A TransAtlantic Exploration 15 -16 October 2012 UCD Newman House… - Dublin presentation.pdf ·...
Transcript of A TransAtlantic Exploration 15 -16 October 2012 UCD Newman House… - Dublin presentation.pdf ·...
Planning for States and Nation/States: A TransAtlantic Exploration
15th-16th October 2012 UCD Newman House, St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2
DANIEL GALLAND & STIG ENEMARK
AALBORG UNIVERSITY, DENMARK [email protected]
HTTP://PLAN.AAU.DK/~DGALLAND
PLANNING FOR STATES AND NATION/STATES: A TRANSATLANTIC EXPLORATION UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN, NEWMAN HOUSE DUBLIN, IRELAND OCTOBER 15, 2012
THE DANISH NATIONAL SPATIAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK
1. CONTEXT AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1. OVERVIEW OF THE DANISH PLANNING SYSTEM 1. STRUCTURE OF PLANNING/LAND-USE POLICY AND
GOVERNANCE 1. FACTORS SHAPING DANISH SPATIAL PLANNING 1. KEY FEATURES AND LESSONS
OUTLINE
DENMARK AT A GLANCE
43,000 km2
5.58 million inhabitants 1/3 living in Greater Copenhagen
66% agriculture 16% heathland 10% urban 7% water bodies
Copenhagen
Aalborg
Aarhus
Odense
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND THE FORMER DANISH PLANNING SYSTEM
National Planning Overall framework established through guidelines and directives
Regional plans Revised and published every 4 years
Municipal plans Revised and published every 4 years
Local plans Prepared since 1977
1970s - 2007 • “Matryoshka” system
• Classical-modernist conception of
political institutions (Hajer & Wagenaar,
2003)
• Territorial synchrony – demarcated organisational set-up (Hajer, 2003)
• Keynesian welfare national state
(Jessop, 2000)
• Planning as “…the spatial expression
of the welfare state” (Jensen &
Jørgensen, 2000)
• Socio-spatial logic: hierarchical urban settlement pattern
National
Regional
Municipal Local
1ST MUNICIPAL REFORM TERRITORIAL SYNCHRONY
Before 1970 After 1970
NATIONAL AND REGIONAL PLANNING
1981 1980 - 2005
DANISH SPATIAL PLANNING
EU Compendium of Spatial Planning Systems and Policies
• Danish spatial planning as a
“comprehensive-integrated” system based on the principle of framework control
• “… systematic and formal hierarchy of
plans from national to local level, which coordinate public sector activity across different sectors but focus more specifically on spatial co-ordination than economic development” (CEC, 1997, pp. 36-37)
Decentralisation of planning responsibilities - Local representative democracy responsible for local needs
- Combining responsibility for decision making with accountability
for economic, social and environmental consequences
- Providing monitoring and enforcement procedures
Comprehensive planning - Combining aims and objectives, land-use structure planning,
and land use regulations into one comprehensive planning
document covering the total jurisdiction
Public participation - Providing awareness and understanding of the need for
planning regulations in respond to local needs
- Legitimising local political decision making
THREE CORE PRINCIPLES
• Amalgamation of municipalities and abolition of the county level
• Process geared towards managerial efficiency and economies of scale, overlooking geographical criteria
• Rescaling of planning tasks and
responsibilities:
“Centralised - decentralisation”
(Andersen, 2008)
2ND MUNICIPAL REFORM (2007)
2ND MUNICIPAL REFORM (2007) PLANNING IMPLICATIONS
• The scope and performance of the planning system changed in terms of:
• planning conception • planning roles • spatial logics • development orientations • institutional
arrangements
(Galland 2012a, 2012b)
National Planning 12 Regional Plans 271 Municipal Plans 1200 Local Plans
Enforced National Planning 5 Regional ‘Spatial’ Development Plans 98 Municipal Plans 1200 Local Plans
THE NEW DANISH PLANNING SYSTEM
National Planning - National planning report
- National interests - National planning directives
Regional Development
Plans
Municipal Plans
- Planning strategy of the municipality
- Land-use planning for urban and rural areas
Local Plans
RegionalGrowthFora
Businessdevelopmentstrategies
1970 - 2007 Current
Outcome of 1st municipal reform
Outcome of 2nd municipal reform
National Planning Overall framework established through guidelines and directives
Regional plans Revised and published every 4 years
Municipal plans Revised and published every 4 years
Local plans Prepared since 1977
THE DANISH PLANNING POLICY FRAMEWORK
FORMER NATIONAL PLANNING REPORTS
(Ministry of the Environment, 1992)
FORMER NATIONAL PLANNING REPORTS
(Ministry of Environment & Energy, 2000)
FORMER NATIONAL PLANNING REPORTS
(Ministry of the Environment, 2006)
CURRENT NATIONAL PLANNING POLICY
- In 2012 - ‘Green focus’: Sustainable growth, climate and energy, ‘the open land’, DK in a Nordic context
- Less related with the differentiated, strategic spatial reasoning and framing of the former generation of plans (1992, 1997, 2000, 2003 & 2006)
- Instrument stating national (sectoral) policy interests and considerations
- The Minister has the right and obligation to veto municipal planning proposals that contradict national interests
2010 National Planning Report
State’s interests in municipal planning
COPENHAGEN FINGER PLAN NATIONAL DIRECTIVE
- Spatial development framework for the whole city-region according to the principle of station proximity
- Regulates land use in Greater
Copenhagen’s 34 municipalities - Four geographical zones:
- The core (the palm) - The periphery (the fingers) - Green wedges (between & across
urban fingers) - The rest of the urban region
REGIONAL ‘SPATIAL’ DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
- Visionary scope - Focus on regional
strengths for economic growth
- In accordance with
business development strategies
MUNICIPAL PLANNING
- Traditional/Statutory Land-Use Planning
- General structure - Guidelines for land use - Regulatory framework
for local planning
- Master/Strategic Planning of Cities and Suburbs
- Climate Adaptation Planning : Not fully integrated with municipal planning
LOCAL PLANS
- Serve as the legal basis for implementing any major development projects
- Main instrument to issue detailed
planning regulations and means for planning control through building permits
- Plans made available on the national
planning information system http://plansystemdk.dk
LOKALPLAN 10-075NORDKRAFT
AALBORG MIDTBY
AALBORG KOMMUNETEKNISK FORVALTNING
SEPTEMBER 2006
LOKALPLAN 1-1-104MUSIKKENS HUS
AALBORG MIDTBY
AALBORG KOMMUNETEKNIK- OG MILJØFORVALTNINGEN
MARTS 2010
INTERPLAY BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT ORIENTATIONS &
PLANNING ROLES
(Galland, 2012a)
FACTORS SHAPING AND RE-SHAPING SPATIAL PLANNING IN EUROPE
(Adapted from Albrechts et al,
2003)
KEY FEATURES SUMMARY
Plan-led system Strong means of development control; local plans provided prior to any major development
National steering Means of veto to safeguard national sectoral policies
Comprehensive local planning Policies, land-use planning and regulations in one document at the municipal level
Strong decentralisation Planning developed and adopted at local level; public participation ensured and no opportunity for appeals
KEY LESSONS
From “equal” to “appropriate” development From welfarism to neoliberalism
From framework control to “centralised decentralisation” Due to the abolition of the county level
Spatial planning regarded more as a cost than an asset At least since 2001
Towards “spaceless” national and planning Divergence from its comprehensive-integrated tradition
Less to do with spatial coordination
Loss of political clout Government support of other sectors has indirectly decreased the strategic spatial conception of planning at national and regional levels
FURTHER READING ON DANISH PLANNING
CEC (Commission of the European Communities) / Enemark, S. (1999) The EU Compendium of Spatial Planning Systems and Policies - Denmark, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Enemark, S. & Jørgensen, I. (2001) National-level planning in the Danish system, in National-level Planning
in Democratic Countries. An International Comparison of City and Regional Policy-making, (Ed.) R. Alderman, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
Galland, D. (2012a) Understanding the reorientations and roles of spatial planning: The case of national
planning policy in Denmark, European Planning Studies, 20 (8): 1359-1392. Galland, D. (2012b) Is regional planning dead or just coping? The transformation of a state socio-spatial
project into growth-oriented and spaceless strategies, Environment & Planning C: Government & Policy, 30 (3): 536-552.
Galland, D. & Enemark, S. (2012) The Danish National Spatial Planning Framework, Lincoln Institute of Land
Policy Working Paper Series. Galland, D. & Hansen, C.J. (2012) The roles of planning in waterfront redevelopment: From plan-led and
market-driven styles to hybrid planning? Planning Practice & Research, 27(2), pp. 203-225. Galland, D. & Enemark, S. (2013) When spatial planning becomes spaceless? The impact of structural
reforms on planning systems and policies, submitted to The Journal of the American Planning Association.
DANIEL GALLAND [email protected]
HTTP://PLAN.AAU.DK/~DGALLAND
THE DANISH NATIONAL SPATIAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK