore A Makoske MD
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Anterior AnatomyAnterior Anatomy
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Deep Anterior AnatomyDeep Anterior Anatomy
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Pain ComplaintsPain Complaints
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Posterior AnatomyPosterior Anatomy
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Pain ComplaintsPain Complaints
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Entering the RoomEntering the Room
INTRODUCES SELF and explains roleINTRODUCES SELF and explains role Hi. I’m Student Doctor _____. I’ll beHi. I’m Student Doctor _____. I’ll be
talking with you first today, and then Dr.talking with you first today, and then Dr. _____ will be in to see you. _____ will be in to see you.
Wash your hands, drop the paperWash your hands, drop the paper
towel in the trash, shake thetowel in the trash, shake thepatient’s hand.patient’s hand.
Ask permission to start theAsk permission to start the
examination.examination.
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InspectionInspection
Properly expose the abdomenProperly expose the abdomen Stand on the right side of the supineStand on the right side of the supine
patientpatient Notice theNotice the
sheet – if sheet – if the patientthe patient
is supineis supinethey get athey get a
sheetsheet Notice theNotice the
distancedistance
below thebelow the
umbilicusumbilicus
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General ContourGeneral Contour Flat, scaphoid, distended, protuberantFlat, scaphoid, distended, protuberant
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Asymmetry and MassesAsymmetry and Masses
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Lesions and ScarsLesions and Scars
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What is your differentialWhat is your differential
diagnosis?diagnosis?
Significant weightSignificant weightlossloss
Past pregnancyPast pregnancy
Cushing'sCushing's
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What is your diagnosis?What is your diagnosis?
Cholecystectomy, possibleCholecystectomy, possiblea endectoma endectom
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ABDOMINAL WALL HERNIASABDOMINAL WALL HERNIAS
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ABDOMINAL WALL HERNIASABDOMINAL WALL HERNIAS
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UmbilicusUmbilicus
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Umbilical HerniasUmbilical Hernias
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PiercingPiercing
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Venous Pattern – caputVenous Pattern – caput
medusamedusa
•Hepatic cirrhosis
•Inferior vena cava obstruction
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Rectus DiathesisRectus DiathesisHave patient flex or raise head off tableHave patient flex or raise head off table
A weakness inA weakness in
the abdominalthe abdominal
fasciafascia
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Pulsations and PeristalsisPulsations and Peristalsis
AneurysmsAneurysms
Bowel ObstructionBowel Obstruction
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AUSCULATIONAUSCULATION
PRIOR TOPRIOR TO
PALPATION orPALPATION or
PercussionPercussion All four quadrantsAll four quadrants Quiet in RUQ –Quiet in RUQ –
why?why?
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Identify bowel soundsIdentify bowel sounds
““Normal” bowel soundsNormal” bowel sounds Clicks and gurglesClicks and gurgles Borborygmus: Rumbling of the large bowelBorborygmus: Rumbling of the large bowel
FrequencyFrequency Hypoactive: ileus, peritonitis (must auscultate for 2 minutes)Hypoactive: ileus, peritonitis (must auscultate for 2 minutes) Normoactive: 5 to 34 per minuteNormoactive: 5 to 34 per minute Hyperactive: diarrhea, early obstructionHyperactive: diarrhea, early obstruction
PathologyPathology BorborygmiBorborygmi
Absence with ileusAbsence with ileus Increase with obstructionIncrease with obstruction
High-pitched tinklingHigh-pitched tinkling Intestinal air and fluid under high pressure in a dilated bowelIntestinal air and fluid under high pressure in a dilated bowel
Rushes of high-pitched sounds concurrently with cramping:Rushes of high-pitched sounds concurrently with cramping:obstructionobstruction
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Vascular AuscultationVascular Auscultation
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Venous HumVenous Hum
RareRare Systolic andSystolic and
diastolicdiastolic Indicates increasedIndicates increased
collateralcollateral
circulation betweencirculation between
portal and systemicportal and systemicvenous systemsvenous systems
Hepatic cirrhosisHepatic cirrhosis
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Friction RubsFriction Rubs
RareRare Grating whichGrating which
occurs withoccurs withrespirationsrespirations IndicateIndicate
inflammation of inflammation of
peritoneal surfacesperitoneal surfaces Tumors, infection, Tumors, infection,
abscess, splenicabscess, splenicinfarctinfarct
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PERCUSSIONPERCUSSION
Assess resonanceAssess resonance Dullness: increasedDullness: increased
with mass,with mass,
organomegalyorganomegaly Tympanic: Tympanic:
predominates,predominates,gastric bubblegastric bubble
Hyperresonant:Hyperresonant:obstructionobstruction
Liver spanLiver span Bladder heightBladder height
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PALPATIONPALPATION
Use distractionUse distraction Watch facial expression forWatch facial expression for
grimacegrimace
Flex hips and knees if Flex hips and knees if abdomen is tenseabdomen is tense
Light palpation (think skinLight palpation (think skinand sub Q tissues)and sub Q tissues) One hand using fingerOne hand using finger
padspads Tenderness, masses Tenderness, masses
Deep palpation (thinkDeep palpation (thinkabdominal organs)abdominal organs) Two hands, one on top Two hands, one on top
the otherthe other
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Deep PalpationDeep Palpation
Tenderness Tenderness MassesMasses Hepatomegaly/massesHepatomegaly/masses
Begin in the RLQ and workBegin in the RLQ and workcephalad to the rightcephalad to the rightcostal margincostal margin
Use rolling hand techniqueUse rolling hand technique KidneyKidney
Uterine height – only inUterine height – only inpregnant patientspregnant patients Bladder distensionBladder distension Size of the aortaSize of the aorta
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Uterine HeightUterine Height
Normally onlyNormally onlypalpable onpalpable onabdominal exam inabdominal exam inpregnant womenpregnant women
Distance above theDistance above thepubic symphasis ispubic symphasis isrelated torelated togestational agegestational age
This will be This will becovered in depth incovered in depth inOb/GynOb/Gyn
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SplenomegalySplenomegaly
Begin at theBegin at theumbilicus and workumbilicus and workdiagonally to thediagonally to theleft costal marginleft costal margin
May use posteriorMay use posteriorliftlift
Normal spleen isNormal spleen isnot palpable innot palpable inmost patientsmost patients
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Kidney PalpationKidney PalpationHave patient take deep breathHave patient take deep breath
Attempt to “catch” the kidneyAttempt to “catch” the kidney
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Palpation of thePalpation of the
AortaAorta
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Clinical ScenariosClinical Scenarios
Acute abdomenAcute abdomen GuardingGuarding
RigidityRigidity ReboundRebound
Ask patient which hurts moreAsk patient which hurts more
Pushing in: push in slowly but deeply ORPushing in: push in slowly but deeply OR
Letting go: suddenly lift hand from depressedLetting go: suddenly lift hand from depressedpositionposition
Should be a significant differenceShould be a significant difference
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AsciticsAscitics
Fluid WaveFluid Wave Patient is supinePatient is supine
Place lateral handsPlace lateral handsdown the abdomendown the abdomencentrally (inhibitscentrally (inhibitstransmissiontransmissionthrough adipose)through adipose)
Tap one side and Tap one side andfeel forfeel for
transmission intransmission inopposite handopposite hand
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Shifting Dullness toShifting Dullness to
PercussionPercussion
Seen with ascitesSeen with ascites Not present withNot present with
obesity orobesity or
pregnancypregnancy
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CholecystitisCholecystitis
Murphy SignMurphy Sign Push up under the rightPush up under the right
costal margin until youcostal margin until you
just elicit pain just elicit pain Have patient take in aHave patient take in a
deep breath – liverdeep breath – livermoves downmoves down
Positive sign = patientPositive sign = patient
suddenly halting thesuddenly halting thedeep breath as thedeep breath as theinflamed gallbladderinflamed gallbladderpresses against thepresses against thefingersfingers
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AppendicitisAppendicitis
Rovsing’s signRovsing’s sign Press/push sharply on the left lower quadrantPress/push sharply on the left lower quadrant Assess for pain in the right lower quadrantAssess for pain in the right lower quadrant
Psoas SignPsoas Sign Have patient push up right leg againstHave patient push up right leg against
resistance -resistance - oror Turn patient on left side, Extend right leg at Turn patient on left side, Extend right leg at
the hipthe hip Obturator signObturator sign
With patient supine, flex right leg at the hipWith patient supine, flex right leg at the hipwith knee bentwith knee bent
Rotate leg internally at the hipRotate leg internally at the hip
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Nephrolithiasis,Nephrolithiasis,
hydronephrosis, pyelonephritishydronephrosis, pyelonephritis CVA tendernessCVA tenderness
(Lloyd’s Punch)(Lloyd’s Punch) Palpate the area firstPalpate the area first
May elicit tendernessMay elicit tenderness Place hand over thePlace hand over the
costovertebral anglecostovertebral angle
Strike your hand, notStrike your hand, notthe patientthe patient
Pain suggestsPain suggestsinflammationinflammation
The abdominal exam The abdominal exam
is not complete untilis not complete until
you thump theyou thump the
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Digital Rectal ExaminationDigital Rectal Examination
NOT done on Standardized PatientsNOT done on Standardized Patients
or fellow studentsor fellow students
Will be covered in SPECWill be covered in SPEC You should ALWAYS think of this as You should ALWAYS think of this as
part of a complete physicalpart of a complete physical
examinationexamination
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When you areWhen you are
finished:finished:1.1. Ask if there are anyAsk if there are any
questionsquestions2.2. THANK THE PATIENT! THANK THE PATIENT!