’s of Science

Kimberly Graf

July 15, 2012

ELED 412

A Assessing the Science Curriculum

It is essential that teachers monitor and assess

students’ understanding of concepts and skills on a

regular, consistent basis and use this information to

adjust instruction. Develop brochures

Verbal reports

Story writing

Concept maps

Put on a skit

Create models or drawings

Essays

BBloom’s Taxonomy for Science

• Teacher’s can guide students at various levels of development to observe events; and through questioning, teachers can help students develop high-order thinking skills. Knowledge

-Recall of factual information

Comprehension-Communicate an idea in a different form

Application -Use what is known to find new solutions or apply in new situations

Analysis-Break things & ideas down into component parts & find their unique characteristics

Synthesis-Use what is known to think creatively & divergently; make something new or original;

pattern ideas or things in a new way

Evaluation-Use what is known to make judgments & ratings; accept or reject ideas; determine

the worthiness of an idea or thing

CCell Structure & Function

• The cell is the basic unit of living organisms & the simplest living unit of life. Characteristics

-membrane that regulates the flow of nutrients & water that enter & exit the cell

-genetic material DNA allows for reproduction

-supply of energy

-basic chemicals to make metabolic decisions for survival

-reproduce & are the result of reproduction

Types-prokaryotic cells

-eukaryotic cells

Animal cells-uses aerobic respiration

Plant cells-uses process called photosynthesis

DDNA

• Deoxyribonucleic acid is a hereditary material of

living organisms.

Smallest component called nucleotideConsists of sugar deoxyribose, phosphate molecule, & nitrogen base molecule

Four nitrogen bases that are paired in the double-helix structure

Adenine, thymine, guanine, & cytosine.

Adenine always pairs with a nucleotide having

thymine as its nitrogen base (A-T)

Guanine always pairs with a nucleotide having

cytosine as its nitrogen base (G-C)

Chromosomes vary from one species to another but it is the same

for all members of that species

EEnergy

• Energy is available in many forms: Kinetic

-ability to move

Potential

-energy that an object has as the result of its position

Activation

-transfer potential energy into kinetic energy

Heat transfer

-conduction, radiation, & convection

Light

-travels in waves & in a straight-line path

Sound

-travels in waves & caused by vibrations

FFive (5-E) Model of Science Teaching

Learning Cycle Phases

-Exploration Phase

(5-E) Engage & Explore

-Concept Invention Phase

(5-E) Explain

-Application Phase

(5-E) Elaborate

Evaluation, Evaluation, Evaluation

GGravity & other universal forces

• Universal forces include gravity, electricity, & magnetism. Magnetism is the force of attraction or repulsion between objects

that results from the positive & negative ionic charges of the objects.

-Objects are metals, such as iron, nickel, & cobalt

Gravity is the force of attraction that exists between objects.

-Gravity keeps the Earth in its orbit by establishing a balance between the

attraction of the sun and the speed at which the Earth travels around it.

Force is defined as the action of moving an object by pulling or pushing.

Newton’s laws of motion

-1st law called inertia meaning an object at rest will remain at rest

& an object in motion will stay in motion.

-2nd law is that acceleration is produced when a force acts on

mass.

-3rd law is that for every action there is an equal and opposite

reaction.

HSystems of the Human Body

Musculoskeletal

Nervous

Circulatory

Immune

Respiratory

Digestive and Excretory

Reproduction

IInner Core

• Layers of the Earth

The average circumference of the Earth at the equator is

25, 902 miles, and its radius is about 3,959 miles.

The Earth is divided into three main parts:

Crust is the outer portion of the Earth where we live

-Thickness varies from 3 to 40 miles

-Contains various types of soil, metals, & rocks

-Floating tectonic plates

Mantle is the thickest layer of the Earth

-Composed mostly of rocks and metals

-Magma is created resulting in lava

Core is the inner part of the Earth

-Inner core is solid iron and nickel

-Outer core is mostly liquid

JJewelry

Minerals are the most common form of solid material found in the Earth’s crust. It has never been a part of any living organism. They can be soft or hard.

Things we use minerals for:

Jewelry

Gemstones such as amethysts, opals, diamonds, emeralds, topazes, &

garnets are examples of minerals commonly used to create jewelry.

Construction

Gypsum boards (drywall) are made of a mineral of the same name-

gypsum. The windows in homes are made from another mineral,

Personal Use

Talc is the softest mineral and it is commonly applied to the body in

powder form.

KKingdoms

Living things are divided into five groups.

Monera consists of unicellular organisms.

Bacteria, blue-green algae, & spirochetes.

Protista contains a type of eukaryotic cell

with a more complex organization system.

Amoeba, Paramecium, & Euglena.

Fungi are multicellular organisms with a

sophisticated organization system.

Mushrooms, mold, mildews, & yeast.

Plantae are multicellular organisms with chloroplasts. Moss & ferns fall into this

category.

Animalia are multicellular with multiple forms and shapes, & with specialized

senses and organs. Sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals.

LLaboratory Safety

Use appropriate protective gear.

Use appropriate procedures for cleaning and disposing of materials.

Substitute less hazardous equivalent materials when possible.

Use polyethylene or metal containers in place of glass.

Label containers appropriately.

Control the use of sharp objects.

Supervise the use of living organisms and the cleaning of instruments.

Use a safety contract requiring parent/guardian signature.

Prepare and practice an emergency plan with students.

Document all accidents.

Science requires the use of standard measuring devices to be sure that the information is clear, accurate, & able to be

replicated in experimental settings.

MMetamorphosis

Life traditionally begins with a seed or a fertilized

egg, which goes through metamorphosis until the

organism is fully formed.

Creation

Maturation

Reproduction

Death

NFitNess

A significant impact of science on daily life relates

to student fitness and health.

Science has brought society many advantages that

have served to increase health and longevity of

humans, and to improve the quality of life for all.

Students need to learn about factors that impact

physical and psychological health and about how to

make good choices when it comes to nutrition,

hygiene, physical exercise, smoking, drugs, &

alcohol.

OOur Solar System

The solar system consists of the sun, inner planets,

outer planets, dwarf planets, satellites, asteroids,

comets, & meteoroids.

Our solar system is part of the Milky Way.

PPlanning & Implementing Scientific Inquiry

Scientific inquiry is promoted through students engaging in hands-on activities & experimentations.

Science Thinking Skills

Observing: using the senses to get information.

Communicating: talking, drawing, & acting.

Comparing: pairing & one to one correspondence.

Organizing: grouping, seriating, & sequencing.

Relating: cause & effect & classification.

Inferring: super-ordinate/subordinate classification, if/then

reasoning, & developing scientific laws.

Applying: developing strategic plans and inventing.

QQuestions

Very Important Process

Questioning is the hallmark of science inquiry and

should be used throughout the inquiry instruction.

It must be designed to lead students toward being

able to state the concept.

RRenewable & nonrenewable energy

Renewable

Wind & solar energy

Nonrenewable

Natural gas, coal, & oil

All sources of energy are used to produce a common

result- to turn a turbine that generates electricity.

Electricity that is generated can be transformed into

sound, light, heat, & force.

SSurvival

Genetics plays an important role in the ability of organisms

to be able to survive and thrive in their environment.

Adaptations are inherited traits that can either support the

organism to thrive or be the demise. Adaptations are

developed in the lifetime of the organism gradually.

Changes in the environment force living organisms to modify

their ways and even develop new physical features for

survival.

TTilt

The tilt of the Earth itself - as a planet – is

responsible for weather & climate.

The Earth is on a 23 degree tilt on its axis in space.

This tilt of the Earth results in the seasons, with

extreme changes being in locations closer to the

North & South Poles.

UUnifying Concepts & Processes in Science

Science is a way of knowing, a process – it is a

systematic way of looking at the world and how it

works.

Science embraces a broad spectrum of subject

matter:

Life science

Physical science

Earth science

Regardless of location on earth they share unifying

components & characteristics. Teachers must

understand this unity.

VVolcanoes

Volcanoes are formed by the constant motion of

tectonic plates. This movement creates pressure that

forces magma from the mantel to escape to the

surface, creating an explosion of lave, fire, & ash. The

pressure of the magma & gases creates a monticule

or a small cone, that eventually grows to form a

mountain-like volcano.

WWeathering

Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks,

soils, & minerals through natural, chemical, &

biological processes.

Exfoliation

Desert (high temperatures), expands

then contracts, stress causes outer

layers of rock to peel off.

Freeze-thaw

Water in rock joints, freezes & expands

breaking the rock.

XGalaXies

Galaxies are large collections of stars,

hydrogen, dust particles, & other gases.

The universe is made of countless galaxies.

The solar system that includes Earth is part of

the galaxy called the Milky Way.

YHumiditY

• Humidity is a measure of the pressure of water that

is in the air. Dew point is the temperature at which

the air needs to be for the water to condense out of

the air in liquid form as precipitation or dew.

ZZr

There are 112 basic kinds of matter, called elements, which are organized into the periodic table.

Element

is composed of microscopic components called atoms.

Atoms

are made up of particles called electrons, neutrons, & protons.

Molecules

are two or more atoms bonded

together in a chemical bond.

Compounds

are when you have two or more

different kinds of atoms in the

molecule.

Citations

"Google Advanced Image Search." Google Advanced Image Search. N.p., n.d. Web. 15

July 2012. <http://images.google.com/advanced_image_search?hl=en>.

Rosado, Ed.D., Luis A. "Science." The Best Teachers' Test Preparation for the TExes 191

Generalist EC-6. Piscataway: Research & Education Association, 2010. 261-328. Print.

"Clip Art." - Word. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 July 2012. <http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-

help/CH010174625.aspx>.