169

บรรณานุกรม

กาญดา รักชาติ. (2543). ประเดน็ขดัแยงทางจริยธรรมจากประสบการณของพยาบาลที่ปฏิบัติงานในหอผูปวยหนัก. วิทยานิพนธพยาบาลศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต สาขาการพยาบาลผูใหญ คณะพยาบาลศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยสงขลานครินทร, สงขลา.

กฤษณา เฉลียวศักดิ์. (2545). ประเด็นขัดแยงทางจริยธรรมจากประสบการณของพยาบาลในการใหการดแูลผูปวยทีอ่ยูในระยะสดุทาย. วทิยานพินธพยาบาลศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต สาขาวิชาการพยาบาลผูใหญ คณะพยาบาลศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยสงขลานครินทร, สงขลา.

กิตติพงษ กติยารกัษ. (2539). ทันโลก ทันกฎหมาย ชีวิตนี้ของใคร: สิทธิในการตายของผูปวย. วารสารอัยการ,19(225),101-111.

เกสรา ศรีพชิากร. (2540). เมตตามรณะกับบทบาทพยาบาล (พมิพคร้ังที่ 2). เชียงใหม: โครงการตํ าราคณะพยาบาลศาสตรมหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม.

จนิตนา ยนูพินัธุ. (2542). คูมอืการฝกอบรมพยาบาลกบัการคุมครองผูบริโภคดานบรกิารสาธารณสขุ(พมิพคร้ังที่ 1). นนทบุรี: โรงพมิพนายวทิย.

ชนุตรา อิทธิธรรม, สุพรรณี เลิศผดุงกุลชัย และวราภรณ วีระสุนทร. (2540). สิทธิของผูปวยในทศันะของแพทย พยาบาลและผูปวยในโรงพยาบาลศริิราช. วารสารคณะพยาบาลศาสตร มหาวทิยาลยับรูพา,5(2), 1-7.

ดาราพร คงจา. (2541). กฎหมายการประกอบวชิาชพีการพยาบาล (พมิพคร้ังที ่2). กรุงเทพมหานคร:บริษัทยทุธรินทร การพิมพจํ ากัด.

ดุสิต สถาวร. (2545). เทคนิควิธีการใชเครื่องชวยหายใจ. ใน อภิรักษ ปาลวฒันวิไชย, อดิศร วงษา, วชิยั ประยูรวิวัฒน และอุษณา ลุวีระ (บรรณาธิการ), เวชบํ าบัดวิกฤต (หนา 37-46).กรุงเทพมหานคร: นํ าอักษรการพิมพ.

ดวงพร หุ นตระกูล. (2541). ปฏิบัติการชวยฟนชีวิต. ใน คณาจารยสถาบันพระบรมชนก(บรรณาธิการ), การพยาบาลผูใหญและผูสูงอาย ุ เลม 4 (พมิพคร้ังที ่ 2., หนา 258-283).กรุงเทพมหานคร: โรงพิมพยทุธรินทร.

ทศันยี แนนอดุร. (2544). สิทธผูิปวย: เรียนรูและเขาใจเพือ่ใชใหเปน (พมิพคร้ังที ่4). กรุงเทพมหานคร: พมิพดี จ ํากดั.

ธเนศ บัวแยม. (2542). กฎหมายดานการประกอบวชิาชพีทีเ่กีย่วของกบัสุขภาพอนามยั. ใน ธวชัชยัสัตยสมบูรณ (บรรณาธิการ), กฎหมายสาธารณสุข (หนา 31-92). กรุงเทพมหานคร: ประทุมชางจํ ากัด.

170

ธงชยั จลุศิริวงศ. (2544). แพทยกบักฎหมาย. ใน สุขิต เผาสวสัด์ิ, สุรศักดิ ์ฐานพิานิชกลุ, เยือ้น ตันนิรันดร, ชมุศักดิ ์พฤกษาพงค และเฮนร ี ไวลค (บรรณาธกิาร), จริยธรรมในเวชปฏบัิติ (หนา 172-217). กรุงเทพมหานคร: โอ เอส พร้ินติ้ง เฮาส.

ประดิษฐ ปญจวีณิน. (2541). ปฏิบัติการกูชีวิต. ใน จินตนา ศิรินาวนิ, สุมาลี นิมมานิตยและวันชัย วนะชีวนาวนิ (บรรณาธิการ), ภาวะฉุกเฉนิทางอายุศาสตร (พมิพคร้ังที่ 7., หนา 257-272) กรุงเทพมหานคร: สํ านักพิมพหมอชาวบาน.

ประไพ ปูชะพนัธ. (2545). การฝกปฏบัิติชวยฟนคนืชพี. ใน จงจติต คณากลู, ปรีดาภรณ สีปากดี และประชิด ศราธนพันธุ (บรรณาธิการ), ภาวะวกิฤตในหออภิบาล การบํ าบัดรักษาพยาบาลเลม 2 (หนา 45-52). กรุงเทพมหานคร: บริษัทศริิยอดการพิมพ(ประเทศไทย) จํ ากัด.

พจนา วิภามาศ. (2545). ประเด็นขัดแยงทางจริยธรรมและการตัดสินใจในเชิงจริยธรรมของพยาบาลในการดแูลผูติดเชือ้เอชไอว/ีผูปวยเอดส ในจงัหวดัสงขลา. วทิยานพินธพยาบาลศาสตรมหาบณัฑติ สาขาวชิาการพยาบาลผูใหญ คณะพยาบาลศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยสงขลานครินทร, สงขลา.

ฟารดิา อิบราฮมิ. (2541). กฎหมายส ําหรบัพยาบาล. ใน ฟารดิา อิบราฮมิ (บรรณาธกิาร), นเิทศ วชิาชพีและจรยิศาสตรสํ าหรบัพยาบาล (พมิพคร้ังที ่2., หนา 177-193.). กรุงเทพมหานคร: โรงพมิพสามเจรญิพานชิย (กรุงเทพ) จ ํากดั.

ภัทรพร จนัทรประดษิฐ. (2543). ประสบการณของผูปวยในการไดรับเครือ่งชวยหายใจ. วทิยานพินธพยาบาลศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต สาขาวิชาการพยาบาลผูใหญ คณะพยาบาลศาสตร มหาวทิยาลยัสงขลานครนิทร, สงขลา.

รัฐธรรมนญูแหงราชอาณาจกัรไทย. (2540). รัฐธรรมนญูแหงราชอาณาจกัรไทย พทุธศกัราช 2540. กรุงเทพมหานคร: สํ านกัพมิพบัณฑติไทย.

ลออ หตุางกรู. (2521). สิทธิที่จะมีชีวิตอยู. วารสารพยาบาล, 27(3), 5-15.ลินจง โปธิปาล. (2542). การพยาบาลผูปวยทีใ่ชเครือ่งชวยหายใจ. ใน คณาจารยภาควชิาการ

พยาบาลอายุรศาสตร คณะพยาบาลศาสตร มหาวทิยาลยัเชยีงใหม (บรรณาธกิาร), วธิกีารพยาบาลทางอายกุรรม (พมิพคร้ังที ่4., หนา 167-219). เชยีงใหม: ธณบรรณการพมิพ.

วิชัย วงคชนะภัย. (2545). กฎหมายเกี่ยวกับแนวทางการดูแลผูปวยวาระสุดทายของชีวิต. วารสารคลนิกิ,18(1), 21-28.

วฑิรูย อ้ึงประพันธ. (2537). สิทธิที่จะตาย. ใน วิฑูรย อ้ึงประพันธ (บรรณาธิการ), สิทธิผูปวย(หนา 30-148). กรุงเทพมหานคร: สํ านักพิมพคบไฟ.

171

วฑิรูย อ้ึงประพันธ. (2538). การแพทย วฒันธรรมและจริยธรรม. เอกสารประกอบการประชุมวิชาการเฉลมิพระเกยีรติ สมเด็จพระพี่นางเธอ เจาฟากัลยานิวัฒนา กรมหลวงนราธิวาสราชนครินทร เนื่องในวโรกาสทีท่รงเจรญิพระชนมายุครบ 6 รอบ คร้ังที่ 1 วันที่ พฤศจิกายน –1 ธนัวาคม 2538. กรุงเทพมหานคร: มหาวทิยาลัยมหิดล.

วฑิรูย อ้ึงประพันธ. (2539). สิทธิที่จะตาย. ดุลยพาหุ, 4(43), 90-125.วฑิรูย อ้ึงประพันธ. (2545). กฎหมายเกี่ยวกับการดูแลผูปวยวาระสุดทายของชีวิต. วารสารคลินิก,

18(1), 29-32.วฑิูรย อ้ึงประพันธ และรัชตชยั ธรีชติกุล. (2530). การทํ าใหผูปวยตายอยางสงบและสิทธิที่จะตาย:

ววิฒันาการในสหรัฐอเมริกา. วารสารอัยการ, 10(118), 23-27.วลิาวัณย บุญมานุช. (2543). ความสมัพนัธระหวางความรูในสทิธผูิปวย ความตระหนกัในสทิธผูิปวย

กบัการดแูลผูปวยระยะสดุทายของพยาบาล. วทิยานพินธวิทยาศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต สาขาวชิาเอกการพยาบาลสาธารณสุข มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล, กรุงเทพมหานคร.

วสูิตร ฟองศริิไพบลูย. (2544). สิทธผูิปวย. สารศริิราช, 53(4), 255-266.วิสูตร ฟองศรไิพบลูย, จันทรพิมพ เจียมพงศพันธ และอัจฉรา อ่ิมนอย. (2544). การทํ าใหผูปวยที่

ส้ินหวงัไดตายอยางสงบ. วารสารอุบัติเหตุ, 20(2), 175-200.วไิลวรรณ ชยัรัตมโนกร. (2539). แนวคดิดานกฏหมายและการยอมรบัของนกักฏหมายตอการท ําให

ผูปวยทีส้ิ่นหวงัตายอยางสงบ. วทิยานพินธสาธารณสขุศาสตรมหาบณัฑติ คณะสาธารณสขุศาสตร มหาวทิยาลยัมหดิล, กรุงเทพมหานคร.

ศิริรัตน เชาวรตัน. (2537). ความรูพืน้ฐานเกีย่วกบัเครือ่งชวยหายใจและบทบาทพยาบาล. ใน ศิริรัตน เชาวรตัน และวรรณภา ศรีธญัรัตน (บรรณาธกิาร), การพยาบาลผูปวยทีใ่ชเครือ่งชวยหายใจ (หนา 1-7). อุบลราชธานี: โรงพมิพผดุงสาร.

สมาคมพยาบาลแหงประเทศไทย. (2546). จรรยาบรรณพยาบาลฉบบัปพทุธศกัราช 2546 .ม.ป.ท.สันต หัตถีรัตน. (2544). กูชีพขั้นตน. วารสารคลินิก, 17(12), 1091-1094.สันต หตัถีรัตน. (2545). แพทยกับสิทธิตายของผูปวย. วารสารคลินิก, 18(7), 548-551.สิทธศัิกดิ ์พฤกปติกลุ. (2543). เสนทางสู Hospital Accreditation (พมิพคร้ังที ่1). กรุงเทพมหานคร:

บริษทั ส. เอเชยีเพรส จ ํากดั.สิระยา สัมมาวาจ. (2540). สิทธิผูปวย. พยาบาลสาร, 24(1). 16-23สิริรัตน ฉัตรชยัสชุา. (2538). พยาบาลกบัผูปวย: สิทธขิองผูใหและผูรับบริการ. สารสภาการพยาบาล,

10(4), 29-33

172

สิวล ี ศิริไล. (2532). พยาบาลกบัภาวะหมนหมองทางศลีธรรม. สารสภาการพยาบาล,14-16.แสงจนัทร ทองมาก. (2541). แนวคิดเกี่ยวกับการพยาบาลผูปวยวิกฤต. ใน คณาจารยสถาบนัพระ

บรมชนก (บรรณาธกิาร), การพยาบาลผูใหญและผูสูงอายเุลม 4 (พมิพคร้ังที ่2., หนา 1-39).กรุงเทพมหานคร: โรงพิมพยทุธรินทร.

แสวง บุญเฉลิมวิภาส. (2538). สิทธิมนุษยชน รัฐกับการสาธารณสุขในสังคมไทย. เอกสารประกอบการประชมุวชิาการประเพณธีรรมศาสตร-มหดิล คร้ังที ่ 4 วนัที ่ 8-9 พฤษภาคม 2538.กรุงเทพมหานคร: มหาวทิยาลยัธรรมศาสตร.

แสวง บุญเฉลมิวภิาส และเอนก ยมจนิดา. (2540). กฎหมายการแพทย. กรุงเทพมหานคร: สํ านกัพมิพวญิชูน จ ํากดั.

แสวง บุญเฉลมิวภิาส และเอนก ยมจนิดา. (2546). กฎหมายการแพทย. กรุงเทพมหานคร: สํ านกัพมิพวญิชูน จ ํากดั.

อัจฉรา วีระชาลี. (2537). สิทธิของผูปวย. วทิยานพินธนิติศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต คณะนิติศาสตร มหาวทิยาลัยธรรมศาสตร, กรุงเทพมหานคร.

อนนัต วฒันธรรม. (2545). การใชเครือ่งชวยหายใจเบือ้งตน. ใน อภิรักษ ปาลวฒันวไิชย, อดิศร วงษา, วชิยั ประยูรวิวัฒน และอุษณา ลุวีระ (บรรณาธิการ), เวชบํ าบัดวิกฤต (หนา 45-53).กรุงเทพมหานคร: นํ าอักษรการพิมพ.

อํ าพล จนิดาวัฒนะ. (2545). รางพระราชบัญญัติสุขภาพแหงชาติ ฉบับสามเหลี่ยมเขยื้อนภูเขา เพื่อการทํ าประชาพิจารณ/ รับฟงความคิดเห็น. ใน เอกสารประกอบการบรรยายเรือ่งการปฏิรูประบบสขุภาพ & การประกนัสขุภาพ วนัที ่ 31 ก.ค. 2545. สงขลา: คณะแพทยศาสตร มหาวทิยาลยัสงขลานครนิทร.

Aitken, P. V. (2003). Incorporation advance care planning into family practice. Retrieved September 30, 2003, from http://www.aafp.org/afp/990201ap/605.html

Akabayashi, A. (2002). Euthanasia, assisted suicide, and cessation of life support: Japan’spolicy, law, and analysis of whistle blowing in two recent mercy killing cases. Social Science & Medicine, 55(7), 517-527.

American College of Physicians. (1998). Ethics manual. Annals of Internal Medicine, 128(7), 576-594.

American Thoracic Society. (1991). Withholding and withdrawing life - sustaining therapy. Annals of Internal Medicine, 115(6), 478-485.

173

Andraghetti, R., Foran, S., Colebunders, R., Tomlinson, D., Vyras, P., Borleffs, C. J., et al. (2001). Euthanasia: From the perspective of HIV infected persons in Europe. HIV Medicine, 2(1), 3-10. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from, Pub Med database.

Asai, A., Fukuhara, S., Inoshita, O., Miura, Y., Tanabe, N., & Kurokawa, K. (1997). Medical decisions concerning the end of life: A discussion with Japanese physicains. The Journal of Medical Ethics, 23(5), 323-327.

Asch, D. A. (1996). The role of critical care nurses in euthanasia and assisted suicide. The New England Journal of Medicine, 334(21), 1374-1379.

Asch, D. A., Faber-Langendoen, K., Shea, J. A., & Christakis, N. A. (1999). The sequence of withdrawing life-sustaining treatment from patients. The American Journal of Medicine, 107(2), 153-156.

Asch, D. A., Hansen-Flaschen, J., & Lanken, P. N. (1995). Decisions to limit or continue life-sustaining treatment by critical care physician in the United States: Conflicts between physicians' practices and patients' wishes. The AmericanJournal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 151(2), 288-292.

Ashraf, H. (2001). Patient and human rights group challenge UK law for right to die. The Lancet, 358(9284), 820.

Astrow, A. B., Puchalski, C. M., & Sulmasy, D. P. (2001). Religion, spirituality, and health care: Social, ethical, and practical considerations. The American Journal of Medicine, 110(4), 283-287.

Azoulay, E., Chevret, S., Leleu, G., Pochard, F., Barboteu, M., Adrie, C., et al. (2000). Half the families of intensive care unit patients experience inadequate communication with physicians. Critical Care Medicine, 28(8), 3044-3049.

Bachman, J. G., Alcser, K. H., Doukas, D. J., Lichtenstein, R. L., Corning, A. D., & Brody, H. (1996). Attitudes of Michigan physicians and the public toward legalizing physician-assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 334(5), 303-309.

174

Back, A. L., Wallace, J. I., Stark, H. E., & Pearlman, R. A. (1996). Physician - assisted suicide and euthanasia in Washington State: Patient requests and physician responses. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 275(12), 919-925.

Baer, C. L. (2001). Good news, bad news. Critical Care Medicine, 29(12), 2391-2392.Baggs, J. K. (1993). Collaborative interdisciplinary bioethical decision making in

intensive care unit. Nursing Outlook, 41(3), 108-112.Baggs, J. G., & Schmitt, M. H. (2000). End–of–life decisions in adult intensive care:

Current research base and directions for future. Nursing Outlook, 48(4), 158-164.Baggs, J. G., Schmitt, M. H., Mushlin, A. V., Mitchell, P. H., Eldredge, D. H., Oakes, D.,

et al. (1999). Association between nurse-physician collaboration and patient outcomes in three intensive care units. Critical Care Medicine, 27(9), 1991-1998.

Bell, D. (2000). End-of-life decision making within intensive care- objective, consistent, defensible?. Journal of Medical Ethics, 26(6), 435-440.

Bergbom-Engberg, I., & Haljamae, H. (1989). Assessment of patients’ experience of discomforts during respirator therapy. Critical Care Medicine, 17(10), 1068 -1072.

Birchard, K. (2000). Irish doctors oppose euthanasia legislation. The Lancet, 355(9217), 1800.Blank, K., Robinson, J., Doherty, E., Prigerson, H., Duffy, J., & Schwartz, H. I. (2002). Life -

sustaining treatment and assisted death choices in depressed older patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 49(2), 153-161. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Blatt, L. (1999). Working with families in reaching end of life decisions. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 13(5), 219-223.

Bonura, D., Fender, M., Roesler, M., & Pacquiao, D. F. (2001). Culturally congruent end- of- life care for Jewish patients and their families. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 12(3), 211-220. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Breen, C. M., Abernethy, A. P., Abbott, K. H., & Tulsky, J. A. (2001). Conflict associated with decisions to limit life-sustaining treatment in intensive care units. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(5), 283-289. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

175

Brett, A. S., & Jersild, P. (2003). Inappropriate treatment near the end of life: Conflict between religious convictions and clinical judgment. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163(14), 1645-1649.

British Medical Association. (2001). Decisions relating to cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A joint statement from the British Medical Association, the Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing. Journal of Medical Ethics, 27(5), 310-316.

Brody, H., Campbell, M. L., Faber-Langendoen, K., & Ogle, K. S. (1997). Withdrawing intensive life–sustaining treatment--Recommendations for compassionate clinical management. The New England Journal of Medicine, 336(9), 652-657.

Brukhardt, M. A., & Nathaniel, A. K. (2002). Ethical decisions making In M.A. Brukhardt& A. K. Nathaniel (Eds), Ethics & Issues: In contemporary nursing (2 rd ed., pp. 92-107). Australia: Delmar, a division of Thomson learning Inc.

Bucknall, T., & Thomas, S. (1997). Nurses' reflections on problems associated with decision-making in critical care settings. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25(2), 229-237.

Burns J. P., Mitchell, C., Griffith, J. L., & Truog, R. D. (2001). End-of-life care in the pediatric intensive care unit: Attitudes and practices of pediatric critical care physicians and nurses. Critical Care Medicine, 29(3), 658-664.

Campbell, M. L. (2002). End of life care in the ICU: Current practice and future hopes. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 14(2), 197-200.

Canadian Healthcare Association, Canadian Medical Association, Canadian Nurses Association, Catholic Health Association of Canada. (2003). Making decision about CPR. Retrieved July 20, 2003, from http://www.can-nurses.ca/pages/resources/making-decision-about-cpr.htm

Capron, A. M. (1998). Advance directive. In H. Kuhes & P. Singer (Eds.), A companion to bioethics (pp. 261-271). Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

Carmel, S. (1999). Life-sustaining treatments: What doctors do, what they want for themselves and what elderly persons want. Social Science & Medicine, 49(10), 1401-1408.

176

Carmel, S., & Mutran, E. (1997). Wish regarding the use of life - sustaining treatments among elderly persons in Israel: An explanatory model. Social Science & Medicine, 45(11), 1715-1727.

Carver, A. C., Vickrey, B. G., Bernat, J. L., Keran, C., Ringel, S. P., & Foley, K. M. (1999). End-of-life care: A survey of US neurologist's attitudes, behavior and knowledge. Neurology, 53(2), 284-293.

Catalano, J. T. (1997). Ethical decision making in the critical care patient. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 9(1), 45-52.

Charles, S. C., & Lazarus, J. A. (2000). Reframing the professional ethic: The Council of Medical Specialty Societies consensus statement on the ethic of medicine. Western Journal of Medicine, 173(3), 198-201.

Chen, Y. C. (2001). Chinese values, health and nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing,36(2), 270-273.

Chin, A. E., Hedberg, K., Higginson, G. K., & Fleming, D. W. (1999). Legalized physician-assisted suicide in Oregon-The first year's experience. The New England Journal of Medicine, 340(7), 577-583.

Chochinov, H. M., Wilson, K. G., Enns, M. Mowchun, N. Lander, S., Levitt, M., et al. (1995). Desire for death in the terminally ill. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(8), 1185-1191.

Christakis, N. A., & Iwashyna, T. J. (1998). Attitude and self-reported practice regarding prognostication in a national sample of internists. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158(21), 2389-2395.

Christakis, N. A., & Lamont, E. B. (2000). Extent and determinants of error in doctors’ prognoses in terminal ill patients: Prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal, 320(7233), 469-473.

Cleeland, C. S., Gonin, R., Hatfield, A. K., Edmonson, J. H., Blum, R. H., Stewart, J. A., et al. (1994). Pain and its treatment in outpatients with metastatic cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 330(8), 592-596.

177

Collier, S. G. (2003). Ethical decision-making. Retrieved July 20, 2003, fromhttp://home.judson.edu/academic/divisions/science/biology/fthics/ethdec.html

Commons, L., & Baldwin, S. (1997). Ethical policy guidelines development for general hospital nurses. International Journal Nursing Studies, 34(1), 1-8.

Cook, D. J., Guyatt, G. H., Jaeschke, R., Reeve, J., Spanier, A., King, D., et al. (1995). Determinants in Canadian health care workers of the decision to withdraw life support from the critical ill. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 273(9), 703-708.

Costello, J. (2002). Do not resuscitate orders and older patients: Findings from an ethnographic study of hospital wards for older people. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 39(5), 419-499.

Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, American Medical Association. (1991). Ethical issues in managed care. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 265(14) 1868-1871

Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, American Medical Association. (1992). Decisions near the end of life. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 267(16), 2229 -2232.

Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, American Medical Association. (1999) Medical futility in end-of-life care: Report of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 281(10), 937-941.

Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. (1996). Good care of the dying patient. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 275(6), 474-478.

Covinsky, K. E., Landefeld, C. S., Teno, J., Connors, A. E., Dawson, N., Youngner, S., et al. (1996). Is economic hardship on the families of the seriously ill associated with patient and surrogate care preferences?. Archives of Internal Medicine, 156(15), 1737-1741.

Coward, H., & Sidhu, T. (2001). Bioethics for clinicians: 19 Hinduism and Sikhism. Canadain Medical Association Journal, 163(9), 1167-1170.

178

Coyle, N. (1992). The euthanasia and physician - assisted suicide debate: Issues for nursing. Oncology Nursing Forum, 19(7 suppl.) 41-46.

Crawley, L. M., Marshall, P. A., Lo, B., & Koenig, B. A. (2002). Strategies for culturally effective end-of-life care. Annals of Internal Medicine, 136(9), 673-679.

Curtin, L. L. (1995). Nurses take a stand on assisted suicide. Nursing Management, 26(5), 71-76.

Curtis, J. R. (2000). Communication with patients and their families about advance care planning and end-of-life care. Respiratory Care, 45(11), 1385-1394.

Curtis, J. R., Patrick, D. L., Shannon, S. E., Treece, P. D., Engelberg, R. A., & Rubenfeld, G. D. (2001). The family conference as a focus to improve communication about end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: Opportunities for improvement. Critical Care Medicine, 29(2 suppl.), 26-33.

Daar, A. S., & Al, K. (2001). Bioethics for clinicians: 21 Islamic bioethics. CanadainMedical Association Journal, 164(1), 60-63.

Daly, B. J., Berry, D., Fitzpatrick, J. J., Drew, B., & Montgomery, K. (1997). Assisted suicide: Implications for nurses and nursing. Nursing Outlook, 45(5), 209-214.

Danis, M., Patrick, D. L., Southerland, L. I., & Green, M. L. (1988). Patients’ and families’ preferences for medical intensive care. The Journal of the American MedicalAssociation, 260(6), 797-802.

Davis, A. J., & Aroskar, M. A. (1991). Value clarification and moral development. In A. J.Davis & M. A. Aroskar (Eds), Ethical Dilemmas and Nursing Practice (3 rd ed., pp.19-27). Norwalk: Appleton & Lange. A publishing Division of Prentice Hall.

Day, L. J. (2000). Decision making by surrogates. Critical Care Nurse, 20(2), 107-111.de Vos, R., de Haes, H. C. J. M., Koster, R. W., & de Haan, R. J. (1999). Quality of

survival after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159(3), 249-254.

Di Mola, G., Borsellino, P., Brunelli, C. Gallucci, M., Gamba, A., Lusignani, M., et al. (1996). Attitudes toward euthanasia of physician members of the Italian Society

179

for Palliative Care. Annual Oncology, 7(9), 907-911. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Dickinson, G. E., Lancaster, C. J., Clark, D., Ahmedzai, S. H., & Noble, W. (2002). U.K. physicains' attitudes toward active voluntary euthanasia and physician - assisted suicide. Death Studies, 26(6), 479-490. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Diringer, M. N., Edwards, D. F., Aiyagari, V., & Hollingsworth, H. (2001). Factors associated with withdrawal of mechanical ventilation in a neurology/ neurosurgery intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine, 29(9), 1792-1797.

Ditto, P. H., Danks, J. H., Smucker, W. D., Bookwala, J., Coppola, K. M., Dresser, R., et al. (2001). Advance directives as acts of communication: A randomized controlled trail. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(3), 421-430.

Doukas, D. J., Gorenflo, D. W., & Supanich, B. (1999). Primary care physician attitudes and values toward end-of-life care and physician-assisted death. Ethics & Behavior, 9(3), 219-230. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Doyal, L., & Wilsher, D. (1993). Withholding cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Proposals for formal guidelines. British Medical Journal, 306(6892), 1593-1596.

Drickamer, M. A., Lee, M. A., & Ganzini, L. (1997). Practical issues in physician- assisted suicide. Annals of Internal Medicine, 126(2), 146-151.

Eastland, J., Laurenson, J., & Latimer, S. (2001). A framework for nursing the dying patient in intensive care unit. Nursing Time, 97(3), 36-39.

Editorial. (1993). Do doctors short-change old people?. The Lancet, 342(8862), 1-2.Edmonds, P., & Rogers, A. (2003). If only someone had told me: A review of the care of

patients dying in hospital. Clinical Medicine, 3(2), 97-98. Abstract retrieved October 12, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Edwards, J., & Tolle, S. W. (1992). Disconnecting a ventilator at a request of a patient who knows he will then die: The doctor’s anguish. Annals of Internal Medicine, 117(3), 254-256.

180

Ehman, J. W., Ott, B. B., Short, T. H., Ciampa, R. C., & Hansen-Flaschen, J. (1999). Do patients want physicians to inquire about their spiritual or religious beliefs if they become gravely ill?. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159(23), 1803-1806.

Eisemann, M., Richter, J., Bauer, B., Bonelli, R., & Porzsolt, F. (1999). Physicains’ decision-making in incompetent elderly patients: A comparative study between Austria, Germany (East, West), and Sweden. International Psychogeriatric, 11(3), 313-324. Abstract retrieved October 9, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Ejaz, F. K. (2000). The influence of religious and personal values on nursing home residents' attitudes toward life-sustaining treatments. Social Work Health Care, 32(2), 23-39. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Ellershaw, J., & Ward, C. (2003). Care of the dying patient: The last hours or days of life. British Medical Journal, 326(7379), 30-34.

Emanuel, E. J. (1994). Euthanasia: Historical, ethical and empiric perspectives. Archives of Internal Medicine, 154(2), 1890-1901.Emanuel, E. J., Fairclough, D., Clarridge, B. C., Blum, D., Bruera, E., Penley, W. C., et al.

(2000). Attitudes and practices of U.S. Oncologists regarding euthanasia and physician - assisted suicide. Annals of Internal Medicine, 133(7), 527-532.

Emanuel, E. J., Fairclough, D. L., & Emanuel, L. L. (2000). Attitudes and desires related to euthanasia and physician - assisted suicide among terminally ill patients and their caregivers. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(19), 2460-2468.

Emanuel, L. L., Danis, M., Pearlman, R. A., & Singer, P. A. (1995). Advance care planning as a process: Structuring the discussion in practice. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 43, 440-446. Abstract retrieved October 9, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Eschum, G. M., Jacobsohn, E., Roberts, D., & Sneiderman, B. (1999). Ethical and practical considerations of withdrawal of treatment in the intensive care unit. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, 46(5), 497-504.

181

Esteban, A., Anzueto, A., Alia, I., Gordo, F., Apezteguia, C., Palizas, F., et al. (2000). How is mechanical ventilation employed in the intensive care unit?: An international utilization review. The American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, 161(5), 1450-1458.

Esteban, A., Anzueto, A., Frutos, F., Alia, I., Brochard, L., Stewart, T. E., et al. (2002). Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation: A 28-day international study. The Journal of the American MedicalAssociation , 287(3), 345-355.

Faber-Langendoen, K. (1994). The clinical management of dying patients receiving mechanical ventilation: A survey of physician practice. Chest, 106(3), 880-888.

Faber-Langendoen, K. (1996). A multi-institutional study of care given to patients dying in hospital: Ethical and practical implications. Archives of Internal Medicine, 156(18), 2130-2136.

Faber-Langendoen, K., & Bartels, D. M. (1992). Process of forgoing life-sustaining treatment in a university hospital: An empirical study. Critical Care Medicine, 20(5), 570-577.

Faber-Langendoen, K., & Lanken, P. N. (2000). Dying patients in the intensive care unit: Forgoing treatment, maintaining care. Annals of Internal Medicine, 133(11), 886-893.

Fekete, S., Osvath, P., & Jegesy, A. (2002). Attitudes of Hungarian students and nurses to physician assisted suicide. The Journal of Medicine ethics, 28(2), 126.

Fenner, K. M. (1980). Value in health care. In Ethics and law in nursing: Professional perspective (pp. 63-74). New York: D van Nostrand Company.

Ferrand, E., Robert, R., Ingrand, P., & Lemaire, F. (2001). Withholding and withdrawing of life support in intensive are units in France: A prospective survey. The Lancet, 357(9249), 9-14.

Ferrell, B., Virani, R., Grant, M., Coyne, P., & Uman, G. (2000). Beyond the supreme court decision: Nursing perspectives on end-of-life care. Oncology Nursing Forum, 27(3), 445-455.

182

Ferrell, B. R., Grant, M., & Virani, R. (1999). Strengthening nursing education to improve end-of-life care. Nursing Outlook, 47(6), 252-256.

Fetters, M. D., Churchill, L., & Danis, M. (2001). Conflict resolution at the end of life. Critical Care Medicine, 29(5), 921-925.

Fife, R., Shapiro, R. A., & Weinreb, N. J. (2002). Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia. In B. M. Kinzbrunner, N. J. Weinreb & J. S. Policzer (Eds.), 20 common problems in end-of-life care (pp. 365-383). New York: McGraw – Hill.

Flynn, P. A. R., & Davis, A. J. (1990). Decisions to forgo life- sustaining treatment: Nursing considerations. In N. L. Chaska (Ed.), The nursing professional: Turning point(pp.321-329). St. Louis: C. V. Mosby.

Ford, J. A. G., Trygstand - durland, L. N., & Nelms, B. C. (1979). Original of value. In J. A. G.Ford et al (Eds.), Applied decision making for nurse (pp.7-16). St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby company.

Fraser, S. I., & Walters, J. W. (2000). Death - - whose decision? Euthanasia and terminally ill. The Journal of Medical Ethics, 26(2), 121-125.

Fry, S. (1998). Guidelines for making end-of-life decisions. International Nursing Review, 45(5), 143-144,151.

Fukaura, A., Tazawa, H., Nakajima, H., & Adachi, M. (1995). Do–not-resuscitate orders at a teaching hospital in Japan. The New England Journal of Medicine, 333(2), 805-808.

Ganzini, L., Nelson, H. D., Lee, M. A., Kraemer, D. F., Schmidt, T. A., & Delorit, M. A. (2001). Oregon physicians’ attitudes about and experiences with end-of-life care since passage of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. The Journal of the AmericanMedical Association, 285(18), 2363-2369.

Ganzini, L., Nelson, H. D., Schmidt, T. A., Kraemer, D. F., Delorit, M. A., & Lee, M. A. (2000).Physicians' experiences with The Oregon Death with Dignity act. The New England Journal of Medicine, 342(8), 557-563.

Genuis, S. J., Genuis, S. K., & Chang, W. C. (1994). Public attitudes toward the right to die. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 150(5), 701-708.

183

Gianakos, D. (1995). Terminal weaning. Chest, 108(5), 1405-1408.Gillick, M. R. (2001). Artificial nutrition and hydration in the patient with advanced

dementia: Is withholding treatment compatible with traditional Judaism?. The Journal of Medical Ethics, 27(1), 12-15.

Gilligan, T., & Raffin, T. A. (1996a). End-of-life discussions with patients: Timing and truth–telling. Chest, 109(1), 11-12.

Gilligan, T., & Raffin, T. A. (1996b). Whose death is it, anyway?. Annals of Internal Medicine, 125(2), 137-141.

Godkin, M. D., & Toth, E. L. (1994). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation decision making in long-term care: A role for the nurse?. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19(1), 97-104.

Gomez, D. (2002). Advance directives and CPR. In B. M. Kinzbrunner, N. J. Weinreb & J. S. Policzer (Eds.), 20 common problems in end-of-life care (pp. 297-311). New York: McGraw – Hill.

Goodman, M. D., Tarnoff, M., & Slotman, G. J. (1998). Effect of advance directives on the management of elderly critically ill patients. Critical Care Medicine, 26(4), 701-704.

Goold, S. D., Williams, B., & Arnold, R. M. (2000). Conflicts regarding decisions to limit treatment: A differential diagnosis. The Journal of the American MedicalAssociation, 283(7), 909-914.

Gostin, L. O. (1997). Deciding life and death in the courtroom: From Quinlan to Cruzan, Glucksberg, and Vacco-A brief history and analysis of constitutional protection of the right to die. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(18), 1523-1528.

Grandstrom, D. (1987). Calling a code: Your role in helping a family decide. RN, 50(6), 24-27.

Grassi, L., Agostini, M., & Magnani, K. (1999). Attitudes of Italian doctors to euthanasia and assisted suicide for terminally ill patients. The Lancet, 354(9193),1876-1877.

Grassi, L., Magnani, K., & Ercolani, M. (1999). Attitudes toward euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide among Italian primary care physicians. Journal of

184

Pain and Symptom Management, 17(3), 188-196. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Green, M. L. (1999). Legal and ethical issues. In L. Bucher & S. Melander (Eds.), Critical care nursing (pp.22-38). Philadelphia: WB. Saunders Company.

Groenewoud, J. H., van der Maas, P. J., van der Wal, G., Hengeveld, M. W., Tholen, A. J., Schudel, W. J., et al. (1997). Physician-assisted death in psychiatric practice in the Netherlands. The New England Journal of Medicine, 336(25), 1824-1826.

Haddad. A. (2000). Ethics in action: What would you do?. RN, 63(9) 25-28.Haisfield-Wolfe, M. E. (1996). End-of-life care: Evolution of the nurse’s role. Oncology

Nursing Forum, 23(6), 931-935.Haisfield-Wolfe, M. E., & McGuire, D. B. (1992). The nurse’s role in advance directives:

What the literature doesn’t say?. Oncology Nursing Forum, 19(2), 298.Hakim, R. B., Teno, J. M., Harrell Jr, F. E., Knaus, W. A., Wenger, N., Phillips, R. S., et al.

(1996). Factors associated with do-not-resuscitate orders: Patients' preferences, prognoses, and physicains' judgments. Annals of Internal Medicine, 125(4), 284-293.

Halevy, A., & Brody, B. A. (1996). A multi-institution collaborative policy on medical futility. The Journal of the American Medical Association , 276(7), 571-574.

Hall, R. I., & Rocker, G. M. (2000). End-of-life care in the ICU: Treatments provided when life support was or was not withdrawn. Chest, 118(5), 1424-1430.

Hamel, M. B., Teno, J. M., Goldman, L., Lynn, J., Davis, R. B., Galanos, A. N., et al. (1999). Patient age and decisions to withhold life-sustaining treatments from seriously ill, hospitalized adults. Annals of Internal Medicine, 130(2),116-125.

Hamel, M. B., Lynn, J., Teno, J. M., Covinsky, K. E., Wu, A. W., Galanos, A., et al. (2000). Age-related differences in care preferences, treatment decisions, and clinical outcomes of seriously ill hospitalized adults: Lessons from SUPPORT. Journal of The American Geriatrics Society, 48(5 suppl.), 176 – 182. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

185

Hanson, L. C., Danis, M., Garrett, J. M., & Mutran, E. (1996). Who decides?: Physicians’ willingness to use life-sustaining treatment. Archives of Internal Medicine, 156(7),785-789.

Haverkate, I., van Delden, J. J. M., van Nijen, A. B., & van der Wal, G. (2000). Guidelines for the use of do-not-resuscitate orders in Dutch hospitals. Critical Care Medicine, 28(8), 3039-3043.

Hedberg, K., Hopkins, D., & Southwick, K. (2002). Legalized physician - assisted suicide in Oregon, 2001. The New England Journal of Medicine, 346(6), 450-452.

Heffner, J. E., Fahy, B., Hilling, L., & Barbieri, C. (1996). Attitudes regarding advance directives among patients in pulmonary rehabilitation. The American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, 154(6), 1735-1740.

Heilig, S. (1999). Nonbeneficial or futile medical treatment: Conflict resolution guidelinesfor the San Francisco Bay Area. Western Journal of Medicine, 170(5), 287-290.

Hendin, H., Rutenfrans, C., & Zylicz, Z. (1997). Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in the Netherlands: Lesson from the Dutch. The Journal of the AmericanMedical Association, 277(21), 1720 -1722.

Hewitt, J. (2002). A critical review of the arguments debating the role of the nurse advocate. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 37(5), 439-445.

Hinkka, H., Kosunen, E., Lammi, E. K., Metsanoja, R., Puustell, A., & Kellokumpu -Lehtinen, P. (2002). Decision making in terminal care: A survey of finnish doctors' treatment decisions in end-of-life scenarios involving a terminal cancer and a terminal dementia patient. Palliative Mediine,16(3),195-204. Abstract retrieved October 8, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Hinkka, H., Kosunen, E., Metsanoja, R., Lammi, U. K., & Kellokumpu-Lehtinen, P. (2001). To resuscitate or not: A dilemma in terminal cancer care. Resuscitation, 49(3), 289-297. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Hinkka, H., Kosunen, E., Metsanoja, R., Lammi, U-K., & Kellokumpu-Lehtinen, p. (2002).Factors affecting physicians’ decisions to forgo life-sustaining treatments in terminal care. The Journal of Medical Ethics, 28(2), 109 -114.

186

Hofmann, J. C., Wenger, N. S., Davis, R. B., Teno, J., Connors, Jr. A. F., Desbiens, N., et al. (1997). Patient preferences for communication with physicians about end-of-life decisions. Annals of Internal Medicine, 127(1), 1-12.

Hudak, C. M. (2002). Bioethical issues in critical care. In C. M. Hudak & B. M. Gallo (Eds.), Critical cares nursing a holistic approach (6 th ed., pp. 89-97). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.

Hudak, C. M., Gallo, B. M., & Morton, P. G. (1998). Ethical issues in critical care. In Critical Care Nursing: A holistic approach (7 th ed, pp. 71-92). Philladelphia: Lippincott.

Huffman, G. B. (2003a). Discussing spiritual issues at the end of life. Retrieved September 30, 2003, from http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020415/tips/11.html

Huffman, G. B. (2003b). The legal myths and realities of end-of-life care. Retrieved September 30, 2003, form http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010501/tips/11.html

Hug Jr, C. C. (2000). Patient values, Hippocrates, science, and technology: What we (physicians) can do versus what we should do for the patient. Anesthesiology, 93(2), 556-564.

Idemoto, B. K., Daly, B. J, Lombardo, B. A., Matthews, T., & Morris, M. (1993). Implementing the Patient Self–Determinating Act. The American Journal of Nursing, 93(1), 20-25

Jacob, D. (1997). Family decision making for incompetent patients in the ICU. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 9(1), 107-114.

Jayes, R. L., Zimmerman, J. E., Wagner, D. P., & Knaus, W. A. (1996). Variations in the use of do-not-resuscitate orders in ICUs: Findings from a national study. Chest, 110(5), 1332-1339.

Jecker, N. S. (1995). Medical futility and care of dying patients. Western Journal of Medicine, 163(3), 287-291.

Jecker, N. S. (1997). Principles and methods of ethical decision making in critical care nursing. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 9(1), 29-33.

187

Jezewski, M. A. (1996). Obtaining consent for do-not-resuscitate status: Advice from experienced nurses. Nursing Outlook, 44(3), 114-119.

Johns, J. L. (1996). Advance directives and opportunities for nurses. Image: Journal Nursing Scholarship, 28(2), 149-153.

Johnston, S. C., Pfeifer, M. P., & McNutt, R. (1995). The discussion about advance directives: Patient and physician opinions regarding when and how it should be conducted. End of life study group. Archives of Internal Medicine, 155(10), 1025-1030.

Karnik, A. M., & Brook, S. (2002). End-of-life issues and the do-not-resuscitate order: Who gives the order and what influences the decision?. Chest, 121(3), 683-686.

Keenan, S. P., Busche, K. D., Chen, L. M., McCarthy, L., Inman, K. J., & Sibbald, W. J. (1997). A retrospective review of a large cohort of patients undergoing the process of withholding or withdrawing of life support. Critical Care Medicine, 25(8), 1324-1331.

Kelly, B., Burnett, P., Pelusi, D., Badger, S., Varghese, F., & Robertson, M. (2002). Terminally ill cancer patients' wish to hasten death. Palliative Medicine, 16(4), 339-345.Retrieved September 10, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Kelly, W. F., Eliasson, A. H., Stocker, D. J., & Hnatiuk, O. W. (2002). Do specialists differ on do-not-resuscitate decisions?. Chest, 121(3), 957-963.

Kemp, E. (1999a). Ethics. In Terminal illness: A guide for nursing care (2 nd ed., pp. 87-94). Philadelphia: Lippincott.

Kemp, E. (1999b). Spiritual care: Faiths. In Terminal illness: A guide for nursing care (2nd ed., pp. 56-66). Philadelphia: Lippincott.

Kerridge, I. H., Pearson, S-A., Rolfe, I. E., & Lowe, M. (1998). Decision making in CPR: Attitudes of hospital patients and healthcare professionals. The Medical Journal of Australia, 169(3), 128-131.

Kerridge, I. H., Pearson, S-A., Rolfe, I. E., Lowe, M., & McPhee, J. R. (1999). Impact of written information on knowledge and preferences for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The Medical Journal of Australia, 171(5), 239-242.)

188

King, L., Lee, J. L., & Henneman, E. (1993). A collaborative practices model for critical care. American Journal of Critical Care, 2(6), 444-449. Abstract retrieved November 27, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Kitchener, B. A. (1998). Nurse characteristics and attitudes to active voluntary euthanasia: A survey in the Australian Capital Territory. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28(1), 70-76.

Klessig, J. (1992). The effect of values and culture on life-support decisions. WesternJournal of Medicine, 157(3), 316-322.

Kohlwes, R. J., Koepsell, T. D., Rhodes, L. A., & Pearlman, R. A. (2001). Physicians’ responses to patients’ requests for physician-assisted suicide. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(5), 675-673.

Konigova, R. (1996). Do –not-resuscitate orders and withheld or withdrawn treatment. Acta Chir Plast, 38(2), 73-77. Abstract retrieved September 15, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Kozier, B., Erb, G., Berman, A. J., & Barke, K. (2000). Fundamental of nursing: Concept, process and practice. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Health.

Krumholz, H. M., Phillips, R. S., Hamel, M. B., Teno, J. M., Bellamy, P., Broste, S. K., et al. (1998). Resuscitation preferences among patients with sever congestive failure: Result from the SUPPORT project. Circulation, 98(7), 648-655.

Kuuppelomaki, M. (2002). The decision-making process when starting terminal care as assessed by nursing staff. Nursing Ethics, 9(1), 20-35.

Lamont, E. B., & Christakis, N. A. (2001). Prognostic disclosure to patients with cancer near the end of life. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134(12), 1096-1105

Lamont, E. B., & Christakis, N. A. (2003). Complexities in prognostication in advanced cancer: To help them live their lives the way they want to. The Journal of the American Association, 290(1), 98-104.

Landry, F. J., Parker, J. M., & Phillips, Y. Y. (1992). Outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the intensive care setting. Archives of Internal Medicine, 152(11), 2305-2308.

189

Larson, D. E. (1994). Resuscitation discussion experiences of patients hospitalized in a coronary care unit. Heart & Lung, 23(1), 53-58.

Larson, D. G., & Tobin, D. R. (2000). End-of-life conversations: Evolving practice and theory. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(12), 1573-1578.

Latimer, E. (1991). Caring for seriously ill and dying patients: The philosophy and ethics. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 144(7), 859-864.

Latimer, E. J. (1998). Ethical care at the end of life. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 158(13), 1741-1747.

Lee, M. A. (1997). The Oregon Death with Dignity Act: Implementation issues. Western Journal of Medicine, 166(6), 398-401.

Lee, M. A., Ganzini, L., & Brummel-Smith, K. (1996). When patients ask about assisted suicide: A view point from Oregon. Western Journal of Medicine, 165(4), 205-208.

Lee, M. A., Nelson, H. D., Tilden, V. P., Ganzini, L, Schmidt, T. A., & Tolle, S. W. (1996). Legalizing assisted suicide- view of physicians in Oregon. The New England Journal of Medicine, 334(5), 310-315.

Len, D., & Daniel, W. (1993). Withholding cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Proposals for formal guidelines. British Medical Journal, 306(6892), 193-1596.

Lens, V., & Pollack, D. (2000). Advance directives: Legal remedies and psychosocial interventions. Death Studies, 24(5), 377-399. Abstract retrieved September 18, 2003, from Science Direct File.

Leonard, C. T., Doyle, R. A., & Raffin, T. A. (1999). Do not resuscitate orders in the face of patient and family opposition. Critical Care Medicine, 27(6), 1045-1047.

Libbus, M. K., & Russell, C. (1995). Congruence of decisions between patients and their potential surrogates about life-sustaining therapies. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 27(2), 135-140

Lilly, C. M., DeMeo, D. L., Sonna, L. A., Haley, K. J., Massaro, A. F., Wallace, R. F., et al. (2000). An intensive communication intervention for the critically ill. The American Journal of Medicine, 109(6), 469-475.

190

Lo, B., Ruston, D., Kates, L. W., Arnold, R. M., Cohen, C. B., Faber-Langendoen, K., et al. (2002). Discussing religious and spiritual issues at the end of life: A practical guide for physicians. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(6), 749-754.

Lo, B., Quill, T., & Tulsky, J. (1999). Discussing palliative care with patients. Annals of Internal Medicine, 130(9), 744-749.

Lo, B., & Snyder, L. (1999). Care at the end-of-life: Guiding practice where there are no easy answers. Annals of Internal Medicine, 130(9), 772-774

Luce, J. M. (1990). Ethical principles in critical care. The Journal of the AmericanMedical Association, 263(5), 696-700.)

Luce, J. M. (1997). Making decisions about the forgoing of life-sustaining therapy. The American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, 156(6), 1715-1718.

Luce, J. M. (1999). Physician variability in limiting life-sustaining treatment. Critical Care Medicine, 27(10), 2291-2292.

Luce, J. M., & Fink, C. (1992). Communicating with families about withholding and withdrawing of life support. Chest, 101(5), 1185-1186.

Lynn, J., Teno, J. M., & Phillips, R. S. (1997). Perceptions by family members of the dying experience of older and seriously ill patient. Annals of Internal Medicine, 126(2), 97-106.

Marco, C. A. (1999). Ethical issues of resuscitation. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 17(2), 527-539.

Martin, D. K., Emanuel, L. L., & Singer, P. A. (2000). Planning for the end of life. The Lancet, 356(9242), 1672-1676.

Materstvedt, L. J., & Kaasa, S. (2002). Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in Scandinavia: With a conceptual suggestion regarding international research in relation to the phenomena. Palliative Medicine, 16(1), 17-32. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Mazto, M. L., & Emanuel, E. J. (1997). Oncology nurse's practices of assisted suicide and patient requested euthanasia. Oncology Nursing Forum, 24(10), 1725-1732.

191

Mayer, S. A., & Kossoff, S. B. (1999). Withdrawal of life support in the neurological intensive care unit. Neurology, 52(1), 1602-1609.

McGee, D. C., Weinacker, A. B., & Raffin, T. A. (2000). Withdrawing life support from the critically ill. Chest, 118(5), 1238-1239.

McGlade, K. J., Slaney, L., Bunting, B. P., & Gallagher, A. G. (2000). Voluntary euthanasia in Northern Ireland: General practitioners' beliefs, experiences, and actions.British Journal of General Practice, 50(459), 794-797. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

McKee, R. J. (1999). Clarifying advance directives. Nursing, 29(5), 52-53.McNeely, P. D., Hebert, P. C., Dales, R. E., O’ Connor, A. M., Wells, G. A., McKim, D., et

al. (1997). Deciding about mechanical ventilation in end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: How respirologists perceive their role. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 156(2), 177-183.

Meeres, C. (2001). Dying with dignity. Nursing Time, 97(33), 36-37.Meier, D. E., Emmons, C. A., Wallenstein, S., Quill, T., Murrison, R. S., & Cassel, C. K. (1998). A

national survey of physical-assisted suicide and euthanasia in The United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 338(17), 1193-1201.

Mendelsohn, A. B., Belle, S. H., Fischhoff, B., Wisniewski, S. R., Degenholtz, H., & Chelluri, L. (2002). How patients feel about prolonged mechanical ventilation 1 year later. Critical Care Medicine, 30(7), 1439-1445.

Mezey, M. D., Leitman, R., Mitty, E. L., Bottrell, M. M., & Ramsey, G. C. (2000). Why hospital patients do and do not execute an advance directive. Nursing Outlook, 48(4), 165-171.

Miller, F. G., Fins, J. J., & Snyder, L. (2000). Assisted suicide compared with refusal of treatment: A valid distinction?. Annuals of Internal Medicine, 132(6), 470-475.

Milton, C. L. (2001). Advance directives: Living with certainty-uncertainty: A nursing perspective. Nursing Science Quarterly, 14(3), 195-198.

192

Mohr, M., Bahr, J., Schmid, J., Panzer, W., & Kettler, D. (1997). The decision to terminate resuscitative efforts: Results of a questionnaire. Resuscitation, 34(1), 51-55. Abstract retrieved November 19, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Morrison, R. S. (2000a). Planning and providing care at the end of life. Hospital Practice, 35(10), 61-68.

Morrison, R. S. (2000b). The hard task of improving the quality of care at the end of life. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(6), 743-747.

Morrison, R. S., & Morrison, E. W. (1994). Physician reluctance to discuss advance directives: An empiric investigation of potential barriers. Archives of Internal Medicine, 154(20), 2311-2318.

Muller, M. T., Pijnenborg, L., van der Wal, G., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D., & van Eijk, J. Th. M. (1997). The role of nurse in active euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26(2), 424-430.

Murphy, D. J., Burrows, D., Santilli, S., Kemp, A. W., Tenner, S., Kreling, B., et al. (1994). The influence of the probability of survival on patients’ preferences regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The New England Journal of Medicine, 330(8), 545-549.

Murphy, P. L., Albert, S. M., Weber, C. M., Del Bene, M. L., & Rowland, L. P. (2000). Impact of spirituality and religiousness on outcomes in patients with ALS. Neurology, 55(10), 1581-1584.

Nasraway, S. A. (2001). Unilateral withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy: Is it time? Are we ready?. Critical Care Medicine, 29(1), 215-217.

Nelson, J. E., & Danis, M. (2001). End–of–life care in the intensive care unit: Where are we now?. Critical Care Medicine, 29(2 suppl.), 2 - 9.

Norlan, M. T., & Bruder, M. (1997). Patients’ attitudes toward advance directives and end-of-life treatment decisions. Nursing Outlook, 45(5), 204-208.

Northcott, N. (2002). Nursing with dignity part 2: Buddhism. Nursing Time, 98(10), 36-38.Nyman, D. J., & Sprung, C. L. (2000). End-of-life decision making in the intensive care

unit. Intensive Care Medicine, 26(10), 1414-1420. Abstract retrieved June 8, 2003, from Pub Med database.

193

Oberle, K., & Hughes, D. (2001). Doctors’ and nurses’ perceptions of ethical problems in end-of-life decisions. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 33(6), 707-715.

O’Neill, C., Feenan, D., Hughes, C., & McAlister, D. A. (2002). Attitudes to physician and family assisted suicide: Results from a study of public attitudes in Britain. The Journal of Medicine Ethics, 28(1), 52.

Osborne, M. L. (1992). Physician decisions regarding life support in the intensive care unit. Chest, 101(1), 217-224.

Ott, B. B., Al-Khadhuri, J., & Al-Junaibi, S. (2003). Preventing ethical dilemmas: Understanding Islamic health care practices. Pediatric Nursing, 29(3), 227-230.

Pace, B., & Glass, R. M. (2000). Decisions about end-of-life care. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(19), 2250.

Pantilat, S. Z. (2002). End–of–life care for the hospitalized patient. The Medical Clinics of North America, 86(4), 749-770.

Parmley, C. E. (2003). Ethical consideration in end-of-life medicine. Retrived August 6, 2003, from http//www.ispub.com/ostia/index.php?xmlFilePath=journals/ijlhe/vol1n1/ethic.2

Pellegrino, E. D. (2000). Decisions to withdraw life-sustaining treatment: A moral algorithm. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 283(8), 1065-1067.

Perrett, R. W. (1996). Buddhism, euthanasia and the sanctity of life. The Journal of Medical Ethics, 22(5), 309-314.

Phillips, P. (1997). View of assisted suicide from several nations. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(12), 969-970.

Phillips, R. S., Wenger, N. S., Teno, J., Oye, R. K., Youngner, S., Califf, R., et al. (1996). Choices of seriously ill patients about cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Correlation and outcomes. The American Journal of Medicine, 100(2), 128-136.

Pierce, S. F. (1999). Allowing and assisting patients to die: The perspectives of oncology practitioners. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 30(3), 616-622.

Pochard, F., Azoulay, E., Chevret, S., Vinsonneau, C., Grassin, M., Lemaire, F., et al. (2001).French intensivists do not apply American recommendations regarding decisions to forgo - sustaining therapy. Critical Care Medicine, 29(10), 1887-1892.

194

Prendergast, T. J. (2000). Withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy. Hospital Practice, 35(6), 91-92, 95 -100, 102.

Prendergast, T. J. (2001). Advance care planning: Pitfalls, progress, promise. Critical Care Medicine, 29(2 suppl.), 34-39.

Prendergast, T. J., & Luce, J. M. (1997). Increasing incidence of withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill. The American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, 155(1), 15-20.

Puntillo, K. A. (1990). Pain experiences of intensive care unit patients. Heart & Lung, 19(5), 526-533.

Puntillo, K. A., Benner, P., Drought, T., Drew, B., Stotts, N., Stannard, D., et al. (2001). End-of-life issues in intensive care units: A national random survey of nurses' knowledge and beliefs. American Journal of Critical Care, 10(4), 216 - 219. Abstract retrieved November 18, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Puopolo, A. N., Kennard, M. J., Mallatratt, L., Follen, M. A., Desbiens, N. A., Conners, A. F., et al. (1997). Preferences for pulmonary resuscitation. Image: Journal ofNursing Scholarship, 29(3), 229-235.

Quill, T. E., Cassel, C. K., & Meier, D. E. (1992). Care of the hopelessly ill: Proposed clinical criteria for physician-assisted suicide. The New England Journal of Medicine, 327(19), 1380-1383.

Radulovic, S., & Mojsilovic, S. (1998). Attitudes of oncologist, family doctors, medical students and lawyers to euthanasia. Support Care Cancer, 6(4), 410 - 415.Abstract retrieved June 8, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Raffin, T. A. (1995). Withdrawing life support: How is the decision made?. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 273(9), 738-739.

Rajput, V., & Bekes, C. E. (2002). Ethical issues in hospital medicine. The Medicine Clinics of North America, 86(4), 869-886.

Ravenscroft, A. J., & Bell, M. D. D. (2000). End-of-life decision making within intensive care- objective, consistent, defensible? The Journal of Medical Ethics, 26(6), 435-440.

195

Reddick, B., & Cassem, N. H. (2000). Treatment decisions at the end of life. In T. A.Stern & J. B. Herman (Eds.), Psychiatry update and board preparation (pp. 515-519.) New York: McGraw-Hill.

Rich, B. A. (2002). The ethics of surrogate decision making. Western Journal of Medicine, 176(2), 127-129.

Rieth, K. A. (1999). How do we withhold or withdraw life-sustaining therapy. Nursing Management, 30(10), 21-26.

Richter, J., Eisemann, M., & Zgonnikova, E. (2001). Doctors’ authoritarianism in end-of-life treatment decisions: A comparison between Russia, Sweden and Germany.The Journal of Medical Ethics, 27(3), 186-181.

Rivera, S., Kim, D., Garone, S., Morgenstern, L., & Mohsenifar, Z. (2001). Motivating factors in futile clinical interventions. Chest, 119(6), 1944-1947.

Robinson, E. M., & Kennedy-Schwarz, J. (2001). Caring for incompetent patients and their surrogates: A case study of end-of-life care. The American Journal of Nursing, 101(7), 75 -76.

Roscoe, L. A., Malphurs, J. E., Dragovic, L. J., & Cohen, D. (2001). A comparison of characteristics of Kevorkian euthanasia cases and physician-assisted suicides in Oregon. Gerontologist, 41(4), 439-446. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Rose, J. H., O’ Toole, E. E., Dawson, N. V., Thomas, C., Connors, Jr. A. F., Wenger, N. S., et al. (2000). Age differences in care practices and outcomes for hospitalized patients with cancer. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48(5), S25 -S32. Abstract retrieved November 22, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Rosenblatt, L., & Block, S. D. (2001). Depression, decision making, and the cessation of life-sustaining treatment. Western Journal of Medicine, 175(5), 320-325.

Rushton, C. H. (1994). The critical care nurses as patient advocate. Critical Care Nurse, 14(4), 102-105.

Rushton, C. H., & Scanlon, C. (1995). When values conflict with obligations: Safeguards for nurses. Pediatric Nursing, 21(3), 260-261, 268.

196

Sanders, A. B. (1999). Ethical issues in clinical emergency medicine: Advance directives. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 17(2), 519-526.

Sanders, L. (2001). Is Britain ready for voluntary euthanasia?. Nursing Time, 97(28), 17Scanlon, C. (2003). Ethical concerns in end of life care. The American Journal of

Nursing, 103(1), 48-56.Schneiderman, L. J., & Faber-Langendoen, K. (1994). Beyond futility to an ethic of care.

The American Journal of Medicine, 96(2), 110-114.Schneiderman, L. J., Gilmer, T., & Teetzel, H. D. (2000). Impact of ethics consultations in

the intensive care setting: A randomized, controlled trail. Critical Care Medicine, 28(12), 3920-3924.

Schwartz, C. E., Wheeler, H. B., Hammes, B., Basgue, N., Edmunds, J., Reed, G., et al. (2002). Early interventions in planning end-of-life care with ambulatory geriatric patients: Results of a pilot trial. Archives of Internal Medicine,162(14), 1611-1618.

Searle, J. F. (1996). Euthanasia: The intensive care unit. British Medical Bulletin, 52(2), 289-295.Shah, S. & Lloyd-Williams, M. (2003). End-of-life decision making—have we got it right?.

Eur J Cancer Care, 12(3), 212-214. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Shapiro, R. S., Derse, A. R., Gottlieb, M, Schiedermayer, D., & Olson, M. (1994). Willingness to perform euthanasia: A survey of physician attitudes. Archives of Internal Medicine, 154(5), 575-584.

Sheldon, T. (2000). Euthanasia: Dutch fail to clarify nurses' position in mercy killings. Nursing Time, 96(49), 9.

Sheldon, T. (2001). " Existential" suffering not a justification for euthanasia. BritishMedical Journal, 323(7326), 1384.

Shelly, J. A. (1991). Personal values. In J. A. Shelly & D. B. Miller (Eds.), Values in Conflict (pp. 7-17). Illinois: Intervassity Press.

Shuman, C. R., Fournet, G. P., Zelhart, P. F., Roland, B. C., & Estes, R. E. (1992). Attitudes of registered nurses toward euthanasia. Death Studies, 16(1), 1-15.Abstract retrieved June 8, 2003, from Pub Med database.

197

Silveira, M. J., DiPiero, A., Gerrity, M. S., & Feudtner, C. F. (2000). Patients' knowledge of options at the end of life: Ignorance in the face of death. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(19), 2483-2488.

Singer, P.A., Barker, G., Bowman, K. W., Harrison, C., Kernerman, P., Kopolow, J., et al.(2001). Hospital policy on appropriate use of life-sustaining treatment. Critical Care Medicine, 29(1), 187-191.

Singh, S., Sardana, V., Prasad, K., & Behari, M. (2001). Physician assisted suicide: The perspective of a neurologist. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 49, 823-828. Abstract retrieved June 8, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Sjokvist, P., Berggren, L., Svantesson, M., & Nilstun, T. (1999). Should the ventilator be withdrawn? Attitudes of the general public, nurses and physicians. European Journal Anaesthesiology, 16(8), 526-533. Abstract retrieved June 8, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Sloan, A. (1996). Don’t resuscitate, lose your job?. RN, 59(7), 51-54.Somogyi-Zalud, E., Zhong, Z., Hamel, M.B., & Lynn, J. (2002). The use of life-sustaining

treatments in hospitalized persons aged 80 and older. Journal of The American Geriatrics Society, 50(5), 930-934. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Sox, H. C. (2002). Medical professionalism in the new millennium: A physician charter. Annals of Internal Medicine, 136(3), 243-246.

Sprung C. L., Eidelman, L. A., & Steinberg, A. (1997). Is the patient's right to die evolving into a duty to die?: Medical decision making and ethical evaluations in health care. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 3(1), 69 -75. Abstract retrieved October 16, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Steinhauser, K. E., Christskis, N. A., Clipp, E. C., McNeilly, M., McIntyre, L., & Tulsky, J. A. (2000). Factors considered important at the end of life by patients, family,physicians, and other care providers. The Journal of the American MedicalAssociation, 284(19), 2476-2482.

198

Stevens, L., Cook, D., Guyatt, G., Griffith, L., Walter, S., & McMullin, J. (2002). Education, ethics, and end-of-life decisions in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine, 30(2), 290-296.

Street, K., Ashcroft, R., Henderson, J., & Campbell, A. V. (2000). The decision making process regarding the withdrawal or withholding of potential life-saving treatments in a children's hospital. The Journal of Medical Ethics, 26(5), 346-352.

Suarez-Almazor, M. E., Belzile, M., & Bruera, E. (1997). Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: A comparative survey of physicians, terminal ill cancer patients and the general population. Journal of clinical Oncology, 15(2), 418-427.

Suarez-Almazor, M. E., Newman, C., Hanson, J., & Bruera, E. (2002). Attitudes of terminally ill cancer patients about euthanasia and assisted suicide: Predominance of psychosocial determinants and beliefs over symptom distress and subsequent survival. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20(8), 2134-2141.

Sullivan, A. D., Hedberg, K., & Fleming, D. W. (2000). Legalized physician-assisted suicide in Oregon-The second year. The New England Journal of Medicine, 342(8), 598-604.

Sullivan, A. D., Hedberg, K., & Hopkins, D. (2001). Legalized physician-assisted suicide in Oregon, 1998-2000. The New England Journal of Medicine, 344(8), 605-607.

Swarte, N. B., & Heintz, A. P. (1999). Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Annals of Medicine, 31(6), 364-371. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Tai, M. C., & Seng, C. (2001). Developing a culturally relevant bioethics for Asian people. The Journal of Medical Ethics, 27(1), 51-54.

Tanida, N. (2000). The view of religions toward euthanasia and extraordinary treatments in Japan. Journal Religion Health, 39(4), 339-354. Abstract retrieved June 8, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Task Force on Ethics of the Society of Critical Care Medicine (1990). Consensus report on the ethics of forgoing life-sustaining treatments in the critically ill. Critical Care Medicine, 18(12), 1435-1439.

199

Taylor, C. (1995). Medical futility and nursing. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 27(4), 301-306.

Tammelleo, A. D. (2000). Protecting patients’ end-of-life choices. RN, 63(8), 75-79.The Ethics and Humanities Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.

(1998). Assisted suicide, euthanasia, and the neurologist. Neurology, 50(3), 596-598.

The Ethics Committee of the Society of Critical Care Medicine. (1997). Consensus statement of the society of critical care medicine's ethics committee regarding futile and other possibly inadvisable treatments. Critical Care Medicine, 25(5), 887-891.

Thelan, L. A., Davie, J. K., Urden, L. D., & Lough, M. E. (1994). Legal issues. In Critical care nursing: Diagnosis and management (2 nd ed., pp. 35-48). St.Lous: Mosby.

The SUPPORT Principle Investigator. (1995). A controlled trial to improve care for seriously ill hospitalized patients: The study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments (SUPPORT). The Journal of the American Medical Association, 274(20),1591-1598.

Tilden, V. P. (1999). Ethics perspectives on end-of-life care. Nursing Outlook. 47(4), 162-167.

Tilden, V. P., Tolle, S. W., Garland, M. J., & Nelson, C. A. (1995). Decisions about life-sustaining treatment: Impact of physicians' behaviors on the family. Archives of Internal Medicine, 155(6), 633-638.

Tilden, V. P., Tolle, S. W., Nelson, C. A., & Fields, J. (2001). Family decision-making to withdraw life-sustaining treatments from hospitalized patients. Nursing Research, 50(2), 105-115.

Tulsky, J. A., Fischer, G. S., Rose, M. R., & Arnold, R. M. (1998). Opening the black box: How do physicians communicate about advance directives?. Annals of Internal Medicine, 129(6), 441-449.

Tulsky, J. A., Ciampa, R., & Rosen, E. J. (2000). Responding to legal requests for physician-assisted suicide. Annals of Internal Medicine, 132(6), 494-499.

200

Tunzi, M. (2003). Can the patient decide?: Evaluating patient capacity in practice. RetrievedSeptember 9, 2003, form http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010715/299.html

Tuten, M. (2001). A death with dignity in Oregon. Oncology Nursing Forum, 28(1), 58-65.Valverius, E., Nilstun, T., & Nilsson, B. (2000). Palliative care, assisted suicide and

euthanasia: Nationwide questionnaire to Swedish physicians. Palliative Medicine, 14(12), 141-148. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

van den Berg, J. J. A. (1997). Ethical dilemmas in cancer care--Euthanasia. European Journal of Cancer, 31(975), S 297. Abstract retrieved June 8, 2003, from Pub Med database.

van der Arend, A. JG. (1998). Euthanasia and assisted suicide in the Netherlands: Clarifying the practice and the nurse's role. International Nursing Review, 45(5), 145-151.

van der Mass, P. J., van der Wal, G., Haverkate, I., de Graaff, C. L. M., Kester, J. G. C., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D., et al. (1996). Euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide and other medical practices involving the end of life in The Netherlands, 1990 -1995. The New England Journal of Medicine, 335(22), 1699-1705.

van der Wal, G., & Dillmann, R. J. M. (1994). Euthanasia in Netherlands. British Medical Journal, 308(6940), 1346-1349.

Veldink, J. H., Wokke, J. H. J., van der Wal, G., Vianney de Jong, J. M. B., & van der Berg, L. H. (2002). Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide among patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the Netherlands. The New England Journal of Medicine, 346(21), 1638-1644.

Vincent, J. L. (1999). Forgoing life support in Western European intensive care units: The results of an ethical questionnaire. Critical Care Medicine, 27(8), 1626-1633.

Vittone, S. B. (2002). Ethics in the ICU. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 14(2), 157-163.

201

Volker, D. L. (2001). Perspective on assisted dying: Oncology nurses' experience with requests for assisted dying from terminally ill patients with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 28(1), 39-49.

Waddell, C., Clarnette, R. M., Smith, M., Oldham, L., & Kellehear, A. (1996). Treatment decision-making at the end of life: A survey of Australian doctors’ attitudes towards patients’ wishes and euthanasia. The Medical Journal of Australia, 165(4), 540-544.

Wallace, S. K., Martin, C. G., Shaw, A. D., & Price, K. J. (2001). Influence of advance directive on the initiation of life support technology in critically ill cancer patients. Critical Care Medicine, 29(12), 2294-2298.

Walter, S. D., Cook, D. J., Guyatt, G. H., Spanier, A., Jaeschke, R., Todd, T. R. J., et al. (1998). Confidence in life- support decisions in the intensive care unit: A survey of healthcare workers. Critical Care Medicine, 26(1), 44-49.

Ward, B. J., & Tate, P. A. (1994). Attitudes among NHS doctors to requests for euthanasia. British Medical Journal, 308(6940), 1332-1334.

Ward, W. R. (2000). Ethical issue and dilemmas. In K. P. Suzanne (Ed.), Case management approach guides to success in management care West Canadian Streets (pp. 296-327). Baltimore: Maryland.

Warren, S. C., Emmett, M. K., Zinn, C., & Warren, L. M. (2002). Dying in West Virginia acute care hospital: What is it like?. The West Virginia Medical Journal, 98(3), 110-113. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

Weeks, J. C., Cook, E. F., O’Day, S. J., Peterson, L. N., Wenger, N., Reding, D., et al. (1998). Relationship between cancer patients’ predictions of prognosis and their treatment preferences. The Journal of the American Medical Association,, 279(21), 1709-1714.

Weiss, G. L. (1996). Attitudes of college students about physician-assisted suicide: The influence of life experiences, religiosity, and belief in autonomy. Death Studies, 20(6), 587-599. Abstract retrieved November 20, 2003, from Pub Med database.

202

Wenger, N. S., Pearson, M. L., Desmond, K. A., Harrison, E. R., Rubenstein, L. V., Rogers, W. H., et al. (1995). Epidemiology of do-not-resuscitate orders: Disparity by age, diagnosis, gender, race, and functional impairment. Archives of Internal Medicine, 155(19), 2056-2062.

White, G. (2001). The code of ethics for nurses. The American Journal of Nursing, 101(10), 73-75

White, L. & Duncan, G. (2002). Ethical responsibilities. In Medical surgical nursing: An integrate approach (2 nd ed., pp. 53-66). Australia: Delmar.

Wilson, K. G., Scott, J. F., Graham, I. D., Kozak, J. F., Chater, S., Viola, R. A., et al. (2000). Attitudes of terminally ill patients toward euthanasia and physician- assisted suicide. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(16), 2454-2460.

Wlody, G. S. (1997). Assisted suicide, recent judicial decisions, and implications for critical care nurses. Critical Care Nurse, 17(5), 71-79.

Wright, F. (2001). Challenge to law on right to die. The Lancet, 358(9294), 1733.Wurzbach, M. E. (2000). Nursing perspectives on practitioner-assisted suicide. Nursing

Outlook, 48(3), 116-119Young, M. G., & Ogden, R. D. (2000). The role of nurses in AIDS care regarding

voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide: A call for further dialogue. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31(3), 513-519.

Young, A., Volker, D., Rieger, P. T., & Thorpe, D. M. (1993). Oncology nurses' attitudes regarding voluntary, physician-assisted dying for competent, terminally ill patients. Oncology Nursing Forum, 20(3), 445-451.

Zoch, T. W., Desbiens, N. A., DeStefano, F., Stueland, D. T., & Layde, P. M. (2000). Short-and long-term survival after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Archives of Internal medicine, 160(13), 1969-1973.