A Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership
Transcript of A Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership
A Training Manual for Women inPolitical Leadership
@2021Edited by George Collins Owuor
ii A Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership
AA AffirmativeActionCCGD CollaborativeCentreforGenderandDevelopmentCDFs ConstituencyDevelopmentFundsCRAWN CommunityAdvocacyandAwarenessTrustCREAW CenterforRightsEducationandAwarenessEACC EthicsandAnti-CorruptionCommissionELOG ElectionsObservationGroupFIDA FederationofWomenLawyersinKenyaIEBC IndependentElectoralandBoundariesCommissionKANU KenyaAfricanNationalUnionKAS KonradAdenauerStiftungKEWOPA KenyaWomenParliamentaryAssociationKWPC KenyaWomen’sPoliticalCaucusLWVK LeagueofKenyaWomenVotersMCAs MembersofCountyAssembliesMNA MemberofNationalAssemblyMP MemberofParliamentMYWO MaendeleoyaWanawakeNASA NationalSuperAllianceNCSW NationalCommissionontheStatusofWomenNCWK NationalCouncilofWomenofKenyaNDI NationalDemocraticInstituteNGEC NationalGenderandEqualityCommissionNGO Non-GovernmentalOrganizationORPP OfficeofRegistrarofPoliticalPartiesPCA PowerandChangeAnalysisPEA PoliticalEconomyAnalysisPPLC PoliticalPartiesLiaisonCommitteeSWOT StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesandThreatsWMNA WomenMemberoftheNationalAssemblyWPAK Women’sPoliticalAllianceofKenya
Acronyms
iiiA Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership
Acronyms............................................................................................................................................TableofContents..................................................................................................................................ListofTables........................................................................................................................................ListofFigures......................................................................................................................................Foreword...............................................................................................................................................Acknowledgement...............................................................................................................................1.0 Facilitator’s Information...............................................................................................................1.1SuccessfulUseOfTheManual.....................................................................................................1.1.1Planningandpreparingforthetraining....................................................................................1.1.2Compositionofthetraininggroup/participants.........................................................................1.1.3Climatesettingforeffectivelearning........................................................................................1.1.4ParticipantsIntroductions.........................................................................................................1.1.5SharingExpectationsandObjectives.....................................................................................1.1.6ParticipatoryTrainingTechniques............................................................................................1.1.7Qualitiesofagoodfacilitator....................................................................................................
Module 1: Contextual Overview Women and Politics in Kenya.....................................................ActivityOne:WomenParticipationinElections...................................................................................Handout1.1HistoricalBackground......................................................................................................Handout1.2ImpactonWomen’sAccesstoElectedandAppointedPositionsinKenya......................Handout1.3PatternsofPowerandDecisionMaking..........................................................................Module 2: Politics And Gender..........................................................................................................ActivityOne:DefiningGenderConcept................................................................................................Handout2.1GenderConcept...............................................................................................................ActivityTwo:GenderManifestationsinElectionandPolitics..............................................................Handout2.2CulturesandTraditionalGenderRoles............................................................................Handout2.3GenderAnalysisof2017Elections..................................................................................Handout2.4ViolenceagainstWomeninElections..............................................................................Module 3: Campaign Strategies........................................................................................................ActivityOne:WhyCampaign................................................................................................................ActivityTwo:HowtoCampaign..........................................................................................................ActivityThree:Lobbying......................................................................................................................ActivityFour:CampaignTips................................................................................................................Handout3.1IntroductiontoCampaignStrategies...............................................................................Module 4: Communication and Presentation Skills......................................................................ActivityOne:PresentationSkills..................................................................................................ActivityTwo:HandlingNegativeSituations..................................................................................
Table of Contents
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Module 5: Engaging Media................................................................................................................ActivityOne:WhatisthemeaningofMedia?....................................................................................ActivityTwo:HowtousetheMedia....................................................................................................ActivityThree:WritingEffectivePressRelease.................................................................................Handout5.1HowtoWriteanEffectivePressRelease.........................................................................Module 6: Election Rules and Regulations........................................................................................Handout6.1ElectoralLawsofKenya..................................................................................................Handout6.2QualificationsandRequirementsforElectivePositions.................................................Module 7: Political Economy Analysis (PEA)..................................................................................ActivityOne:HowtoconductPEA....................................................................................................ActivityTwo:ActorsandAgents.........................................................................................................REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................APPENDICES......................................................................................................................................AppendixOne:TrainingCourseContent..............................................................................................AppendixTwo:TrainingTimeTable......................................................................................................AppendixThree:TrainingEvaluationChecklist....................................................................................
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List of Tables
Table1:TestYourPotentialasaCampaigner.........................................................................Table2:PersonalPresentationandImage..............................................................................Table3:YouandyourAudience.Tickthestatementsthatyouagreewith.............................Table4:CandidateforPresidentialElection...........................................................................Table5:CandidateforGovernorElection..............................................................................Table6:CandidateforSenateElection..................................................................................Table7:CandidateforNationalAssemblyElection................................................................Table8:CandidateforWardCountyAssemblyElection........................................................Table9:GeneralRequirementsforIndependentCandidates................................................Table10:AppendixOneTrainingCourseContent..................................................................Table11:AppendixTwoTrainingTimeTable..........................................................................Table12:AppendixThreeTrainingEvaluationChecklist........................................................
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List of Figures
Figure1TypesofMedia..........................................................................................................Figure2Threedimensionsofthepowerandchangeanalysis...............................................Figure3Power/Influencematrix.............................................................................................
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Foreword
KonradAdenauerStiftung(KAS)isaGermanPoliticalFoundationworkinginKenyasince1974topromoteandconsolidatethetenetsofdemocracy.TheprocessdemandsthatthecitizensofKenya,thecivilsociety,politicalpartiesandotherstakeholdersareallinvolvedintheprocessofbuildingdemocracy.Thefoundationhaspreviouslybeenengagedwithpartnerstopushforparticipationofwomeninleadershipanddecisionmakingprocesses.TheunderrepresentationofKenyanwomenonmattersofpoliticsandgovernancenecessitatedtheformulationofthetwothirdsgenderprincipletoensurethatwomenhaveasay.TheKenyanConstitutiondemandsthatwomenoccupyatleastonethirdofallseats inparliamentandonethirdofallappointedpositions.Currently,outof the349seatsinparliament,only86arefemalemakingup21%thatisbothelectedandnominated.Despitetheintroduction of the two thirds gender rule, women parliamentarians continue to be subjected tostereotypes,sexism,accusationsofincompetence,dominantvisionsbasedonpatriarchy/inequality.Womenparliamentarians–whetherelected,nominatedorselectedunderaffirmativeactionprovidejustasmuchvalueasthemaleparliamentarians.However,theircontributionsaregreatlyinfluencedbytheirlevelofeducation,professionalbackground,workandlifeexperience.
Forbetterperformanceinfutureelectionswiththelatestbeing2022,womenaspirantsneedtobeequippedwiththerightskillsettoeffectivelycampaign.Othercapacityneedssuchashowtorunasuccessfulelectioncampaign,strategic thinking,advocacyand lobbying,how topracticedatadrivenpoliticswhilebringingforthissuesthataffecttheconstituentsandprovethatwomenarenotthatincompetentafterall,effectivecommunicationandpublicspeakingskills,amongmanyothertopicsareessential forwomenaspirants.Women legislatorsneedtogobeyond justpushingforgender sensitive issues that affect children, youth andwomenbut also delve into other equallyimportanttopicssuchashealth,agriculture,energy,land,wateretc.
Thegoalthereforeofthistrainingmanualistoprovideaframeworkthatcanbeusedtoenhancetheknowledgeandskillsofwomenaspirantstobecomemorestrategicintheircampaignsandincreasetheirchancestowinelectionsin2022/future.
Dr.AnnetteSchwandnerCountryDirectorKenyaKonrad-Adenauer-Stiftunge.V.
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Acknowledgements
TheconsultantMr.GeorgeCollinsOwuorwish toappreciate theguidanceandsupport receivedfromKonradAdenauerStiftungthatmadethepublicationofthistrainingmanualpossible.SpecificmentionsgotoCountryDirector;Dr.AnnetteSchwandnerandMs.SheilaNgatia-KASProgramCoordinatorfortheirtechnicalguidancethroughouttheprocess.Thankyou!
George Collins Owuor Consultant
1Facilitator’s Information
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1.0 Facilitator’s Information
ThemanualhasbeendesignedforuseforthetrainingofaspiringwomencandidatesforelectivepoliticalpositionsinKenyanelections.ItisintendedtoassistthewomencandidatestoovercomethenumerouschallengesandimpedimentsthattheyfaceintheirquestforelectiveseatsinKenyanelections.Themanualprovidesguidelinesandresourcematerialsfordesigningeffectivecampaignstrategiesthroughtraining,knowledgeandexperiencesharing.Itwillbeusedtostrengthenselectedwomenpoliticians’capacitiestocompetitivelyvieforvariouspoliticalseatsduringKenya’selectionsandstandhigherchancesofclinchingtheelectiveseats.
1.1 Successful use of the Manual
The successful use of themanual depends on the extent towhich the facilitator/trainer is abletoactively involve theparticipants toengage in the trainingdiscourse.The trainingcontentanddeliveryapproachhasbeendesignedtoencourageparticipationbyeachindividualthroughtheuseofrole-play,casestudiesandextensivediscussionanddebate.
Thismanualisspecificallydesignedforwomentoincreasetheirparticipationinpoliticalleadershipthroughdemocraticelections.TheTrainingManualcomprisesoftrainingmodulesthatentailtopic-basedtoolsincludingtrainer’sguides,presentationsandhandouts;andadditionalresources.Whileeveryattempthasbeenmadetoadaptthesematerialstoauniversalaudience,thosewhousethemshouldcarefully reviewallcontentandmodify it,asappropriate, to theircontextandexperiencelevelsofparticipants.Theexercises,conceptsandstrategiesinthismanualandtheaccompanyingmodulesseektoempowerwomentobecomeactiveincivilsociety,politicalparties,electionsandgovernment.
Eachtrainingmoduleincludesatrainer’sguidetonavigatepotentialtrainersthrougheachsession,participantexercises,presentationsandhandouts.Theguidelinesbelowexplainhowthefacilitator/trainercanhelpparticipantstoparticipatefully.Thefacilitator/trainerisfree,however,touseotherparticipatory training methods when using this manual. It is therefore, critical that appropriatetechniques for their trainingareused.The followingassumptionsweremade indetermining thetrainingcontentanddeliverytechnique;
• MajorityofthecandidateswillhaveachievedsomelevelofeducationuptosecondaryschoollevelandabletocomprehendandengageinEnglishastheinstructionallanguage.
• Thecandidatesareadultsabove18yearsofagehencethejustificationofusingadultlearningtechniquestoensurethattheyfullyunderstandtheissues,adopttheskillsandcanreplicatethesameintheirownenvironment.
Themanualispurposelydesignedtouserole-plays,casestudies,smallgroupdiscussionsandplenarydiscussionsasthemainmethodsandtoolsfordeliveringthelearningoutcomesandskills.Additionalinformationfromliteraturereviewisprovidedineachmodule.Thefollowingprincipleswillguidethedeliveryofthetrainingcontentusingthismanual;
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1.1.1 Planning and preparing for the training
The following factorsshouldbe taken intoconsiderationwhenplanning thesessions inorder toinfluencetheamountandqualityofthecandidates’participation:
• Adequatepreparationonthepartofthefacilitator(contentwise,materials,preparationofadditionalmaterialsthatdelivercontent);
• Thesizeofthetraininggroup/numberofparticipants;• Age,educationlevel,language,politicalaffiliationofthecandidates• Effectiveuseoffacilitationskillstoencourageparticipation;• Timeavailableandhowefficientlyitisused;• Trainingaidandequipmentavailable;and,• Appropriatenessofthevenue.
1.1.2 Composition of the training group/participants
Theparticipants/candidateswill be drawn fromvarious educational, political and socioeconomicbackgrounds.Itisimportantthatthefacilitator/trainerisinclusiveinhis/herapproach.Aninclusiveapproachwilltakecareofvariouspeculiarcharacteristicsoftheparticipants/candidatesandthusensuring that effective learning takes place in a large and diverse group, the facilitatorwill usetechniquesthatarerelevantandsensitivetothedifferentviewsandexperiencesoftheparticipants/candidates.
1.1.3 ClimateSettingforEffectiveLearning
In order to enable participants/candidates to express their views freely, it is important that theFacilitator/trainercreatesaclimateconduciveforadultlearningandparticipation.Thefollowingaresomeoftheprinciplesthatwillbeusedtoenhanceparticipation;
• Provideanopportunityforparticipantstogettoknoweachotherinaparticipatorymanner.Suggestionsforachievingthisaredescribedbelow:heartheirexpectationsandconcerns;
• Checktheirexpectationsagainsttheobjectivesoftheprogramand,• Facilitate thegenerationof rulesornormsfor thegroup to followthroughout the training
session.• Help the group to create a climate of trust and respect for all participants through a
participatoryprocess.
1.1.4 Participants Introductions
Theintroductionsessionswillhelpmembersofthegrouptoknoweachotherbydoingthefollowingactivitiesoranyotherrelevantexercise:
1. Namecards-Giveeachparticipantapieceofpaper.Asktheparticipantstowritetheirnameclearlyonthepaper.Letthemfoldthepaperintwoandletitstandinfrontofthemsothateveryoneisabletoseeit.
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2. WhatIwanttoknowaboutyou-Asktheparticipantswhattheywouldliketoknowabouttheotherpeopleinthegroup.Asktheparticipantstogivetheirideasaboutwhattheywouldliketoknow.Listtheseonaflipchart.Choosefiveorsixitemsfromthelist.Asktheparticipantstointerviewthepersonsittingnexttothemtoobtaintheinformation.
1.1.5 SharingExpectationsandObjectives
Asktheparticipantstowritedownwhattheywouldliketolearnduringtheworkshop.Askthemtopresenttheirexpectationsinplenary.Astheparticipantsspeak,listtheirpointsonaflipchart.Tellthegrouptolistentothesewithoutcommentingonthem(allowquestionsforclarificationonly).Oncealltheparticipantshavespoken,lookatthelistofexpectations.Ifaparticipantexpectstodiscusssomethingthatisnotonyouragenda,makeitclearthatthisparticularexpectationisunlikelytobemet.(Ifpossible,suggestanalternative).Keepthelistofexpectationsonaflipchart.Attheendoftheprogram,reviewthelistwiththegrouptoseetheextenttowhichtheexpectationsweremet.
1.1.6 Participatory Training Techniques
Thefollowingtechniquesareusedthroughoutthemanualtoencouragelearners’activeparticipationinthelearningprocess:
1. Individual work (3-5 Minutes);Askparticipantstoworkalone.Letthemmakenotesaboutwhattheythinkandfeel.
2. Group work (10 Minutes);Askparticipantstogetintosmallgroups(5-6people).Askthemtofocusonaparticulartopicorconcept.Letthemsharetheirthoughtsandfeelingswithothersinthegroup.
3. Plenary; aftersmallgroupdiscussions,gettheparticipantsbackintothelargergroup.Askeachgrouptoreporttothemaingroupaboutwhattheydiscussedandagreed.Tosavetime,askthepersonreportingnottorepeatthepointsthathavealreadybeenmadebyanothergroup.
4. Role-play;Ask volunteers to read “parts” of a topic from the Training Manual (Do notpressurizeanyonetoparticipateinthisprocess).Letthemplaytheroletheyhavechosen.Asktheparticipantstodiscusstheissuesunderlyingtheroleplay.Asktheroleplayerstocommentontheroletheywereplaying.
5. Case Studies;Theuseofcasestudieshelpsparticipantstoconsiderhypotheticalsituationsandhowtheywouldreactorrespondtothem.Offerthemanopportunitytoshareproblem-solvingtechniques.
6. Summaries and evaluations;attheendofeachmodulesummarizeissuesthathavebeendealtwith.Linkthemtotheoverallobjectivesofthesession.Checkwithparticipantsifthesehavebeenmet.
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1.1.7 Qualities of a good facilitator
Toensuremaximumparticipationofallinthetrainingsession,thefacilitatormust:
• begendersensitive;• benonpartisanpolitically;and,• Refrainfromactsorstatementsthatportraynegativelytheleadershiporanyaspectparticular
ofanyparticularparty.• beinnovativeinthefacilitation(methodology,instrumentsandmaterials)• Alwaysknowaboutthelearningprogressoftheparticipants.
Note:Mostoftheparticipantsforthetrainingwillbewomenasthisisatrainingmanualfor female candidateswhoareaspirants for leadership in politics.Nevertheless,thefacilitatorshouldstressthroughoutthetraining,thatitwillbeimportantforthewomentodealwiththeresistancetheymightfaceifrunningascandidateespeciallybymen,tryingtoexplainandbuildconsensusbasedonthecontenttheywilllearn.Eventhe integrationofmaleparticipants inthetrainingmightbehelpfulatsomepointsinordertoestablisharealdialogueondifferentrolesandviewsonthetopic.Preparethefemaleparticipantsforaprocessthatmightnotbeeasybutencouragethem not to give up just because of outside pressure. If possible, refer to (e.g.regional) female rolemodels in the fight for leadership for their encouragementthroughout.
MODULE 1Contextual Overview Women and Politics in Kenya
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ModuleObjectives By the end of the module, participants/candidates should be able to:• Describe the role of women in politics in Kenya• State what women need in order to participate in political
leadershipTrainingAid&Resources PowerPoint presentation slides, Flip chart stand, Flip charts, Flip
chartmarkers,Maskingtapeandparticipants’previousknowledgeand experiences
MethodofDelivery PowerPoint presentation, facilitator led discussion, experience sharing and group work
Duration 120 Minutes (2 hours)
Activity One; Women Participation in Elections
Dividetheparticipantsintosmalldiscussiongroups.Askthemtodiscusstheextenttowhichwomenparticipatedinthepreviouspresidential,gubernatorial,parliamentaryandcountywardlevelelections.Youmayaskthemthefollowingquestionstoguidethem:
1. How many women (that you knew) participated in the last presidential, gubernatorial,parliamentaryandcountywardlevelelections?
2. HowmanyofthesemadeitintotheMemberofCountyAssemblypositions?3. Howmanyofthesemadeitintothegubernatorialpositions?4. Howmanyofthesemadeitintothepresidentialposition?5. Letthempresenttheirfindingsinplenary.
Conduct a facilitator led presentation and discussion to consolidate the activity’s outcomes using the information shown below;
Handout 1.1 Historical Background
Kenyawomen’spresenceandpoliticalparticipationinleadershipandgovernancehasalonghistorydating from pre-colonial through colonial to post-colonial period. For example, the first womanChief-WanguwaMakeri-(1901-1909),whodefiedpatriarchalstructuresofcultureandtradition,androsetobecomeaformidableleaderwhoissaidtohavebroughtdevelopmentandpeacetohercommunity.Many“unsungheroines”accomplishedsimilarfeats;includingthosewhoactivelyparticipated in thecountry’s liberationstruggleof the1940sand1950s, thusdemonstrating thatwomencananddomakeasignificantdifferenceeveninhostileenvironments.SinceKenyaattainedformalindependencein1963,womenhavebeenseekingtoeffectivelyparticipatealongsidemen,ingovernanceanddecision-makinginallaspectsofpubliclife1.
1 Women in Political Leadership in Kenya: Access, Agenda Setting & Accountability. By: Amb. Prof. Maria Nzomo. Institute of Diplomacy & International Studies, University of Nairobi 2013
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Butinthefirstfourdecadesofpostcolonialrule,progresstowardswomen’saccesstoformalpoliticalleadership positions, has been slow due to a combination of structural obstacleswhich includedeeplyembeddedpatriarchalsocio-culturalvalues,undemocraticinstitutionsandpolicyframeworksandlowlevelsofcivicandgenderawareness.Duetotheconstrictedformalpoliticalspace,mostwomen’spoliticalengagementoperatedoutsidethestate,withminimalconnectionorsupportfromthelargelypatriarchalstate.
Globally, strong women’s movements play a critical role in creating political space for femaleparticipationinpoliticsandinsupportingengenderedsocialchange.TheKenyawomen’smovementhasplayedakey roleasachangeagent in respect toadvancementofwomen’s rights,genderequality,socialjusticeandengenderinggovernanceingeneral.
Theperiodpriorto1992,ledtosilencingofwomen’spoliticalvoicesbytheKenyanstatethatwasintoleranttocivilsocietyorganizing,unlesssuchagroupcondonedandpromotedtheoppressivepoliticalstatusquo.Capacitytoorganizeandengagepoliticallywasthuslacking.Theonlythreenationalwomen’sorganizationsallowedtofunctionatthetimewerenamely;MaendeleoyaWanawake(MYWO),NationalCouncilofWomenofKenya(NCWK)andtheNairobiBusinessandProfessionalWomen’sorganization-operatedstrictlyongovernment’s terms: theyhadtobenon-politicalandnon-partisaninalltheiractionsanddeedsandhadtolimittheir‘women’sagenda,strictlytosocialwelfareprovisioning,promotingtheroleofwomenashomemakers,mobilizing&organizingwomenatgrassroots’levelintowomen’sgroupstosupportagendasofmalepoliticalelites.Between1963-1992,therewaslittlechangeinwomen’sstatusandtheStatesupportforwomen’sempowermentinitiativeswasminimalatbest.Thegovernmentco-optedorcontrolledwomen’sorganizations,e.g.1987mergerofMYWOwiththerulingandonlypoliticalparty-KANU.Theperiodsince1992hasbeendubbedthe“SecondLiberation”politicalphaseforKenya,asitmarkedthereturntopoliticalpluralism in Kenya and the beginning of opening up of political space for exercising basic anduniversallyaccepteddemocraticfreedoms2.
Theopeningupofpolitical space facilitatedwomen’spoliticalengagement/activismandcreateda pathway for revitalization of the women’s movement, as manifested in the emergence andmushroomingofnewwomen’sNGOs,withradicalfeministagendasfortransformativechangeingenderpowerrelations.Newandoldwomenleadershipsandperspectivesconvergedtostrategicallyutilizethispoliticalmoment&todevelopawomenspecificdemocraticagendawithspecificActionPlansand targets.Thiswasdone in1992ataNationalWomen’sConventionunder the theme:Women’sAgendaforaDemocraticKenya.TheConventionthatbroughtover2,000Kenyanwomenrepresentativesfromacrossthewholecountrydemandedthatthedemocratizationbeengendered;anoverhauloflegalpolicyframework,toremoveallformsofdiscriminationagainstwomeninaccesstodecision-makingpositions;inemployment,etc.Consequently,women’srepresentativesputasidetheirdifferencesandunitedaroundthemotto:“UnityinDiversityforWomen’sEmpowerment”,asastrategyforeffectivecollectiveactiontowardstheStateandtofacilitatetheengenderingprocess3.
Activities undertaken by the Women’s Movement in Setting the Gender Agenda
• Women’saccesstopoliticalpowerthroughvotereducation(e.g.TheLeagueofKenyaWomenVoters(LWVK)formedin1992.Capacity building training of women candidates and Election Monitoring(NationalCommissionontheStatusofWomen(NCSW),formedin1992.
2 Study:“WomeninPoliticsandPublicDecision-making”-Prof.MariaNzomo.19913 Women’sAgendaforaDemocraticKenya:PoliticalParticipation”.PaperpresentedattheNationalWomen’sConvention,KICC,Nairobi22February.;1992
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• Civic Education, Lobbying & Advocacy. Legal Rights EducationforwomenandengaginginPublicInterestLitigationtochallengediscriminationandlegalbiasagainstwomen(TheFederationofWomenLawyers,(FIDA-Kenya)establishedin1985,incoalitionwithotherwomenNGOs).Forexample,inJuly2011,FIDA-KenyatogetherwithseveralotherwomenNGOs,wenttocourttochallengeandupholdasunconstitutionaltheappointmentofjudgestotheSupremeCourt,duetothefailurebytheappointingauthoritytocomplywiththe“nomorethantwothirdsofeithergenderprinciple”ofAA,asprovidedintheKenyanConstitution.
• Strengthening Mechanism for Collaboration, mobilization and Collective Action among Women’s Organizations(e.g.TheKenyaWomen’sPoliticalCaucus(KWPC)formedinApril1997;Women’sPoliticalAllianceofKenya(WPAK).AsignificantAgendasettingcontributionbytheCaucuswasthelaunchingoftheWomen’sPoliticalManifestoforthe2002GeneralElections,whichdefinedwomen’sownplatformforpoliticalparticipation,andservedasawomen’sAgendaAccountabilitytoolforpoliticalaspirantsandpoliticalparties;&theG10.
• Engendering the National Budgets and Parliamentary Governance, and Legislative work (KENYAWomenParliamentaryAssociation(KEWOPA)formedin2002;TheWomen’sShadowParliament–Kenya(WSP-K)&TheCollaborativeCentreForGenderAndDevelopment(CCGD)e.g. engendering parliamentary standing orders and other HouseRules; sponsoringwomenfriendly and gender related Bills; establishing a parliamentary gender desk and developinggendermaterialsforengenderingparliamentarydebatesmotionstabledinparliament.
• Affirmative Action (AA) as a Strategy for Access & Representation in Key Decision-making Posts.The issueofaccess topoliticalofficebecamepertinent inKenyaas inotherAfrican countries, due to the deeply entrenched structural societal barriers cited above, thatblockwomen’sentryintopolitical leadershipandseemtoaccompanythem,whenandiftheyaccedetopoliticaloffice.AmongmanywomeninKenya,the implicit assumption behind the many decades of concerted efforts to gain access to political leadership has remained that women can and do make a significant and positive difference when in leadership.Thisviewhasremainedanchoredontheconvictionthatdespitetheirpoliticalmarginality,throughoutKenya’spoliticalhistory,womenhavedemonstratedpositiveperformanceinpublicleadershipandintheirdailylivesandcoulddomoreiftheyattainedacriticalmass.Thefailuretoattaina“criticalmass”ofwomeninformalpoliticalrepresentationstructuresdespiteallefforts,hasledovertheyearstotheconvictionthattheonlysolutiontothisstagnationlayintheprovisionofconstitutionalandnon-constitutionalAffirmativeAction(AA)measures.The(AffirmativeAction)AAmeasuresthencametobeviewedasacoremechanismforunblockingwomen’saccessandattainmentoftheoptimal(“criticalmass”)presenceofwomeninformalgovernancestructures.
The engagement with the State and attempts to hold it accountable for the provision andimplementationofAAmeasureshastakenplacethroughthecollaborationofprimarilyWomenMPs;womeninNGOsandactivistgenderscholars.Individuallyandcollectively,theyhavebeenactiveinseekingtoengageandlobbytheStatetoenactanAAlegislation,withoutsuccess,fornearlytwodecades.Themany failedattemptsatenactinganAA lawwasfinally rewarded inAugust2010,followingthepromulgationofanewConstitution,thatyieldedaveryprogressivelegalandpoliticalinstrument,thatnotonlyprovidesforAAbutguaranteesbothwomenandmen,equalityofrightsanddutiesinequalmeasure;andremovesallformsofdiscriminationinbothlegalandsocialpractice.
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AkeyWomen’sgaininThe2010Constitution,istheentrenchmentofAAprovisionsintheBillofRights;thusfirmlysecuringandguaranteeingcompliancebytheStateinrespecttoimplementationofthe“nomorethantwothirdsofeithergender”principle(quotasandreservedseats),inallappointiveandelectoraloffices.AlsoentrenchedintheBillofRightsaretheprovisionsforequalityofrightsbetweenwomenandmenandoutlawingofdiscriminationonanygrounds.TheConstitutionalsoprovides foradevolvedgovernancestructure thatopensnewopportunities forgenderequitableparticipationandgovernance.
The2010Constitutionhasopeneddoorstotheimplementationofalongstalledgenderagenda,andprovidedthenecessaryconstitutionalmechanisms,forwomentoholdthestateaccountableandinparticularattainandsurpassthelongawaited30%criticalmassfemalepresenceinparliamentHowever trends todate indicate thatmale resistance toAAremains;andhencemore thaneverbeforewomencollectivepressureisrequiredtoholdthestateaccountable4.
Handout 1.2 Impact on Women’s Access to Elected and Appointed Positions in Kenya
Inthe2013generalelections,thefirstsincetheconstitutionalreform,morewomengainedseatsintheNationalAssemblythaneverbefore.AsstipulatedintheConstitution,47seatswereallocatedintheNationalAssemblyfor‘Women’sRepresentatives’,whowereelectedatthecountylevelinadditiontoMPselectedfromsingle-memberconstituencies.Theirpresenceinadditionto16femaleMPselectedatconstituencylevel,and5nominatedfemaleMPsincreasedtheoverallproportionofwomen in theNationalAssembly from7.5% in2011 to19.1% in2013.In theSenate,politicalpartieswererequiredtonominate16womeninadditiontothewomensenatorselectedatcountylevelthroughanopencontest:womennowcomprise27%ofsenators.ElectionswerealsoheldforthefirsttimefortheCountyAssemblies.Outof1,450wards,82womenweredirectlyelected(5%).Asthetwo-thirdsgenderrulewasimplementedatthecountylevel,politicalpartylistswereusedtonominateadditionalwomentobringtheproportionofwomenineachassemblyupto33%5.
Forwomentoinfluencethelegislativearmofgovernment,theyneedtobefullyinvolvedandparticipateeffectivelyincommittees,aswellasinotherinfluentialhousepositions,includingasspeaker,leaderof themajority/minorityandchairsofvariousparliamentarycommittees.Thesepositionsarekeytoguiding,swayingandevenmanipulatingtheagendaofthelegislature(FIDA,2013)6.Ofthe10leadershippositionsintheNationalAssembly,womenholdonlytwo.Womenchairsevenoutofthe27NationalAssemblycommitteesandserveasvice-chairsinanothereight.Thisdoesrepresentasignificant increaseonthelastparliament,wherewomenchairedonly5%ofcommittees(Lott,forthcoming)7.Butthispositivesigniseclipsedbythefactthatfemalerepresentationinamajorityofthecommitteesfailstosatisfythetwo-thirdsgenderrepresentationrule.
The proportion of female technocrats increased from 12% to 27%.Although the two-thirds rulehasnotyetbeenlegislatedforappointedpositions,thereisanunderstandingbycitizensthat,ataminimum,one-thirdofallnewappointmentsshouldbewomen(Trippetal.2014)8.
4 WomeninPoliticalLeadershipinKenya:Access,AgendaSetting&Accountability.By:Amb.Prof.MariaNzomo.InstituteofDiplomacy&InternationalStud-ies,UniversityofNairobi20135 Ghai,Y.P.andCottrell,J.(2011)Kenya’sConstitution:AnInstrumentforChange.Nairobi:KatibaInstitute.6 FIDA(FederationofWomenLawyersinKenya)(2010)‘FIDAAnnualReport’.Nairobi:FIDA.7 Lott,C.(Forthcoming).Partofthe‘Women’sLeadershipasaRoutetoGreaterEmpowerment’researchprogramme,WashingtonDC:20148 Tripp,A.(2014)‘Women’sMovementandConstitutionMakingafterCivilUnrestandConflictinAfrica:TheCasesofKenyaandSomalia.Paper.
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Furthermore,womenhavetendedtofinditeasiertoassert theirauthority inappointedpositionswhere their hard technical skills are required.Awareness thatwomenshouldbe represented inappointedpositionshashadaclearimpactinthejudiciary,wherewomenarewellrepresentedatthemiddleandlowerlevels;theproportionofwomenintheAppealsandHighCourtis31%and44%,respectively(Lott,forthcoming)9.Atthehigherlevels,menstilltendtodominate;ofthesevenjudgesintheSupremeCourt,fivearemen.Theoverallscoreforwomen’sleadershipinsecuritysectorhasnotimprovedsignificantly,althoughtherehasbeena6.5%increaseinthenumberofcommandersinthepolice.
Whiletheoverallpictureisencouraging,theintroductionofaquotasystemhascreatedanewsetofchallengesforwomen.Crucially,theintroductionofaquotaof47Women’sRepresentativesintheNationalAssemblyand16seatsforfemalesenatorsdoesnotguaranteeatleast30%representationofwomen inParliament.Moreover, political partiesareusing theallocationof seats forwomentodiscouragewomenfromvyingforsingleconstituencyseatsandCountyAssemblyseatsor todiscouragevotersfromvotingforwomen.Inthe2013elections,politicalpartiesreportedlyaskedfemalecandidatestostepdownfromtheelectionraceattheconstituencylevel,withthepromisethattheywouldbenominatedforaWomen’sRepresentativeposition.Insituationswhereamalecandidate was running against a female candidate, the former used the allocation of seats forwomentoconvincevotersthatthelatterhadalreadygotherplace.
Forexample,inthesingleconstituencycontest,malecandidatesarguedfemalecandidatesalreadyhadseatsallocatedatthecountylevel(i.e.asWomen’sRepresentatives)andthatvotingforthemattheconstituencylevelwasawastedvote(Trippetal.2014).Mirroringthenarrativeatthenationallevel,malecandidatesatthecountylevelarguedfemalecandidateswouldgettheirseatsthroughthetop-upmechanism.10Thereissomeevidencethatthesestrategiesreducedtheoverallnumberofwomenelected throughopen contest in 2013.The number ofwomenelected directly at theconstituency leveldidnot increase in2013comparedwith2007, representingstagnationon theupwardtrendoftheprecedingthreeelections.
Ifthequotasystemcontinuestobeusedeithertoconvincefemalecandidatestostepasidefromtheopencontestortodissuadevotersfromvotingforfemalecandidates,theallocationof47seatsforWomen’sRepresentativesand16seatsfortheSenatecouldpotentiallycapfemalerepresentationat 14% and 24%, respectively. The proportional representation system introduced through theConstitutionworksattheleveloftheallocationofnominatedseats,whichisbasedonthenumberofelectiveseatswonbyapartyandnotthenumberofvotesacandidategains.Thissystemfavorslargerparties;smallerparties,whichtendtobefriendliertowomen,donotgetasmuchopportunitytonominateasmanymembers(FIDA,2013)11.
ManyofthepatriarchalwaysofconductingpoliticsinKenyathatlimitedfemaleinvolvementbeforethereformremaincriticalfactorslimitingtheimpactofthereform.Femalepoliticiansstillciteviolenceandintimidationaskeytodissuadingthemfromenteringthe2013elections.12Muchoftheviolencedirectedtowardswomencontinuestobesexualinnatureandusedtohumiliatefemalecandidatessociallyapprovedfemaleroles–thatis,asmothersandwives.Somefemalepoliticiansproduceaggressiveresponses,whicharethenusedtofurtherunderminetheirpositionas‘decentwomen’13.
9 Lott,C.(Forthcoming).Partofthe‘Women’sLeadershipasaRoutetoGreaterEmpowerment’researchprogramme,WashingtonDC:201410 Tripp,A.,Lott,C.andKhabure,L.(2014)‘Women’sLeadershipasaRoutetoGreaterEmpowerment:KenyaCaseStudy’.Nairobi:USAID.11 FIDA(FederationofWomenLawyersinKenya)(2013)‘KeyGainsandChallenges:AGenderAuditofKenya’s2013ElectionProcess’Nairobi:FIDA,USAIDandNDI.12 Tripp,A.(2014)‘Women’sMovementandConstitutionMakingafterCivilUnrestandConflictinAfrica:TheCasesofKenyaandSomalia.Paper.13 Chweya,E.(2015)‘MPMillieOdhiamboRevealsWhySheUndressedInParliament’.Ghafla,11May.
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However,initsauditofthegendergaininthe2013elections,FIDA(2013)foundfewincidentsofreporteddirectviolenceinthecampaign.FIDAhadsetupahotlineforreportingincidents;perhapstheincreasedlevelsofaccountabilitythenewpoliticaldispensationaffordeddissuadedattackersfromfollowingthroughwiththeirthreats.
In addition to verbal and physical abuse, subtler gendered norms continue to limit women’sparticipation inpolitical life.Many formsofpolitical canvassing remainsociallyunacceptable forfemales.Forexample,mencansitinvillagesanddrinklocalbrewwithopinionleadersandvotemobilisers;womenwouldbecastigatedforthistypeofbehavior.FemalecandidatesalsocontinuetofacecriticismovertheConstituencytheychoosetorunin.Amalecandidatealwayscampaignsinhishomeconstituencybut,ifafemalecandidateismarried,herhomeconstituencymayrejecther,assheshouldnowbelivinginherhusband’sConstituency.Ifafemalecandidate’shusbandisofadifferentethnicity,campaigninginherhusband’sconstituencycouldbeproblematic.
Accesstoresourcesremainsaproblemforfemaleshopingtoenterpolitics.Manywomenwhoareelectedhail fromwealthybackgroundsorhavemademoneythroughsuccessfulcareers.Familywealth and connections to party leaders andmachinery are also important forms of access toresources tosupportwomen’saccess topolitics.But limitedcontrolofandownershipofassetsandresources limitsaccess toa largeproportionofKenyanwomentopositionsof influence,oropportunities forpolitical careers.Although theConstitutionsupports thebequeathingof land todaughters,informalnormsmakethisdifficulttoimplementovertheshortterm.EvenwiththenewrightstheConstitutionaffordswomen,somewomeninterviewedadmittedthattheydidnotchallengetheallocationoffamilylandtotheirbrothers.Landandpropertycontinuestobeakeysourceoffinancingformalecandidates.
DatacollectedbyFIDAonthe2013elections,showfemalecandidateswerealmostassuccessfulasmenatgettingelectedoncetheyhadbeennominated.Thisindicatesthatacriticalconstraintisthelimitednumberofwomenwhoarenominated.FIDA(2013),concludesthatpoliticalpartiesremaindominatedbymen,withlowrepresentationofwomeninkeydecision-makingroles.Itwashopedtheincreaseinwomen’spoliticalrepresentationwouldbringaboutadifferenttypeofpolitics.Theformalrulesofthegamehavechanged,allowingwomenalevelofrepresentationthatwouldhavebeendifficulttoachievebefore.Inlinewiththeliteratureonthelimitsofquotas,itisclearthatpresenceandnumbersofwomenMPsinandof itself tellus littleabout thequalityof legislativeaction,normativeorideologicalpreferencesorthepoliticalallegiancestheyrespondto.Thenewquotasystemhasproducedanewsetofformalrulesthatisnavigatedandcontestedbyfemaleandmalepoliticiansalike.Newstructuralandnormativeconstraintshaveemergedwithinthenewquotasystemthatlimittheinfluenceandpowerofwomeninelectedandappointedpositions,particularlythosecomingthroughthequotasystem,canaccess.
Thefirstconstraintthequotasystemhascreatedforwomenisthesystemofnominationbypoliticalpartiesofwomenforallocatedseats.IntheNationalAssembly,ConstituencyMPsarenominatedbypoliticalpartymembersthroughprimariesheldintheConstituency.Women’srepresentatives,ontheotherhand,arenominatedbypoliticalpartiesthroughahighlyopaqueprocesssusceptibletonepotismandcorruption.14
14 https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/GenderAnalysis2017GeneralElections.pdf
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In theSenate,politicalpartiesnominatewomentofill theirallocated16seats.FemaleMembersofCountyAssemblies(MCAs)whoaccessseatsthroughthetop-upprocessarealsonominatedbypoliticalpartiesthroughasimilarprocess,whichthoseinsideandoutsidepoliticsdescribeascorrupt.15Thismeansfemalepoliticianswhoareinpositionthroughtheallocationsystemarereliantontheirpartyfor legitimacyandthusareundermorepressuretotoetheparty line.Thissystemalsoincentivizespoliticalpartiestoselectsuchwomen.ThesystemofallocatingfundingtoMPsrepresentsanotherstructuralconstraintforwomenwhoaccessseatsthroughthequotasystem.InKenya,politiciansbuildtheirsupportbasethroughdemonstratingtheirabilitytoaccessanddistributefundingintheirConstituency.ConstituencyMPshaveaccesstoConstituencyDevelopmentFunds(CDFs)todistributeastheydecide.16
Handout 1.3 Patterns of Power and Decision Making
HegemonicmasculinitypervadesinKenyansocial,political,andeconomicspheres.Womenhavesubordinaterolesandaremarginalizedfromautonomousdecision-makingandcontrolofresourcesinmostspaces.Atthehouseholdlevel,mengenerallyareconsideredtobetheprimarybreadwinnersandtheywieldindecision-makingauthority,setpriorities,anddeterminethedistributionofresources.Ingeneral,womenarenotabletomakeindependentspendingdecisionsandevensometimeshavetoget permission from their husbands to take their childrenor themselves toahealth clinic fortreatment.Despitewomenworkingtoearnhouseholdincome,theyareperceivedtobefinanciallydependentonmenwhocontrolthehouseholdspendingdecisions,preventingwomenfromtakingaction independently.Adolescentgirlshave the leastpowerandrightswithin thehouseholdandsocietybecauseoftheiryoungageandgenderbiasandaresubjecttounfairtreatmentasaresult.
Althoughwomen’srateofpoliticalleadershiphasimprovedoverthepastdecade,barrierstoentryinthepoliticalrealmaresignificant.Womenwhodoaccedetoelectedandappointedofficefacelimitsontheirabilitytoinfluencedecisionsandoftenaresubjecttoharassmentandgender-basedpoliticalviolence.Menstilldominatepublicleadershiprolesandelectedoffices,despiteeffortstolegislatequotasandpromotewomen’spoliticalleadership.Backlashandviolenceagainstwomenwhoseekpublicleadershiprolesdemonstratethechallengesinbreakingnormsaroundwomen’sroles.Atthenationallevel,womenoccupy23%oftheNationalAssemblyandSenate,and33%oftheCabinet.Atthecountylevel,womenrepresent5%ofallgovernors,15%ofdeputygovernors,10.6%ofcountyassemblyspeakers,32%ofcountyexecutivecommitteemembers,24%ofcountychiefofficers,and34%ofMCAs.TherearenowomenKadhis,andonly5.3%arechiefswhile8.6%areassistantchiefs17.
Intheprivatesector,thereareevenhighergendergapsindecisionmaking.Forexample,onlyfouroutof62CEOs(6%)ofcompanieslistedintheNairobiStockExchangearewomen,andonlythreeofthesecompanies(5%)havewomenservingasthechairontheirboardofdirectors18.
15 FIDA(FederationofWomenLawyersinKenya)(2013)‘KeyGainsandChallenges:AGenderAuditofKenya’s2013ElectionProcess’Nairobi:FIDA,USAIDandNDI.16 OverseasDevelopmentInstituteWomenandpower,ShapingthedevelopmentofKenya’s2010Constitution,PillarDomingo,AoifeMcCullough,FlorenceSimbiriandBernadetteWanjalaMarch201617 GovernmentofKenya,MinistryofDevolutionandPlanning.ImplementationoftheAgenda2030forSustainabledevelopmentinKenya,June2017)18 TheStarNewspaper.SafaricomMoldsFemaleStaffforLeadership,February2019
MODULE 2Politics and Gender
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ModuleObjectives By the end of the module, participants/candidates should be able to: • Definegenderandinternalizegenderconcepts• DefineGender,sexandcommonstereotypes• Manifestations of gender stereotypes in elections and politics• Understand politics from a gender lens
TrainingAid&Resources PowerPoint presentation slides, Flip chart stand, Flip charts, Flip chartmarkers,Maskingtapeandparticipants’previousknowledgeand experiences
MethodofDelivery PowerPoint presentation, facilitator led discussion, experience sharing and group work
Duration 60 Minutes ( 1 hour)
Activity One; Defining Gender Concept
Startbydiscussingthefollowingwithparticipants:
1. How we internalize gender roles – A Riddle:
Aparentandyoungsonwereinanautomobileaccident.Theparentwaskilledandthesonwhowascriticallyinjuredwasrushedtoahospital.Astheattendantswheeledtheunconsciousboyintotheemergencyroom,thesurgeonondutylookeddownathimandsaid“Ohmygod,it’smyson!”whoisthesurgeon?
2. What do you think of the following statements?
Socially, femaleness means femininity, which means attractiveness, which means sexualattractiveness,whichmeanssexualavailabilityonmaleterms.
Write down the first gender that comes to your mind when you read the following:
• Stopbeingawimpandshowsomerealballs• ThearchitectthatdesignedthisbuildinggraduatedfromUniversityofNairobibuttheinterior
designwasdonebyaTechnicalVocationalEducationalInstitutegraduate.• WhatagentlenurseIhadduringmyhospitalstay.• MycarmechanicadvisedthatIgetatuneup.
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Ask the questions: who does or uses what? how and why?
• Howdogendernorms,values,roles,andactivitiesaffectmenandwomen?• Howdobiologicaldifferencesbetweenthesexesaffectmenandwomen?
Startbysaying:Todayeverybodytalksaboutgender.Butwhenwereallyaskourselveswhatgendermeansmostpeopledon´thaveanyidea.Nowaskparticipantstobreakintogroupsanddiscussthefollowing:
1. WhatisGender?2. Howwouldyoudefinegenderandsex?3. WhatisGenderAnalysis?4. WhatisGenderEquality?5. WhatisGenderEquity?6. WhatisGenderMainstreaming?7. WhatisaGenderSensitiveApproach?
Conduct a facilitator led presentation and discussion to consolidate the activity’s outcomes using the information shown below;
Handout 2.1 Gender Concept
What is Gender?
Gender isamultidimensionalconcept that isgenerallyassociatedwith the term“sex”.Politicallyit is important tounderstand thedifference inorder to recognizegender stereotypesandnot toconfuse “gender”with “sex”.Thebiological sex ispartof themaleor female identityand isnotthesoleelementthatdeterminesfemaleormaleidentity.Thereareotherfactorslikesocialclass,ethnicbackground,ageetc.Inaddition,whatwelearnaboutbeingawomanormanisdeterminedthroughpowerrelationsthatonlyallowustoactinapre-determinedway.Withthisactivitytheideathatourbiologicalsexisnottheonlyconclusivefactorinourlivesiscommunicated.Genderreferstosociallyconstructedratherthanbiologicallydeterminedrolesofwomenandmen,aswellastherelationshipsbetweentheminagivensocietyataspecifictimeandplace,whilesexreferstothebiologicallydetermineddifferenceandroles.Thequalities,identitiesandbehaviorsexpectedfrommenandwomenaredeterminedthroughtheprocessofsocialization.
Genderisananalyticalcategorycomparabletorace,class,ethnicity,religiousbackgroundetc.anditshouldbeusedinasimilarwayasananalyticaltool.Justasrace,class,ethnicity,religionandculture,genderconstitutedandstill constitutesabasis foroppressionanddiscriminationamongindividuals;thetermgendercapturesafrequentlyinvokedreasonforinequalitiesbetweenwomenandmen,boysandgirls.
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How would you define gender and sex?
• Genderisthesocialconstructionofmasculinityandfemininity.• Sexreferstothosecharacteristicsofwomenandmenthatarebiologicallydetermined
Becausesocietyinfluenceshumansindevelopingmasculineandfemininegenderidentities,womenandmenmaybevalueddifferentlyandtherebyhaveunequalopportunitiesandlifechances.What is Gender Analysis?GenderAnalysisentailstheexaminationandidentificationofprocessesofhow,inagivencontext,relationsbetweenmenandwomenareshapedandthevariousneedsandexperiencesofeachgender.Theanalysisistobeinformedbyhowgenderisalsointertwinedwithandaffectedbyotheridentitiesandrealitiessuchasethnicity,class,race,religion,disability,culture.Thismakesgenderacross-cuttingissuetobeaddressedthroughamainstreamingstrategy.GenderAnalysisisalso:
• Awaytodescribeandanalyzedifferentneeds,challenges,gaps,andopportunitiestoreachmenandwomen.
• Atooltoidentifythestatus,rolesandresponsibilitiesofwomenandmeninsociety,aswellastheiraccesstoandcontrolofresources,benefitsandopportunities.
• Aframeworktocomparetherelativeadvantagesanddisadvantagesfacedbywomenandmen in various spheres of life, including the family, workplace, school, community andpoliticalsystem.
• A set of standards to judge the potential impacts of gender on policies, programs andprojects.
• Asystematicwayof lookingat thegenderdivisionof labor, and theaccessandcontrolwomenandmenhaveoverinputsorresourcesrequiredfortheirlabor,andtheirbenefitsoroutputsfromit.
What is Gender equality?Genderequalityentailsthatwomenandmenenjoythesamestatus,haveequalconditions for realizing their fullhuman rightsandpotential tocontribute tonational,political,social,culturalandeconomicdevelopmentandtobenefitfromtheresults.Itisthereforetheequalvaluingbysocietyofboththesimilaritiesanddifferencesmenandwomenandthevaryingrolestheyperform.
What is Gender equity? Gender equity is the process throughwhich equity leads to equality,seekingtoovercomehistoricalandsocialdisadvantagesthatpreventwomenandmenfromenjoyingalevelplayingfieldindifferentspheresoflife.
What is Gender mainstreaming?Gendermainstreamingisastrategyforensuringthatbothwomenandmenbenefitandreflectstheunderstandingthatequalityisbothameansandanend.Gendermainstreamingrequiresafocusonactualresultsintermsofgenderequalityintheareasofworkatdifferentlevels.
What is a gender sensitive approach? Agendersensitiveapproachrecognizesthatwomenandmendifferintermsofbothsexandgender.Suchanapproachhasthepotentialtodefineappropriateinterventionsformenandwomenaccordingly.
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Activity Two; Gender Manifestations in Election and Politics
Dividetheparticipantsintosmalldiscussiongroups.Askthemtodiscusstheexperiences,challengesand lessons learnedbywomenengaged inelections inKenya.Youmayask themthe followingquestionstoguidethem:
1. Whatarethecommonculturalandtraditionalgenderrolesforwomeninpolitics?2. Whataretheexpectedchallengesinparticipatinginelections?3. Whatcanbedonetoimprovewomen’sparticipationinelections?4. Letthempresenttheirfindingsinplenary.
Conduct a facilitator led presentation and discussion to consolidate the activity’s outcomes using the information shown below;
Handout 2.2 Cultures and Traditional Gender Roles
IntraditionalKenyanculture,menareviewedasleaderswhilewomenareexpectedtoworkinthehomeandsupporttheirfamily.Constitutionalandlegalgainstosupportgenderequalityhavenotovercometheseentrenchedcultural,religiousandstereotypicalgenderrolesthatpreventwomenfromrisingintopolitical leadershiproles.Asinmanyothercountries,womenrunningforpoliticalpositions are forced to choose between their families and the opportunity for leadership, sincewomenarestillexpectedtocontinuewithchildcareandotherhouseholdactivities.Balancingtheircampaignsagainsttheirdomesticresponsibilitiesprovedchallengingformanyfemalecandidates.19
Politicalnetworking inKenyaoften takesplace inenvironmentsandhours thatarenot typicallyinconvenient forwomen,whoare lessable tostayout lateatbarsand leavechildrenathome.Thosewomencandidateswhohavethebackingfromfamilymembers(spouseorpartner,in-laws,parents,andsiblings)torunforpoliticalofficearemoresuccessful,sincetheycanrelyonfamilyforchildcare,donations,campaignactivities,andtostand-inforthecandidateateventsandmeetings.Manywomenareoftentoldbyelders,clanmembers,malerivals,andfamilymembersthattheyshouldpulloutoftheracebecauseitwasunbecomingforawomantorun,thatwomencannotleadmen,or that itwasagainst religiousprinciples forwomen to run.Somespouses think that theirwivescannotrunthefamilyandleadatthesametime,whilesinglewomenarecommonlyattackedfornotbeingmarried.Womenarealsocriticizedfortheirage,appearance,andexperienceinwaysthatarenottypicallyusedagainstmen.
Themasculinenatureofpoliticsisalsoafactorthatforceswomentoadoptmaleleadershipstyles.Insomeinstances,womenaremorestrictlyvettedandmoreharshlycondemned.Furthermore,thefailureisgeneralizedforallwomenseekingoffice.Inaddition,theperformanceofcurrentfemaleleaderscan, insome instances,determine theelectabilityofotherwomen.All thesechallengesindicate theneed for enhancedgender responsive voter and civic education to supportwomenaspirantsacrossallpositions.Insomecases,therehavebeendeliberateinformationormisinformationtowomenonthepropertimelinesandprocedurestovieforofficepurposelypreventingthemfromrunning.
19 TheNationalDemocraticInstitute(NDI)andtheFederationofWomenLawyers(FIDAKenya).AGenderAnalysisofthe2017KenyaElections.2017
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Womenhadtoapplytheirownlegal,political,andprofessionalknowledgetomanagethenominationprocedures.Despiteunderstandingtheimportanceofprimaries,mostpoliticalpartiesdonottakethenecessarystepstoensurethattheirprocessesareundertakeninafree,fair,andtransparentmanner.
Consequently, both male and female candidates are faced with voter bribery and intimidation,rigging,interferencefromincumbentsandpartyofficialsseekingpoliticaloffice,multiplevoting,andimportationofvoters.
Outbreaksofviolenceandunrestarealsocommonduringtheprimaries,with littlereactionfromrelevantgovernmentagencies.Somepartieshavenominatednon-membersintheprimariesoverfemalemembers.Insomecases,womenwhowonduringtheprimaries,somehadtheirnominationcertificates issued to other aspirants, leading to expensive court battles. Some parties use theappointed(nominated)seatsastoolstokeepwomenfromcompetingincourtorforopenseats.Partiesareknowntoactivelydiscouragewomenfromchallengingelectionoffencesinexchangeforapromiseofanominatedseat.Politicalpartymergersandcoalitionsintheelectionperiodhavealsobeenusedtolockoutmanywomenaspirantswhowereinitiallydeemedstrongwithintheirindividualpartiesbutonlytolaterlosetheirplacestomaleaspirantswhowerebetterplacedwithinthenewcoalitionormerger.Ontheotherhand,competitionbetweenpoliticalpartiesoftenleadsmaleandfemalecandidatesfromthesamepartyinvariousconstituenciestoworktogether.Insomecases,womenteaminguporreceivingsupportfromtheirmalecounterpartswhoarecontestingforhigherlevelpositions,campaigningonthewomen’sbehalfwhilecarryingouttheirowncampaigns.
Handout 2.3 Gender Analysis of 2017 Elections
The 2013 election outcome led several state and non-state actors, including CSOs, politicalparties,theIEBC,andtheORPP,totakemeasurestoincreasethenumberandcapacityofwomencompeting for office in 2017 and to reduce the barriers they faced. These measures includedidentifyingandtrainingfemalecandidates,buildingcommunityawarenesstoincreasesupportforwomen’sleadership,enhancingthevisibilityoffemalecandidates,workingwithpoliticalpartiestosupportandmotivatewomenrunningforoffice,andhelpingstateagenciestoensurecompliancewithgenderlaws.Nonetheless,politicalwilltoreducebarrierstowomen’sparticipation,bothwithinpolitical partiesand in the legislature, remained low.Male leaders largely ignoredmultiple courtrulingsrequiringimplementationofthetwo-thirdsgenderruleanddisregardedpoliticalregulationsthatmandatedwomen’sinclusioninpreferenceforthestatusquo.
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Aheadof the2017elections,politicalpartiesformedintotwomajorgroupingstocompeteat thepresidentiallevel.ThepartiesofincumbentPresidentUhuruKenyattaandDeputyPresidentWilliamRuto’sJubileeCoalitiondecidedtomergeintoasingleentity,theJubileeParty,whilefourpartiesformedtheoppositionNationalSuperAlliance(NASA)andselectedRailaOdingaastheirpresidentialcandidate.Thesepoliticalpartiesalsoselectedcandidatesduringprimariesforthefiveotherelectedpositions–Senator,MemberofNationalAssembly(MNAorMP),WomenMemberoftheNationalAssembly (WMNA),Governor,andMemberof theCountyAssembly (MCA).Politicalpartiesarerequiredbylawtoadhereto“democraticprinciplesofgoodgovernance[and]promoteandpracticedemocracythroughregular,fair,andfreeelectionswithintheparty.”Inreality,partyprimariesandinternal selection to leadership in 2013and in 2017wereoftenopaqueand chaotic affairs thatfrequentlyexcludedwomenandothergroups.Womenintheprimarieshavebeenintimidatedtodropoutinfavorofmalecandidatesandencouragedtojointhepartylistfornominatedseatsratherthancompeteagainstmenintheparty.KenyaheldgeneralelectionsonAugust8,2017.Candidatesfrom41politicalpartiesandarecordnumberofindependentcandidatescompetedforoffice.Thetotal number of registered voterswas 19,611, 4234 (about 9.1million females and 10.6millionmale),andvoter turnoutapproximately79%with roughly15.2millionvalid votescast.Womenwonelectionsforgovernorandsenatorforthefirsttime,morewomenwereelectedtothenationalandcountyassembliesthanin2013.Nonetheless,womenwereunabletogaintheconstitutionallymandated33%representationinelectiveoffice20.
The2017electionsdidrepresentastepforwardforwomen’srepresentation,albeitanincrementalone. Compared to the elections in 2013, more women won seats at all levels, except for thepresidentialrace,whichremainedexclusivelymale.Forthefirsttime,womenbecamegovernorsandsenators(threeofeachin2017,comparedtononein2013),whilemorewomenwereelectedtothenationalandcountyassemblies(23membersofthenationalassemblyin2017vs.16in2013and96membersofcountyassembliesin2017vs.82in2013).Womenrunningasindependentcandidateswerealsoelectedforthefirsttime.Whilethesearepositivechanges,womencomprisedjust9.2percentofthe1,835electedindividualsin2017,amarginalincreasefrom7.7percentin2013.Asaresult,allelectedbodies,andindeed,allpoliticalinstitutionsinKenya,requirefurtherreformtoachievegenderparity.Onesteptothisachievementwillbethefullenactmentofthetwo-thirdsthreshold, includingthespecialappointmentor“nomination”offemalememberstoensurethatelectedbodiesreachatleast33%women.Onlyatthecountylevelhavesuchmechanismsbeenimplementedtoincreasethenumberofwomenintheassemblies,resultinginratesoffemalerepresentation ranging from 32 to 41 %. In contrast, the National Assembly has only a smallpercentageofseatsdesignatedforwomenandtherestelectedthroughopenconstituencyseats,only8%ofwhichareoccupiedbywomen.Similarly,theSenate’sopenlycontestedseatsareheldby just6%ofwomen.Despite the lowrepresentationofwomen,neitherbodyhasadopted thenecessarylegislationtomeetthetwo-thirdsgenderrulerequirement,andsohaveyettomeettheConstitution’sthreshold21.
20 TheCarterCenter,CommunityAdvocacyandAwarenessTrust(CRAWN),theCenterforRightsEducationandAwareness(CREAW),andtheFederationofWomenLawyersKenya(FIDA)YouthAgenda,SiasaPlace,andtheNationalYouthBungeAssociation.YouthandWomen’sConsultationsForumonPoliticalParticipa-tion.201721 KenyaElectionsStakeholderreport2017theIndependentElectoralandBoundariesCommission(IEBC);NationalGenderandEqualityCommission(NGEC);EthicsandAnti-CorruptionCommission(EACC);theKenyaWomenParliamentaryAssociation;OfficeofRegistrarofPoliticalParties(ORPP);andPoliticalPartiesLiaisonCommittee(PPLC).2017
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Whilewomen’srepresentationdidshowamarginalincreasein2017,thefactthatitcontinuedtofallshortcanbeattributedtofactorsbeyondtheincompletenatureofthecountry’slegalframeworksand its noncompliant political institutions.A comprehensive review of the experience of femalecandidatesshowsthatwomenfacedthesamechallengesin2017thattheydidin2013,namely:inadequate political support from their parties, particularly in the primaries; a lack of financialresources;gender-basedviolence;genderstereotyping;andpatriarchalstructuresacrosssociety.However,the2017electionsalsodemonstratedthatpriorexperienceinpublicofficeorinpreviouscampaignscontributedtothesuccessofthosefemalecandidateswhodidwin,creatingavirtuouscycleofpositiveoutcomes.Womenwhohadservedinspeciallynominatedpositions,forexample,weremore likely towinanelectionthanthosewhohadneverheldofficeatall.But,withsofewwomeninvolvedinpoliticstobeginwith,alargecadreofexperiencedwomenmaynevermaterialize,particularlywhilepersistentbarrierslimittheentryofnewwomenintopolitics.FortruegenderequityandequalitytobecomearealityinKenya,aselsewhere,decadeswillberequiredtoalterentrenchedattitudesandcustoms.Nonetheless,muchcanbedoneintheshort-termtomeettheprovisionsoftheConstitutionandensurethatwomenarefairlyrepresentedinthepoliticalinstitutionsthatcancontributetowardlong-termchange22.
Handout 2.4 Violence against Women in Elections
Thelevelofgender-basedelectoralviolenceexperiencedbywomenremainsoneof theprimarybarrierstotheirparticipationinpolitics.Partyelectionboardsandrelevantsecurityagenciesfailedtoimplementlawsregardingelectoralviolence,leavingwomenparticularlyvulnerabletoharassment,intimidation, threats, hate speech, stereotyping and physical attacks from opponents and theirsupporters.
Womencandidatesin2017reportedthattheyweresubjectedtovariousformsofviolenceincludingphysical,psychological,andeconomicviolenceaswellasthreatsandcoercion.ReportsfromtheElectionsObservationGroup(ELOG)indicatedthatviolenceagainstwomenvotersandcandidateswasaserious issue,with31%of long termobservers reporting tohavewitnessedorheardofviolenceagainstwomencandidatesduringthecampaign.
TheElectoralCodeofConductclearlyprohibitsviolenceorthreatsagainstcandidates,buttherewaslittleenforcement.TheIEBCimprovedtheirresponsetocomplaintsrelativeto2013,butitoftenwasunableorunwillingtosanctioncandidatesinthecaseofinfractions.Insomecases,womenwhosoughtassistancefromthepolicewereoftentoldthatofficerscouldnothelpbecausetheydidnotwantto“interfereinpolitics.”Infocusgroupdiscussions,womennotedthattheychosenottoreportincidencesofviolencesincetheydidnotbelievethatanyactionwouldbetaken.
1. Physical;Actsofphysicalviolenceoftentargetwomencandidatesandtheirfamiliesaswellasthewomen’ssupporters.Opponentsusesupporterstointimidatethewomenanddisrupttheircampaigns.Onefemalecandidatereported.
22 NDI,FIDA.AGenderAGenderAnalysisofthe2017KenyaElections,2018
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“Itgotsochaoticthatgunshadtobefiredtodispersetheattackers.Anothertimeacarinourcampaignwasburntdown.”Duringthepartyprimaries,MillieOdhiambo,notonlyhadherhouseburntdown,butherbodyguardwasrunoverandkilledbyamandrivinganoppositioncampaignvehicle.InFebruary,EuniceWambui,anaspiringMPforEmbakasiSouth,wasattackedwhileonavoterregistrationdriveinMukuruKwaReuben,inNairobi.InMay2017,EstherPassaris,aNairobientrepreneurandpoliticianrunningtobeNairobiCountyrepresentative,washeldhostageattheUniversityofNairobibyagroupofmalestudents.Thestudentsdemandedthatshegivethem150,000Kenyanshillings(US$1,500)beforeshemanagedtoescape.Shewasattheuniversitytoaddressawomen’swelfareassociation.Theseattacksweremeanttodiscourage,intimidate,andultimatelypreventwomenfromparticipatingintheelections.One-womancandidate fromNairobi, reportedbeingbeatenandsexuallydefiled,andultimatelyendedupnot leavinghome tovoteduring thepartyprimaries. InKisumuandNairobifocusgroups,womennotedthatrunningagainstclosefamilymembers did not spare them from being subjected to violence. In one case, awomanwhocompetedagainstherhusbandexperiencedanassaultbyhiredmenfromherhusband’scampaign.
2. Psychological;Verbalabuseisfrequentlyusedtointimidatethewomenaspirants.
“Ihadtoputupwithalotofgender-basedinsults,”remarkedonefemalecandidate.“Myfamilyandmychildrenespeciallysufferedveryintrusivepublicattention.”Thesewerecoupledwithnegativepropagandatocauseemotionaldistress,whichnotonlyaffectedthewomenaspirants/candidatesbuttheirfamilies,too.InonecaseinNyeri,theaspirant’smotherwasharassedandhercustomersscaredawayfromherbusinesspremises.Theobjectivewastopersuadetheaspiranttostepdownfromtherace inorder toprotecther family fromtheconsequencesofhercandidacy. Inanothercase,arespondentwasaccusedofmurderingherhusbandandusinghismoneytoseekelection.
3. Sexual; Propaganda and negative campaigning about women’s sexual morality are morecommon. Most women candidates’ rival campaigns attempt to undermine them throughallegationsofsexualmisconduct.Thereareincidenceswherewomenvotersneedaseparatevotingqueuesduringthepartyprimariestoavoidcasesofindecenttouching.
4. Economic;formostwomencandidates,financialresourcesareoneofthemostdifficultaspectsoftheircampaign.Asaresult,economicpressureisoftenusedasameanstopersuadewomentodropoutofrunning.Somepoliticalpartieshelpedalleviatesomeofthisbyreducingnominationfeesforspecificgroupsofcandidates–includingwomen–butwouldoftenstillwithholdfinancialassistancetocandidateswhentheypreferredthemalecandidate.
MODULE 3Campaign Strategies
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ModuleObjectives By the end of the module, participants/candidates should be able to know about:
• Why are campaigns necessary and How to Campaign • Lobbying&Lobbyingtactics• GettingSupport• Howtowriteeffectivemessages• Drawing up slogans
TrainingAid&Resources Flipchart, makers and papers
MethodofDelivery Roleplays,Groupwork,discussionsandexperiencesharing
Duration 120 Minutes (2 hours.)
Thismoduleprovidesguidelinesonhowtopresent:StrategiesforLobbyingandCampaigning.Itgivesguidelinesonhowtoplanyourcampaignandexplainshowtocommunicateyourcampaignmessages.Tipsforcampaigningeffectivelyandhowtotargetrelevantaudiencesarealsogiven.
Activity One; Why Campaign
Start by brainstorming: Why are campaigns necessary? After taking a few responses, ask participants to pick out the statements that are true.
Campaignsarenecessaryto:
1. Educatethepublic2. Changepeople’sviews3. Neutralizeopposingviews4. Gainpositionandpower5. Stiruppublicoutcry6. Checkcorruptpractices7. Winoveranundecidedpublic8. Helpchangelawsandpractices9. Gainaffection10.Instillconfidence11.Influencetheopposition
Facilitator’s Input: Campaigning events make people know about your organization or party, attract new members and give your supporters confidence.
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Activity Two; How to Campaign
Brainstormhowtoprepareyourcampaignstepbystep.Writesuggestionsonflipchart,thenprioritizeanddiscuss,givingexamplesforeachstep.
Facilitator’s Input
Targetagrouporaudience:e.g.fellowstudents,men,women,housewives,anddecision-makers.Statenewbehaviororattitudeyouaretryingtoencourage:e.g.gettingmorewomentovote,gettingmorewomentocontestelections,togetgovernmenttochangeitspolicyonwomen’srightsWhatresourcesdoyouhave?-People,TimeandMoney
Guidelines for Facilitators
Nowtobreakwhatisbeginningtosoundlikechalkandtalk,askeachparticipanttoturntothepersonsittingbyherorhimandagreeononewayinwhichtheywouldmakefulluseoftheresourcesattheirdisposal-thetime,moneyandpeopletheyhave.Nowtakeafewresponsesandgoontoaddthefollowing,whichcouldbeputontheflipchart:
• People:Couldbelongtoyourcampaignteam,yourlegalorpublicrelationsteam• Time: Spend it talking to people, visiting homes, handing out leaflets, holding press
conferences, fundraising, lobbying,conductingresearch,doing interviewswith thepress,speakinginpublic,makingnewcontacts
• Money:Spenditonconductingresearch,travelling
Printing leaflets, handouts and other publications, organizingmeetings, press conferences, etc.butcertainlynotongivingbribes- thoughtipsareacceptablefortaskscarriedout. Decidewhothepeopleare,whocanchangelawsorhelpyoutoachieveyourgoals.Thefollowingpeoplecanchangelawsorinfluencechangeinotherways.Writetheseonflipchartorvanguard.Facilitatorandparticipantsshouldpickouttheappropriateonesandaddtothefollowinglist:
• Policymakers• MembersofParliament• MarketWomen• MembersofCountyAssembly• Retiredcivilservants• EmployersandEmployees• HawkersandBusConductors
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Activity Three; Lobbying
Brainstorm what is lobbying. Take a few responses and go on to: Facilitator’s Input
Alobbyisawaitingroomwherepeoplewaittomeetothers.Whenyoulobby,youtrytogetapolicyordecision-makertochangeapolicyordecision.Small Group Task -Getting Support
Askeachgrouptodecideononeissuetheywouldwanttolobbyon.Theyshouldthenmakealistofthoseindividualsorgroupswhocouldbeaffectedbytheissue.Attheendoftheexercise,eachgroupleadershouldpresentthecompletedtask.Discussbrieflyandgoonto:
Facilitator’s Input
• Talkorwritetoindividualsorgroupsthatyouwantsupportfrom.• Organizeameetingwiththemtoseeifyoucanformonegroupthatagreesonatleasttwo
orthreemainpoints.• Approachinfluentialpeopleinthecommunitywhowouldagreetorepresentyou.Briefthem
well.
Lobbying Tactics
Where are decisions about your issue made? • Nationally?• Locally?• Atcommunitylevel?
Who needs to be lobbied? • Politiciansorthoseinclosecontactwiththem?• Organizationsthathaveinfluence?• Localcommunityleaders?• Universityauthorities?
Writing Letters
Askeachparticipanttowritealetterthatwouldbesenttothepeopletobelobbied.Intheletter,saywhatiswrongandwhatyouwantdone.Bebriefandtothepoint.Aftertwominutes,asktwoorthreeparticipantstoreadouttheirlettersandgoonto:
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Points to Remember • Writedirectlytothepolicymakers• Askeveryoneinthesupportgrouptowriteasimilarletter.• Eachsupportgroupmembershouldalsogeta friend to
write.• Theletteryouwriteshouldbeasampleoftheletteryou
wantwritten.• Forgreaterimpact,fixadatewhenthelettersshouldbe
sentsotheywillallarriveatthesametime.
Personal Lobbying • Getanappointmentwiththedecision-makers.• Decidewhetheryourvisitshouldincludeyoursupportgrouporjustyouandoneortwoothers,
i.e.formalorinformalmeeting.• Prepareyourcasewell.• Planforashortmeetingatwhichyouwillmakeyourpointsatagiventime.
Whoinfluencesthepeopleyouaregoingtolobby?
Chiefs,Youthgroups,Opinionleaders,mediaandVoters
Askparticipantstoaddtothislist.
Howareyougoingtoreachthesepeople? Brainstorm ways of reaching the public; take a few responses and go on to:
Facilitator’s Input Meet them at their places of work, business, homes, at their groups, clubs, associations ororganizationmeetings.Also,youcanreachthemthroughthemedia,especiallyelectronicmedia-i.e.radioandTV.
Brainstorm: Why should these people support you? Take a few responses and go on to:
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Facilitator’s Input Youneedtoconvinceandpersuadethemthatyouhavetheirbestinterestsatheartandthattogether,you can work to change things and improve their situation. Give the example of the followingcampaign:
BetterLifeforallstudentsStudentswillbegivenloansSchooladministratorswilllistentostudents’needsnewrecreationalfacilitiesforfemaleandmalestudents
Brainstormwhatdoyouwantthemtodo?Takeafewresponsesandgoonto:
Facilitator’s Input • Supportyou• Tellothersaboutyou• Bringmoresupporterstoyourcamp• Voteforyou
Brainstorm‘Whendoyouwantthemtodoit?’Takeafewresponsesandgoonto:
Facilitator’s Input Theycandoitduringthecampaignperiod,untilelectionsandafter?
Activity Four; Campaign Tips
Askeachparticipanttowrite5tipsforcampaigningoncardsandpasteonthewall.Askeverybodytomovearoundtheroomandreadeachother’spoints.Allow5minutesforthisexercise.Thensimplyaskthewholegroupforareport-back:‘whatcameoutofthat?’or‘whatwerethemainpointsofthatexercise?’
How to write effective messages
Nowaskparticipantstobreakintogroupsand:• createasimplemessagefortheircampaign• createaslogan
Askleaderstoreportbackandgoonto:
Facilitator’s Input
Sinceitisnoteasytochangeattitudesorfeelings,youneedtomakeyourmessagessimpleandeasilyunderstood.
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Anexampleoftwosimplemessages:Vote for a woman today! Forward for women! Anexampleoftwoslogans:Breaking Barriers, Building Bridges
Somereasonswhymessagesmaynotbeunderstoodoracteduponare:Themessagemaynotreachthetargetaudience-becauseyouhaveusedthewrongmethodofcommunication.
Whatwouldbeawrongandrightmethodofcommunicationforanilliterateaudience?• Peoplemayreceivethemessagebutnotunderstandit-perhapsyouusedthewrongkindof
language.Giveanexampleofthewronglanguageinagivensituation• Peoplemayreceivethemessagebutitmayconflictwithwhattheyhavebeentaughtorwhat
theyknow.Giveoneexampleofthis.• Themessagemaybetoonegative.Giveanexampleofanegativemessage.Makeitpositive.• Peoplemayreceivethe informationbutdonotknowwhat todoabout it -yougavethemno
practicaladvice.Writedownonepieceofinformationthatneedspracticaladvicetocarryout.• Peoplemayreceivetheinformationbutnotchangetheirbehaviorforverylong-youhaveto
repeatthemessage.Writeamessagethatismeanttochangeaparticularkindofbehavior.
Some rules for making simple messages.
Small Group Task
Herearesomerulesformakingsimplemessages.
• Clearlydefinewhatbehavioryouaretryingtopromote.Giveoneexample.• Decidewhoyouaretryingtoinfluence.Giveanexample.• Determinewhethernewwaysofbehavingneednewskills.Doesthebehavioraboveneednew
skills?• Learnaboutyouraudience’scurrentbeliefs.Givetwoexamplesofaudiencebeliefsfromyour
ownexperiences.• Thinkaboutwheretheygettheirpresentideasandinformation.Giveexamples.• Findtherightmethodsofcommunicatinge.g.leaflets,posters,andmeetings.• Designamessage,whichisunderstandable,practical,briefandaboveallpositive.• Testyourideaswithotherpeoplefirst,andevaluatetheresults.Dothisinyourgroups.
Small Group Task
Goontoreadanddiscussthefollowingtogether:• DonotmakefabulouspromisesyouknowyoucannotkeepE.g.Ipromisetoprovidescholarships
foreveryin-comingstudentatthecollege• Showtheadvantagesofyourmessage.Forexample:supportwomenandexperienceanew
wayoflife,fightcorruptiontodeveloptheeconomy,promotethelivingstandardsofALLandnotaprivilegedfew
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• TackleissuesofpublicconcernE.g.health,education• Maintainagoodrapportwiththepresse.g. invitethemoncampaigntrips,holdregularpress
conferences• Getyourfactsright!Beforeyousayanything,makesureithasbeenverified• Bewellinformedofwhattheoppositionisdoing.Donotbecomplacentorunderestimateyour
opponent.Becertainthats/hehasspiesinyourcamp• Establishacampaignteamthatwillbereadilyavailableandledbyagoodcampaignmanager• Handlenegativesituationswithoutanger.Evenifyouareinsultedinpublic,trytoriseabovethe
situation• Remember:repeatthemessageandslogansoitsticks!!
Nowdiscussasawholegroup.YourOpponent
Brainstorm: who is my opponent?
Facilitator’s input: Youropponentisnotyourenemy.He/sheisjustsomeonewhoseesthingsfromadifferentperspectiveandispresentingitfromanotherplatform.Whatshouldbeyourattitudetoyouropponent?Tickthestatementsthatdon’tapply:
• ContemptAnimosityAggressiveness• ToleranceFriendlinessHate• DistrustDislikeAcceptance• Respect
Role-Play
Askparticipantstodivideintotwogroups.Eachgroupchoosesitsownleaderandasksthemtoactoutthefollowing:
Two candidates have planned to hold rallies at the playing field of a local community.Unfortunately,theauthoritieshavegiventhempermissiontousethefieldatthesametime.Onerallyisunderwaywhentheothercandidatearriveswithhersupporters.Thesceneshouldshowhowthesupportersreactandteachthemhoweachcandidatehandlesthesituation.
Attheend,thewholegroupshoulddiscussthefollowing:
• Howdidyoufeelwhenyousawthepeoplefromtheotherparty?• Whatwasyourfirstimpulse?• Howdoyoufeelaboutthewayitwashandled?• Whatroledidyouplay?• Wouldyouhavereacteddifferentlyifthishadhappenedinreallife?• Askeachparticipanttowriteashortmessagebeginningwith:treatyouropponent--------
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• Theirresponsesshouldbepinnedonthewalls.
The Voters
• Whoarevoters?Howdoyouseethem?• Eachparticipantisaskedtogiveher/hisownpersonaldefinitionofwhichthevotersare.
Remember:thewayyouseethevotersdetermineshowyouaregoingtoapproachthemandtreatthem.Attheendofthisexercise,asktwoparticipantstodoarole-playinwhichacandidateandoneofherstaffarediscussinghowtogetyoungpeopleinacommunitytovoteforher.Thecandidateisonewho,unlikeherstaffmember,believesthattherearebetterwaysofgettingyoungpeoples’votesthanofferingthemmoney,anddrugs.At theendof thescene,participantsshoulddiscussgood,cleanwaysofgettingnot justyoungpeoplebutanyoneofvotingage,tovote.
Small Group Task: Drawing up slogans
Participantsdivideintothreeorfourgroupstodrawupsloganstoencourageothercandidatestoavoidgettingvotersthewrongway.Forexample;AVoterisnotathug.Voters,say“NO”todrugsandviolence.Giveoutthefollowingforeachparticipanttocomplete:
TEST YOUR POTENTIAL AS A CAMPAIGNER Usually Sometimes Rarely Table 1: Test Your Potential as a Campaigner
Yes NoIamgoodatinfluencingpeopleIdonothesitatetoapproachpeopleIknowhowtomakeuseofmyresourcesIlikethechallengeofinfluencingchangeIamwillingtotakerisksandlearnfrommymistakesIpromoteteamspiritandeffortIstandforwhatIbelieveinIuseeveryresourceatmydisposaltoachievemyaimIamnotafraidofcriticismIevaluateeverythingothershavetosayIreflectthevaluesIbelieveIworkatshorttermplanswhilstmakinglong-termplansIamcommittedtowhateverIsetouttodo
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Ifyou’veanswered ‘usually’ tomostof thequestions,youareonyourwaytobeingaverygoodcampaigner.Youmuststrivetoimproveinareasinwhichyouanswered‘sometimes’or‘rarely’.
Handout 3.1 Introduction to Campaign Strategies
Campaigns for county-wide seats (governor, senator and county woman representative) arenormallygruelingandprotracted,particularlyforfirsttimecandidates.Womenwhohadcontestedforpoliticalofficepreviouslyaremorelikelytowinofficethannewcomerstocampaigns.Previouscandidateshavehigherlevelsofpublicrecognitionandwerecitedasrolemodelsandmentorsfornewentrants.Forthesewomen,theirearlierexperienceascandidateshelpedthemimprovetheircampaignplanningandoutreach.
In addition,womenwhohadpreviously served in government officearealsomore likely towinelectedoffice.Womenwhohadheldanominatedseatfrom2013-2017anddecidedtocampaignforanopenposition,orworkwithinthepartytomaintaintheirnominatedseat,weremoresuccessfulthannewcomerstopolitics.Inthe2017elections,20ofthe23womenelectedasaMNAheldofficepreviouslyorhadcampaignedforofficebefore.Onlyonehadnoexperienceatallinpubliclife.IntheSenate,therewere18womennominatedtotheSenatein2013.Ofthe18women,14wentontorunforelectedpositionsin2017andhada35%successrateingainingoffice.Forwomenthatdidnotwin,severalpartieschosethemtofillnominatedpositions.Itisobservablethatthesewomentendtobemorequalifiedandcommittedtotheirpositionsduetotheircampaignexperience.
Strategies should be developed and implemented to ensure greater participation by women incampaignsforelectivepoliticaloffice.Thesestrategiesshouldconsider;
1. Political Party Support; Political parties remain the key gateway for women’s successfulparticipationinpolitics.Partybackingisthemostimportantfactorforfemalecandidates,whilethelackofsupport–orworse,aparty’sactiveexclusion,discrimination,orhostility–canruinawoman’scampaign.Manyofthewomenwhowereelectedreceivedsupportfromtheirpartiesintheformofdiscountednominationfees,fundingforcampaigns,equaltreatmentwithmen,andtheapplicationofconstitutionalprovisionsthatpromotedwomen’sinclusion,especiallyduringthenominationprocess.Somepoliticalpartiesprovidematerialsupport,includingT-shirtsandposters.Afewpartyleadersalsocampaignforfemalecandidates,usingtheirclouttogivethewomenaboost.Ontheotherhand,manywomenwhofailedtogetelectedfeltabandonedbytheirparties’lackofadherencetotheconstitutionalprovisionsoninclusion,statingthatthepartylawsandregulationswerenotsupportiveofwomen.Inothercases,parties.
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2. Candidate Training;Themajorityofwomenrunningforofficeforthefirsttimeareunfamiliarwith the process of organizing a campaign and working with political parties. Most partieslackdedicatedtrainingoperations,andtypicallycommittedwithfewresources.SeveralCSOsoffer training to women aspirants /candidates to enhance their knowledge and capacity toeffectivelycompete,bothintheirpartyprimariesandingeneralelections.Candidatesaretakenthroughtrainingtopics,suchascampaignplanningandpreparation,transformativeleadership,communication,publicspeakingandmedia relations thatwillhelp themnavigate thepoliticallandscape.Thetrainingskillshelpinimprovingcampaignsforthewomencandidates.
3. Negotiated Democracy;Negotiateddemocracy, a customwhereby influential personsdrawupand support a list of preferred candidates, has traditionally lockedwomenout of politics.However, insomeareasmeantthatnegotiateddemocracyworkedinwomen’sfavor.Womenmaybeendorsedbylocalchiefsandcommunityelderstoenablethemtowinboththeprimariesand the eventual elections. These changes are made largely through dialogue forums withculturalandreligiousleadersandthecommunityatlargeaimedatincreasingsupportforwomenaspirants.Overthelongtermthough,eventhislimitedsuccesswithnegotiateddemocracycanhavenegativeimpactsonwomen’sabilitytoparticipateindependentlyinpolitics,sincetheyarebeholden to the localchiefs rather than theelectorate. Inmostcases,negotiateddemocracycontinuestobedisadvantageoustowomencandidates.Eldersplayasignificantroleinselectingcandidatesforelectiveseatsintheircommunities,andmostoftentheprocessisanentrenchmentof patriarchal culture.This significantly reduces the number of seats available forwomen tocontest,dissuadingmanyofthemfromparticipatingandforcingotherstoseeknominationforthespecialwomen’srepresentativeposition.
4. Media Coverage; themedia has tremendous influence over political attitudes and electoraloutcomes. Women candidates have often received less media coverage than their malecounterparts,andalackofresourcespreventswomenfrombreakingthroughintothemedia.Whenwomen do attract the attention of themedia,women are generally taggedwithmorenegative news as compared to men. Gender stereotypes and stigma are prevalent in thecoverageoffemalepoliticalleaders.Theapplicationofdoublestandardsformenandwomenresultsintremendouscautionamongmanyofthefemalecandidateswhengiventheopportunitytoparticipateontelevisionorradio,andasaresultmostwomenavoidedmedia-basedpublicdiscourseandultimatelylackvisibility.Despitetheproblemsanddisparities,womencandidatesoftenfeelthatthequalityofcoverageoffemalepoliticiansandcandidates(andtheissuesthattheyfeelpassionateabout)hasimprovedsignificantlysince2013,perhapsbecausejournalistsbetterunderstandtheneedforgivingwomenmorespaceinapoliticallandscapedominatedbymen.Despiteusingverylittlemainstreammedia,thewomencapitalizedonsocialmedia,suchasFacebookandWhatsApptocommunicatetovoters,mostofwhomfoundthisveryeffective.Postingofcampaigneventsandphotosoftheirdevelopmentworkhelpedtocommunicatetheirmessageandimprovetheirvisibilityamongvoters.
5. Financial Resources;The IEBCattempted to implementnewcampaignfinance regulationspriorto2017,butresistanceinparliamentmeantthatregulationsdidnottakeeffectpriortotheelections.Thelackofcampaignfinanceregulationthatlimitsspendingisamajorconstraintonwomencandidates,whogenerallyhavefewerresourcesandarelesslikelytobeincumbents.Mostwomencandidatesinterviewedsaidthattheywouldperformbetterifsupportednotonlyfinanciallybutwithcampaignmaterialsforvisibilityandoverallpopularity.Thelackofresourcesalso affected their capacity to conduct their campaigns, leaving them to rely on family andfriendsandrestrictingtheirtravel.Somewomenfeltthattheywouldhavebeenmoreeffectiveiftheycouldhavehaddifferentcampaignmaterialsfordifferentsegmentsofvoters.Thelimitedfinancialresourcesalsomeantthatthemajorityoftheircampaignfundingwasusedtopayforpartymembershipandnominationfees,agents’emoluments,andlogisticalcosts,ratherthanpromotionalmaterialsandcommunityengagementactivities.Somealsofacedfinancialhurdlesrelatedtochallengingelectionresultsincourt.
MODULE 4Communication and Presentation Skills
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ModuleObjectives By the end of this session, participants/candidates will be able to know about:
• Public speaking• Personal presentation and image • Public speaking• Handlingnegativesituations
TrainingAid&Resources Flipchart, makers and papers
MethodofDelivery Roleplays,Groupwork,discussionsandexperiencesharing
Duration 120 Minutes (2 hours.)
Thissessionprovidesguidelineson;PresentationandCommunicationSkills. Itgivesguidelinesforpublicspeakingincludingstagesofpreparationforspeechmaking.Useful insightsonhowtopresentyourselfinpublicandcommunicatewithyouraudiencearealsoprovided.
Activity One; Presentation Skills
Guidelines for Facilitators Say:Thewayyoupresentyourselftoanaudienceandthemannerinwhichyoudeliverwhateveryouwantthemtoheariswhatisgoingtodeterminehowsuccessfulyourcampaignis.
Small Group Work
Askparticipantstobreakintogroupsandwriteashortspeechofoneminute’sdurationintroducingthemselvestopeoplewhowant to jointheirparty.Eachgroupshouldchoosea leadertodothepresentation.Discussperformancesbriefly.Andgoontobrainstormhowparticipantswouldpreparefor speechmaking.Thenask them tobreak intogroupsanddo the followingexerciseusing theexamplebelowasaguide.Writeonflipchartpapersandgoonto:
Preparation
Writedownyourmessage• Stateyouraimsandobjectives• Identifyandprepareonesimpleandbriefmessagerelatedtoyourobjectives• Stateoneissuethatisofinteresttotheaudience.
Example:
Knowyourmessage-VotemorewomenintoParliamentClarifyyouraim-ToconvincetheaudiencetovoteforwomenIdentifyandprepareamessage-Womenwillsolvewomenandmen’sproblems
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Makementionofissuesthatareofinterest-womenwillensurefreeeducationforyourchildrenAfterfiveminutes,asktheleaderofeachgrouptopresenttheirfindingsanddiscusseachbriefly.
Personal Presentation and Image
Readthefollowingstatementsandticktheonesthatareimportantforthepublicspeaker:
Lenahas justfinishedmakingaspeechandyouhavebeenasked to ratehercompetenceandeffectivenessbypickingoutwhatisapplicabletoherfromthefollowing:
Table 2: Personal Presentation and Image
Shehadheremotionsundercontrolandrefusedtorespondrudelyorangrilywhenprovoked.Shegotveryangrywhenaskedaboutherpersonallife.Herbodylanguagesuggestedthatshehadlittleconfidence.Shespokealotaboutallthepositionsshehadheldinthepast.Sheshylyrefusedtotalkaboutherpastleadershiproles.Shecouldonlyanswerquestionsthathadtodowithherroleasawifeandasamother.Shethoroughlyenjoyedherself:shesmokedanddrankalotofwinethroughouttherally.Sheisnotworriedaboutputtinganyonedowninpublic.Attheendoftherallyalltheotherwomencouldtalkaboutwereherflamboyant,expensiveclothes.Thewomenalsospokeabouthowskillfullyhereyeshadowandlipstickhadbeenapplied.Noonecouldtellwhatshewasthinkingevenwhenpeoplesaidthingstomakeherangry.Sheneverlookedanyoneintheeyewhenspeaking.Duringherspeech,Lena:Spokeclearlyforeveryonetohear.Spokesofastitwasdifficulttounderstandwhatshewassaying.Offeredfewsolutionstotheproblemsthatconcernus.Didnotdefineherproblemwell.Madeherpositionquiteclear.Spokeatlengthabouthervision.Madetheaudiencefeelasiftheyhadknownheralongtime.Spokeforsolongthatsomepeoplebegantoleave.Showedthatshehadhadtheaudienceinmindwhenpreparingherspeech.Didnotentertainanyquestions.Showedthatsheknewverylittleabouttheaudience.Toldtheaudienceexactlywhoshewasandwhatshewantedthemtodo.Spokepositivelyandconfidentlyaboutherplansforthefuture.Oftenstrayedfromthepointshewasmaking.
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Facilitator’s Input
Using the information,you’ve justput together,spendfiveminuteswritingashortspeechofnotmorethan150words,introducingyourselfandyourparty.Includethreemainpointsaboutwhatyouplantodoforyourcommunityifyouareelected.
Activity Two; Handling Negative Situations
Participantsactthefollowingskitstoillustratehownottoandhowtohandlenegativesituations:
Role Play 1
Imagine you are presenting a speech and the audience turns hostile. One person confronts you. How do you handle it?
Aspirant:So,asIwassaying,ifyouvoteformorewomenAudience:Justgetout.Youareallthieves.Youjustwanttowearfineclothesanddrivebigcarswiththemoneyyou’ve…Aspirant:Whoareyoucallingathief?Audience:You!(Therestofthecrowdcheers)Aspirant:(Advancesthreateningly):IfyoucallmeathiefoncemoreI’llshowyouwhoIam.Theyadvanceoneachother.Peoplefromtheaudiencestruggletokeepthemapart.
Role Play 2
Anyango:So,asIwassaying,ifyouvoteformorewomen…Audience:Justgetout.Youareallthieves.Youjustwanttowearfineclothesanddrivebigcarswiththemoneyyouhavestolen.Afterwe’vevotedforyou,youwillforgetallaboutusandwewillalwaysbepoorandoutofwork.Anyango:Myfriend,Iknowhowyoufeel.Thisishowthingshavebeeninthepastbutwewanttochangeallthat.That’swhyI’mhere.Audience:It’salllies.Anyango:(Persuasively)Whydon’tyoutrymefirst?Everybodyisnotthesame,youknow.Audience:Iagree.Let’sgiveawomanthechancethistime.Womenareourmothersandsisters.Manypeoplefromtheaudiencenodinagreement.
Guidelines for facilitators Afterabriefdiscussion,goontodiscussthefollowing.Someofthestatementsmaybeinappropriate.
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Do your homework before making a speech
Ticktheappropriateanswerstothesequestions:1. ShouldIfindoutwhattheneeds,interestsandopinionsofthepeopleare?Yes/No2. ShouldIgointothecommunitytofindtheseout?Yes/No3. ShouldItalktobothmenandwomen?Yes/No4. ShouldIgotogroups,clubs,andvillageelders?Yes/No5. ShouldImakepromisesIcan’tkeep?Yes/No6. ShouldIdomyhomeworkwellahead?Yes/No
Miscellaneous • Considerwhatanappropriatebodylanguageis• Practicehowtousethemicrophoneandthepodiumbeforehand• Timetheprogramwell-thinkoftheseason• Bepreparedforquestionsfromtheaudience• Don’tbeafraidtostopandcollectyourthoughtsbeforecontinuingtospeak
You and your Audience. Tick the statements that you agree with:
Table 3: You and your Audience. Tick the statements that you agree with
Facilitator’s input:Theroleoftheaudienceistolisten,askquestionsandmakeuptheirmindsaboutme.
When I face my audience, I must try to: convincethemofthesincerityofmymissionpersuadethemtoworkwithmegettheirvotes.gettheaudiencetosupportmegettheaudiencetojeeratmegettheaudiencetoopposemyopponentsmakealongspeechsotheywillvoteforme.makeashort,concisespeechthatdealswithissuesofinteresttothemtalktotheaudienceattheirleveltellthemhowarrogantIammakemanypromiseselicittheviewsofaudience,especiallytheeldersdisrespecttheviewsoftheaudienceimpresstheaudience
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Structuring the Message
• Introduction-askthemtoplayagettingtoknoweachothergame• Introducewhatyouwanttosayandwhyyouwanttosayit• Presentinformationaboutyouropponents• Grouprelevantfactsandkeeptologicalsequence• Checktheunderstandingoftheaudience• Encouragequestionsandgiveanswers• Usevisualaids• Holddiscussions• Usepositivetermsandexpressions
Visual Aids: Reasons for using them
• ensuresbreakoftalk,enhancesunderstanding• focusattentiononthemainpoint• makeabstractideasmoreconcrete Note of caution for preparing Visual Aids • Makesuretheyconveythemessage• Donotusetoomanyvisualaidsatatime• Presenterneedstofamiliarizeher/himselfwiththevisualaids• Donotputtoomuchinformationononevisualaid• Donotusepicturesthatarenegative
Your notes should: • coverthecontents• usekeywordsonly• makecorrectionswherenecessary
MODULE 5Engaging Media
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ModuleObjectives Thissessionprovidesguidelinesonhowtopresent:Engagingthemedia.Itdefinesthedifferenttypesofmediaandgoesontohighlightitsrolesandshortcomings.Itendswithvarioustipsforeffectiveuseof the media. At the end of the session participants will be able to: -
• Explain the meaning of media • Identify types of media • Describe the role of the media • Discuss how to engage the media
TrainingAid&Resources Flipchart, makers and papers
MethodofDelivery Roleplays,Groupwork,discussionsandexperiencesharing
Duration 120 Minutes (2 hours.)
Activity One; What is the meaning of Media
Guidelines for facilitators:Askparticipantstoexplainthemeaningofmedia.Writeresponsesonflipchart.Thengoonto:
Facilitator’s Input: • Themediaisachannelorameansofcommunicationforpassingonmessages.• Mediathatareusedtopassoninformationtothepublicarereferredtoasthemassmedia.
Types of Media Therearemanytypesofmediabutthemainonesare:-
Figure 1 Types of Media
Print media
Electronic media
Social media
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Guidelines for facilitators: Ask participants to define print and electronic media and to giveexamplesofthem.Recordresponsesonflipchartandadd:• Theprintmediaincludesnewspapers,magazinesandpamphlets.• TheElectronicmediaincludesradioandtelevision• Othermediaformsorcommunicationchannelsmaterialsincludeposters,stickers,pinups,fliers,
leafletsandletterstonewspapersandmagazines.
Activity: Group work GuidelinesforFacilitators:Askparticipantstobreakintogroupstodiscuss• Theroleofthemedia• Theshortcomingsofthemedia
Ask groups to report ensuring that the following are highlighted:
Theroleofthemediaisto:• Inform,educate,entertainanddevelopcountry,societyandcommunity.• Effectchangesinpeople’sperceptionsandbehavior(manipulative)• Reportincidentsandevents(Reportage)• Enlighten/sensitizepeopleaboutcurrentdevelopmentse.g.Generalelections,HIV/AIDS
Shortcomings of the mediainKenyainclude: • Inabilitytoconductproperinterviews• Lackofmediaethics• Failuretocrosscheckfactsordoproperresearch• Negativeportrayalofwomeninsomecases
Activity Two; How to use the Media
Guidelines for facilitators: – Guideparticipants throughadiscussionofhowtouse themedia.Pleaseensurethatthefollowingpointsarebroughtoutinthediscussion.
• Knowwhatyouwanttousethemediafor.• Keepjournalistsinformedaboutyourwork.• Establishpersonalcontactswithsomejournalistssothattheycanpromoteyourwork.• Findoutjournalists’preferencesforpublication• Identifysuitabletimeslotsthatwouldgiveyoumaximummediacoverage.• Bookappointmentswithmediahousesingoodtime.• Trytobevisibleonthemediae.g.photographs• Putoutpressreleasesandstatementswhennecessary.
TipsforEffectiveuseoftheMedia
Guidelines for facilitators:Brainstormwithparticipantswhattheyfeelabout:-• AppearingonTelevision• Articlesinthenewspapers• Interviews• PressReleases/Pressconferences
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Makesurethatthediscussioncoversthefollowingpoints:• AppearanceonTelevision• Bepresentable–well-groomedbutnotflamboyant• Beinformed• Bearticulate–pitchyourvoiceappropriately
Interviews on Television • Useattractivesignaturetune/music• Useappropriatelanguageandarticulatewell.• Besincereandhonest• Bewellinformedaboutthetopic–doresearchandforecastpossiblequestions• Donotbeargumentativeorjudgmental.
Other Interviews • Givethefullstoryfromeveryangle• Providedifferentperspectivesofthesamesubject• Encourage journalists to interview your family, friends, associates or anyone who knows
somethingaboutyouaswell.
Newspaper Articles • Marchyourstylewiththatofthenewspaper.• Considerthetargetaudienceaddressedbythenewspaper.• Focusonthehumanelementinyourstoryinordertomotivatereaders.• Drawreferencesfromyourcommunity.• Writestoriesthatwouldtestthepulseofreadersandelicittheirresponse.
Printed Materials • Haveclearobjectivesbeforeprintingyourmaterials.Thisattractsvotersandgetsmessages
across;italsogalvanizespeopleintoaction.
Activity Three; Writing Effective Press Release
Guidelines for facilitators: – Guideparticipants throughadiscussionofhow towriteeffectivepressrelease.Pleaseensurethatthefollowingpointsarebroughtoutinthediscussion.
• What events have you organized in the past that would have benefited from better presscoverage?
• Whichlocal,national,orinternationalmediaoutletswouldyouwanttocoveryourevents,issues,andalerts?
• Are there specific radio stations, television stations, magazines, and newspapers that youbelievemightbeinterestedinyourorganizationorcampaign?Ifso,whichonesandwhy?
• Aretheremediaoutletsthatyoubelievewouldnotbeinterestedinyourstories?Whyorwhynot?
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Handout 5.1 How to Write an Effective Press Release
Pressreleasesarewrittensummariesofevents,announcements,achievements,orpositionsthataresenttothepress(includingnewspapers,magazines,televisionandradionewsprograms,andinternet-basednewssources) for thepurposeofgeneratingpublicity.Press releasesareoneofthebesttoolsavailableforkeepingthemediainformedaboutyourcampaign’sactivitiesandyourothernewsworthyevents.Theformatofapressreleasehelpsjournalists,radiohosts,televisionproducers,andothermediaprofessionalsknowquicklyandsuccinctlywhetheryoursisastorytheywanttocover.
Knowinghowtowriteeffectivepressreleasesandwhereandhowtodistributethemwillhelpyougetpresscoveragethatcanreachhundreds,thousands,andsometimesmillionsofconstituents.Thebestpress releases read likewell-writtennews items.Theyarenot too longandare fullofinformationthatenticesthereadertowanttofindoutmore.Althoughtheculture,schedules,andobjectivesofmediaoutletsvary,youcangreatlyincreasethelikelihoodthatyourpressreleaseswillgeneratenewsstoriesbyfollowingsomeverybasicguidelines.
• Pay attention to themedia outlet’s preferred timing andmethod for receiving news items.Aphonecalloremailtotheeditororstationmanagerwillusuallygetyouthisinformation.Althoughthemanagerat largernewsorganizations,televisionstations,orpopularradioprogramsmaybehardtoreach,mostoftheseorganizationshavewebsitesthatpostinformationabouthowtosubmitpressreleases.
• Writeyourpressreleaseinastyleandmannerthatincludesallnewsworthydetailssothatitcanbeprintedwithoutediting.Thelessworkajournalisthastodo,themorelikelyitisthatyourstorywillbepublished.Mostpublicationswillalterthelanguageinthepressreleasetosomedegreebeforepublication,butoftenitisonlyafewwordchanges,ortheadditionofadirectquote.
• Keepthepressreleaseshort—oneortwopages’maximum.Ifanewsoutletchoosestowritealongerarticle,chancesarethatthejournalistwillwanttodoherownresearchorfollow-up.Ifanewsoutletreceivesapressreleasethatistoolong,abusyeditormaynottakethetimetoreadit.
• Writethereleasesothatallofthemostimportantandnewsworthyinformationappearsinthefirstparagraphs.Ifaneditorneedstocutthelengthofanarticle,shewillusuallybeginattheend.Also,tocapturetheattentionofaneditor,themostinterestingdetailsshouldbeplacedatthebeginningoftherelease.Iftheeditorlikeswhatsheisreading,shewillreadon.Ifnot,shemightdiscardthereleasebeforeshereachesthecriticalinformation.
• Useaconventionalformattingstyle(seethe“BasicPressReleaseFormattingGuidelines”boxatbelow).Notallpressreleasesneedtolookexactlythesame.However,usingastandardformulawillmakeyourpressreleaseeasierforaneditortofollow.
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BASIC PRESS RELEASE FORMATTING GUIDELINES1. Writethenameandaddressoftheorganizationsendingthereleaseintheupperleft-hand
corner2. SkipalineandwriteFORIMMEDIATERELEASEorFORRELEASEON[DATE].3. Writethenameofthecontactpersonandhercontactinformationontheright-handsideof
thepagebeginningonthesameline(orhigher)asthewordsFORIMMEDIATERELEASE.4. Center,underline,andwriteinallcapitallettersthetitleofpressrelease.5. Asubtitle,ifused,shouldbeseparatedfromthetitlebyaspace,writteninupperandlower
caseletters,anditalicized.6. Thefirstparagraphofthereleaseshouldbeginwiththecityoforigin,andthedateofthe
releaseoftheinformation(notthedatethereleaseismailed).7. Thepressreleaselayoutshouldhaveplentyofempty(white)spacesothatitiseasyto
read.Abreakbetweeneachparagraphishelpful.8. Atthebottomandcenterofthefirstandsecondpagesshouldbetypedthewordmorewith
dashesoneachsidetolooklikethis:—more—9. At the end of the release, signatures, centered, indicates that the communication is
complete:###.Thistechniqueisespeciallyhelpfulwhensendingpressreleasesbye-mail.Itletstherecipientknowwhenshehasreceivedthefinalpage.
• Followupbyphoneoremailwith theeditororstationmanager (orotherpersonorofficeassignedtoreviewpressreleases)adayorsoafterthereleaseissenttomakesurethatitwasreceivedandtoinquirewhetheradditionalinformationisneeded.
MODULE 6Election Rules and Regulations
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ModuleObjectives This session guides the participants/candidates on the election rules and regulations. It highlights the IEBC requirements for participation in elections as candidates. At the end of the session participants will know: • KenyaElectoralLawsandRegulations• Qualificationsandrequirementsforelectivepositions
TrainingAid&Resources Flipchart, makers and papers, Power point presentations
MethodofDelivery Presentation ,discussions and experience sharing
Duration 90 Minutes (1 hour 30 mins)
Guidelines for Facilitators: – Guide participants through a discussion on election rules andregulations.Pleaseensurethatthefollowingpointsarebroughtoutinthediscussion.
Handout 6.1; Electoral Laws of Kenya
ThelawsgoverningtheelectoralsystemofKenyainclude:TheConstitutionofKenya,2010,theElectionsAct,2011;ElectionsOffensesAct,2016.ThePoliticalPartiesAct,2011;theIndependentElectoralandBoundariesCommissionAct,2011;theElectionsCampaignFinancingAct,2013andtheLeadershipandIntegrityAct,2012
The Constitution of Kenya, 2010
TheConstitutionestablishes the IndependentElectoralandBoundariesCommission, IEBC.TheIEBCistheelectoralbodyinKenya.TheCommissionhasthemajorresponsibilityofconductingelectionsandreferendum.Intheperformanceofitsfunctions,theCommissionissubjectonlytotheConstitutionandthelawandhencenotsubjecttothedirectionorcontrolbyanypersonorauthority.TheConstitutiongrantsfour(4)typesofrightstoparticipateinanelectionwhichare:
• Righttoberegisteredasavoter;• Righttovotebysecretballotinanyelectionorreferendum;• Righttobeacandidateandifelected,righttoholdapublicoffice;• Righttojoinandparticipateinapoliticalparty.
Article10oftheConstitutionprovidesfornationalvaluesandprinciplesthatisrequiredtobeobservedduringelections.Thesevaluesinclude:goodgovernance,integrity,transparencyandaccountability.Theconstitutionrequiresthattheelectoralsystembesubjecttothefollowingprinciples:
• Thecitizensmustbegiventhefreedomtoexercisetheirpoliticalrights.• Notmorethantwo-thirdsofmembersofelectivepublicbodiesshallbeofthesamegender.• Personswithdisabilitiesmustbefairlyrepresented.
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Theelectoralsystemmustcomplywiththeprincipleoffreeandfairelectionsthatbearthefollowingcharacteristics:
• Bysecretballot;• Freefromviolence,intimidation,improperinfluenceorcorruption;• Conductedbyanindependentbody;• Transparent;• Administeredinanimpartial,neutral,efficient,accurateandaccountablemanner.
The Elections Act, 2011
ThisActprovidesforthefollowing:• theconductofbothelectionsandreferenda• theregistrationofvoters,andthedeterminationofquestionsconcerningregistration• electionoffencesandresolutionofelectiondisputes
AlladultKenyancitizenshavetherighttovoteprovidedtheyareregisteredintheRegisterofVoters.TheRegisterofVoterscomprises• Apollregisterinrespectofeverypollingstation;• Awardregisterinrespectofeveryward;• Aconstituencyregisterinrespectofeveryconstituency;• Acountyregisterinrespectofeverycounty;and• AregisterofvotersresidingoutsideKenya
TheregisteredvotersinacountyorconstituencymayremovetheirMemberofParliamentbeforetheendofthetermoftherelevantHouseofParliamentifhe/sheis:• found, after due process of the law, to have violated the provisions of Chapter Six of the
Constitution;found,afterdueprocessofthelaw,tohavemismanagedpublicresources;• ConvictedofanoffenceunderthisAct.
Arecallcanonlybestartedtwenty-fourmonthsaftertheelectionoftheMemberofParliamentandnotlaterthantwelvemonthsimmediatelyprecedingthenextgeneralelection.ArecallpetitioncannotbefiledagainstaMemberofParliamentmorethanonceduringthetermofthatmemberinParliament.ApersonwhounsuccessfullycontestedanelectioncannotinitiateapetitionfortheremovaloftheMemberofParliament.TheIEBCisresponsibleforthesettlementofelectoraldisputes,includingdisputes relating toorarising fromnominationsbut thisexcludeselectionpetitionsanddisputessubsequenttothedeclarationofelectionresults.
Elections Offenses Act, 2016.
ThisActcameintheyear2016.Electionoffenceswillcausewarning,disqualification,prosecutionorimprisonment.Thesearesomeoftheoffencesthatyou,asaKenyancitizenneedtobefamiliarwith:• Multipleregistration:yournameappearingmorethanonceonthevoters’register• Havingmorethanonevoter’scard.Impersonation:usingsomebodyelse’svoter’scard• Sellingorbuyingvoter’scard.Donotexchangeyourcardformoney,food,beeroranyothergift,
youwillbesellingyourethicsandyourdemocraticright• Deliberatelydestroyingavoter’scard• Offencesrelatingtovoting
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• Votingmorethanonce• Carryingoutcampaignsonthepollingday• Solicitingorreceivingbribestoencouragevotingforacandidate.• Hatespeechtargetingtheopposingside• Destructionofcampaignmaterialsoftheopposingcandidate.• Useofanotherperson’selector’scardandIDtovote• Prevention,obstructionorbarringofapersonfromvoting• Useofthreats,force,orviolenceduringtheelectiontocompelsomeonetovoteinaparticular
wayorrefrainfromvoting.
Itisyourdutyasacitizento–• Report election offences as soon as possible to Designated IEBC Security Officer’s desk,
DesignatedPeaceCommitteesorthenearestPoliceStation• Conductcampaignsinapeacefulmannerandtoalwaysadheretothelaws,rulesandregulations
guidingelectionsinKenya• Participateinpeacefulelections
The Political Parties Act, 2011;
ThisActregulatestheformationandoperationofpoliticalparties. Itprovidesfor theregistrationofpoliticalpartiesandhowtheyareregulated.Italsoprovidesforthefundingandaccountingofpoliticalparties,andtheresolutionofdisputeswithinpoliticalparties.
TheActhascreatedtheofficeoftheRegistrarofPoliticalPartiesthatisindependentthatcannotbedirectedorcontrolledbyanypersonorauthority. It ismandatory foranypoliticalparty toberegisteredbeforeitcanbeallowedtooperate.Itestablishesa fundcalled thePoliticalPartiesFund,which isadministeredby theRegistrarofPolitical Parties. The fund promotes accountability, transparency and fair competition betweenparties.TheActprovidesfordistributionofthefund,restrictionofsources,disclosureandauditoftheFund.
The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission Act, 2011;
TheIEBCisresponsibleforconductingorsupervisingelectionstoanyelectiveoffice.UnderthisAct,theCommissionismadeupofthecommissionersheadedbyachairpersonandasecretariatheadedbyaChiefExecutiveOfficerwhoisalsothesecretarytothecommission.TheCommissionconsistsofnine(9)MemberswiththeChairandViceChair.ThecommissionersareappointedbythePresidentofKenyaandconfirmedbytheKenyanParliament.
Thetermofofficeofthemembersofthecommissionisasingletermofsix(6)years.Thecommissionisindependentfromthecontrolorinfluenceofanypersonorauthority.Incarryingoutitsfunctions,thecommissionisrequiredtoobservetheprincipleofpublicparticipationandtherequirementforconsultationwithstakeholders.ThefunctionsoftheIEBCare:• Conductingorsupervisingreferenda• Conductingorsupervisingelectionstoanyelectivebodyestablishedbytheconstitution• ConductingandsupervisinganyotherelectionasmaybeasmaybeprescribedbyanActof
Parliament
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• Registrationofcitizensasvoters• Regularrevisionofvoters’register• Delimitationofconstituenciesandwards• Settlementofelectoraldisputessuchasdisputesarisingfromnominations.
ThereisacodeofconductformembersandstaffoftheCommission.TheCodeisfairlycomprehensive.TheCoderequirestheCommission’semployeestoconductthemselveswithintegrityandneutrality.Allthemembersareexpectedtoperformtheirdutiesinamannerthatmaintainspublicconfidenceand to discharge their duties in a professional and efficientmanner and respect the rights andfreedomsofallpersons.
The Elections Campaign Financing Act, 2013
Thislawwaspassedbyparliamentin2013toprovidefortheregulation,management,expenditureand accountability of election campaign funds during election and referendum campaigns. TheIEBCisresponsiblefortheregulationandadministrationofcampaignfinancingandisrequiredto:• KeeparegisterofauthorizedpersonsunderthisAct;• Supervise candidates, political parties, referendum committees and authorized persons in
relationtocampaignexpenses;• Setspendinglimitsandenforcecompliancewithsuchlimits
A political party intending to contest in an election is required to constitute a party expenditurecommitteewhichshallconsistofninememberswhosemandateistoadvisethepoliticalpartyonallfinancialmattersrelatedtothepartynominationortothepartycampaignexpenditure;
Leadership and Integrity Act, 2012
ThisActcameintoplacein2012togiveeffecttotheprovisionsoftheConstitutiononleadershipandintegrityunderChaptersix,(6).Thislawrequiresleaderstohavethefollowingleadershipqualities:• StateofficersarerequiredtoabidebytheConstitutionandthelaw.• StateofficersarerequiredtousethepowergiventothemintheinterestofKenyans• Stateofficersarerequiredtocarryouttheirdutiesefficientlyandwithhonesty• Stateofficersare required tocarryoutdutiesof theoffice inamanner thatmaintainspublic
confidenceintheintegrityoftheoffice• AStateofficershallnotusetheofficetounlawfullyenrichhimselforherselforanyotherperson• AStateofficershallnotuse theoffice towrongfullyorunlawfully influence theacquisitionof
property
Handout 6.2; Qualifications and Requirements for Elective Positions
Guidelines for Facilitators: – Guide participants through a discussion qualifications andrequirementsforelectivepositions.Pleaseensurethatthefollowingpointsarebroughtoutinthediscussion.The IEBC is responsible for ensuring that the following qualifications are met for eligibility toparticipateinelectionsinKenya:
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CandidateforPresidentialElection(andRunningMate)
Fees Qualifications: Requirements:NominationfeesinaBanker’sChequepayabletoIEBC:Kes.200,000forcandidatesKes.100,000foracandidatewhoisayouth,awomanorapersonwithadisability.
• MustbeaKenyancitizenbybirth
• IsqualifiedtostandforelectionasamemberofParliament
• Mustnotholddualcitizenship
• Must not owe allegiancetoaforeignstate
• Mustbearegisteredvoter
• IsaholderofadegreefromaUniversityrecognizedinKenya
• IsnominatedbyaPoliticalPartyorisanindependentcandidate
• TheCandidatemustsubmitthefollowingdocumentstotheCommissionduringtheCommissionNomination:
• Certifiedcopiesofeducationalqualificationcertificates,includingaDegreeCertificateinaccordancewithSection22oftheElectionsAct,2011andRegulation47ofElections(General)Regulations,2012.
• WherethebodythatissuedthecertificateisnotbasedinKenya,acertifiedcopyofthecertificatemustbesubmittedwhichmustbeauthenticatedandorequatedbytheKenyaNationalExaminationCouncilincaseofForm4certificates,ortheCommissionofHigherEducation,incaseofUniversityDegrees.
• AcopyofaNationalIdentityCard/validPassport(thedocumentusedbythecandidatetoregisterasavoter)
• APassportsizephotographwithwhitebackgroundsubmittedinhardandsoftcopy.
• IfaPartyCandidate,aNominationCertificatefromafullyregisteredPoliticalPartynominatingthecandidate,dulydatedandsignedbyanauthorizedofficialoftheparty
• AdulysignedanddatedCodeofConduct(SecondScheduleoftheElectionsAct,2011)
• AdulyfilledCommissionNominationForm,including:
• AnoriginalStatutoryDeclarationFormforpurposesofnomination(Regulation18(3)Elections(General)Regulations,2012andanoriginalSelf-DeclarationForm(Regulation46ofElections(General)Regulations,2012)
• ForbothPoliticalPartyCandidatesandIndependentCandidates,anelectronicandprintedcopyofnotfewerthan2000votersfromeachofthemajorityofthecountriesintheprescribedform.
Table 4: Candidate for Presidential Election
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For an Independent Candidate:• AClearanceCertificatefromtheRegistrar
ofPoliticalPartiescertifyingthatthepersonwasnotamemberofanypoliticalpartyforthelast3monthsbeforetheelections;i.e.asat7thMay,2017(Regulation15(a)(General)Regulations,2012
• Asoftandahardcopyofalistofatleast2000supportersintheprescribedform,submittedtotheCommission.
• AdulyfilledFormofIntentiontoContestintheprescribedform(Regulation15(b)(General)Regulations,2012
• Asymbolthecandidateintendstouseduringtheelection,whichhasbeenapprovedbytheCommission21daysbeforeCommissionDay
• Establishandmaintainafunctioningofficeintherespectiveelectoralareawherethecandidateiscontesting,whichmustbeavailableforinspectionbytheCommissionatleast45daysbeforetheelections.Theaddress,includingthephysicaladdressoftheofficemustbecommunicatedtotheCommission
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CandidateforGovernorElection(andRunningMate)
Fees Qualifications: Requirements:NominationfeesinaBanker’sChequepayabletoIEBC:Kes.50,000forcandidatesKes.25,000foracandidatewhoisayouth,awomanorapersonwithadisability.
• MustbeaKenyancitizenforatleast10yearsbeforetheelection
• Must not owe allegiancetoaforeignstate
• Must be eligible forelectionasamemberofthecountyassembly
• Mustbearegisteredvoter
• IsaholderofadegreefromaUniversityrecognizedinKenya
• IsnominatedbyaPoliticalPartyorisanindependentcandidate
• AllrequirementforCountyGovernorapplytotheDeputyGovernor.
• TheCandidatemustsubmitthefollowingdocumentstotheCommissionduringtheCommissionNomination:
• Certifiedcopiesofeducationalqualificationcertificates,includingaDegreeCertificateinaccordancewithSection22oftheElectionsAct,2011andRegulation47ofElections(General)Regulations,2012.
• WherethebodythatissuedthecertificateisnotbasedinKenya,acertifiedcopyofthecertificatemustbesubmittedwhichmustbeauthenticatedandorequatedbytheKenyaNationalExaminationCouncilincaseofForm4certificates,ortheCommissionofHigherEducation,incaseofUniversityDegrees.
• AcopyofaNationalIdentityCard/validPassport(thedocumentusedbythecandidatetoregisterasavoter)
• APassportsizephotographwithwhitebackgroundsubmittedinhardandsoftcopy.
• IfaPartyCandidate,aNominationCertificatefromafullyregisteredpoliticalpartynominatingthecandidate,dulysignedanddatedbyanauthorizedofficialoftheparty
• AdulysignedanddatedCodeofConduct(SecondScheduleoftheElectionsAct,2011)
• AdulyfilledCommissionNominationForm,includinganoriginalStatutoryDeclarationFormforpurposesofnomination(Regulation18(3)Elections(General)Regulations,2012)andanoriginalSelf-DeclarationForm(Regulation46ofElections(General)Regulations,2012)
Table 5: Candidate for Governor Election
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For an Independent Candidate:• AClearanceCertificatefromtheRegistrar
ofPoliticalPartiescertifyingthatthepersonwasnotamemberofanypoliticalpartyforthelast3monthsbeforetheelections;i.e.asat7thMay,2017(Regulation15(a)(General)Regulations,2012
• Asoftandahardcopyofalistofatleast500supportersintheprescribedform,submittedtotheCommission.
• AdulyfilledFormofIntentiontoContestintheprescribedform(Regulation15(b)(General)Regulations,2012
• Asymbolthecandidateintendstouseduringtheelection,whichhasbeenapprovedbytheCommission
• Establishandmaintainafunctioningofficeintherespectiveelectoralareawherethecandidateiscontesting,whichmustbeavailableforinspectionbytheCommissionatleast45daysbeforetheelections.Theaddress,includingthephysicaladdressoftheofficemustbecommunicatedtotheCommission.
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CandidateforSenateElection(andRunningMate)
Fees Qualifications: Requirements:NominationfeesinaBanker’sChequepayabletoIEBC:Kes.50,000forcandidatesKes.25,000foracandidatewhoisayouth,awomanorapersonwithadisability
• MustbeaKenyancitizenforatleast10yearsbeforetheelection
• Must not owe allegiancetoaforeignstate
• Mustbearegisteredvoter
• IsnominatedbyaPoliticalPartyorisanindependentcandidate
TheCandidatemustsubmitthefollowingdocumentstotheCommissionduringtheCommissionNomination:• AcopyofaNationalIdentityCard/validPassport
(thedocumentusedbythecandidatetoregisterasavoter)
• APassportsizephotographwithwhitebackgroundsubmittedinhardandsoftcopy.
• IfaPartyCandidate,aNominationCertificatefromafullyregisteredpoliticalpartynominatingthecandidate,dulysignedbyanauthorizedofficialoftheparty
• AdulysignedanddatedCodeofConduct(SecondScheduleoftheElectionsAct,2011)
• AdulyfilledCommissionNominationForm,includinganoriginalStatutoryDeclarationFormforpurposesofnomination(Regulation18(3)Elections(General)Regulations,2012)andanoriginalSelf-DeclarationForm(Regulation46ofElections(General)Regulations,2012)
For an Independent Candidate:• AClearanceCertificatefromtheRegistrarof
PoliticalPartiescertifyingthatthepersonwasnotamemberofanypoliticalpartyforthelast3monthsbeforetheelections;i.e.asat7thMay,2017,(Regulation15(a)(General)Regulations,2012
• Asoftandahardcopyofalistofatleast2000supportersintheprescribedform,submittedtotheCommission.
• AdulyfilledFormofIntentiontoContestintheprescribedform(Regulation15(b)(General)Regulations,2012
• Asymbolthecandidateintendstouseduringtheelection,whichhasbeenapprovedbytheCommission
• Establishandmaintainafunctioningofficeintherespectiveelectoralareawherethecandidateiscontesting,whichmustbeavailableforinspectionbytheCommissionatleast45daysbeforetheelections.Theaddress,includingthephysicaladdressoftheofficemustbecommunicatedtotheCommission.
Table 6: Candidate for Senate Election
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CandidateforNationalAssemblyElection(includingWomanCountyRepresentativetotheNationalAssembly)Fees Qualifications: Requirements:NominationfeesinaBanker’sChequepayabletoIEBC:Kes.20,000forcandidatesKes.10,000foracandidatewhoisayouth,awomanorapersonwithadisability
• MustbeaKenyancitizenforatleast10yearsbeforetheelection
• Mustnotholdallegiancetoaforeignstate
• Mustbearegisteredvoter
• IsnominatedbyaPoliticalPartyorisanindependentcandidate
TheCandidatemustsubmitthefollowingdocumentstotheCommissionduringtheCommissionNomination:• AcopyofaNationalIdentityCard/validPassport
(thedocumentusedbythecandidatetoregisterasavoter)
• APassportsizephotographwithwhitebackgroundsubmittedinhardandsoftcopy.
• IfaPartyCandidate,aNominationCertificatefromafullyregisteredpoliticalpartynominatingthecandidate,dulysignedbyanauthorizedofficialoftheparty
• AdulysignedanddatedCodeofConduct(SecondScheduleoftheElectionsAct,2011)
• AdulyfilledCommissionNominationForm,includinganoriginalStatutoryDeclarationFormforpurposesofnomination(Regulation18(3)Elections(General)Regulations,2012)andanoriginalSelf-DeclarationForm(Regulation46ofElections(General)Regulations,2012)
For an Independent Candidate:• AClearanceCertificatefromtheRegistrarof
PoliticalPartiescertifyingthatthepersonwasnotamemberofanypoliticalpartyforthelast3monthsbeforetheelections;i.e.asatDecember4,2012(Regulation15(a)(General)Regulations,2012
• Asoftandahardcopyofalistofatleast1000supportersintheprescribedform,submittedtotheCommission.
• AdulyfilledFormofIntentiontoContestintheprescribedform(Regulation15(b)(General)Regulations,2012
• Asymbolthecandidateintendstouseduringtheelection,whichhasbeenapprovedbytheCommission
• Establishandmaintainafunctioningofficeintherespectiveelectoralareawherethecandidateiscontesting,whichmustbeavailableforinspectionbytheCommissionatleast45daysbeforetheelections.Theaddress,includingthephysicaladdressoftheofficemustbecommunicatedtotheCommission.
Table 7: Candidate for National Assembly Election
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CandidateforWardCountyAssemblyElection
Fees Qualifications: Requirements:NominationfeesinaBanker’sChequepayabletoIEBC:Kes.5,000forcandidates.Kes.2,500foracandidatewhoisayouth,awomanorapersonwithadisability.
• MustbeaKenyancitizenforatleast10yearsbeforetheelection
• Mustbearegisteredvoter
• Must not owe allegiancetoaforeignstate
• IsnominatedbyaPoliticalPartyorisanindependentcandidate
TheCandidatemustsubmitthefollowingdocumentstotheCommissionduringtheCommissionNomination:• AcopyofaNationalIdentityCard/validPassport
(thedocumentusedbythecandidatetoregisterasavoter)
• APassportsizephotographwithwhitebackgroundsubmittedinhardandsoftcopy.
• IfaPartyCandidate,aNominationCertificatefromafullyregisteredpoliticalpartynominatingthecandidate,dulysignedbyanauthorizedofficialoftheparty
• AdulysignedanddatedCodeofConduct(SecondScheduleoftheElectionsAct,2011)
• AdulyfilledCommissionNominationForm,includinganoriginalStatutoryDeclarationFormforpurposesofnomination(Regulation18(3)Elections(General)Regulations,2012)andanoriginalSelf-DeclarationForm(Regulation46ofElections(General)Regulations,2012)
For an Independent Candidate:• AClearanceCertificatefromtheRegistrarof
PoliticalPartiescertifyingthatthepersonwasnotamemberofanypoliticalpartyforthelast3monthsbeforetheelections;i.e.asat7thMay,2017(Regulation15(a)(General)Regulations,2012
• Asoftandahardcopyofalistofatleast500supportersintheprescribedform,submittedtotheCommission.
• AdulyfilledFormofIntentiontoContestintheprescribedform(Regulation15(b)(General)Regulations,2012
• Asymbolthecandidateintendstouseduringtheelection,whichhasbeenapprovedbytheCommission
• Establishandmaintainafunctioningofficeintherespectiveelectoralareawherethecandidateiscontesting,whichmustbeavailableforinspectionbytheCommissionatleast45daysbeforetheelections.Theaddress,includingthephysicaladdressoftheofficemustbecommunicatedtotheCommission
Table 8: Candidate for Ward County Assembly Election
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GeneralRequirementsforIndependentCandidates(Regulation39oftheElection(General)Regulations,2012)Fees Qualifications: Requirements:NominationfeesinaBanker’sChequepayabletoIEBC:Kes.20,000forcandidatesKes.10,000foracandidatewhoisayouth,awomanorapersonwithadisability
AnominationpapersubmittedbyanIndependentCandidatestotheCommissionshall;• Containthecandidate’snameasit
appearsintheRegisterofVoters• Besignedbythecandidate,proposer
andsecondedwhoshallbevotersregisteredintherespectiveelectoralarea
• TheProposerandSecondershallnotbemembersofanypoliticalparty
• ShowtherespectiveelectoralareafortheproposerandSeconder
• Bedeliveredtothereturningofficerpersonallytothecandidateshimselforherselforbyapersonauthorizedbythecandidatesonthedatesetfornominationsforthatelection
QualificationsforNomineesofPartyListsunderArticles97(1)(c)and98(1)(b),(c)and(d),andforthemembersofcountyassembliesunderArticle177(1)(b)and(c)NomineetotheNationalAssembly,NomineetotheSenate,YouthNomineetotheSenate,PersonswithDisabilityNomineetotheSenate,MarginalizedGroupNomineetotheCountyAssembly,GenderSpecialSeatsNomineetotheCountyAssembly(ForGenderTopUp)
Qualifications:• MustbeaKenyancitizenforatleast
10yearsbeforetheelection• Mustbearegisteredvoter• Mustnotoweallegiancetoaforeign
state• CertificationofDisabilityfromthe
relevantinstitutionasprescribedbytheCommission
APoliticalPartymustsubmitthefollowingdocumentstotheCommissionduringtheCommissionNomination:• PartyListscontaining
nomineesappointedinaccordancewithArticles97(1)(c),98(1)(b),(c)and177(1)(c)and(c)oftheConstitutioninthemannerprescribedbytheCommissionandauthorizedbysignatoriesofthenominatingPoliticalParty
• DulysignedcopiesofLettersofAcceptanceoftheNominees
• CertifiedcopiesofeducationalqualificationcertificatesoftheNominees(WHEREAPPLICABLE),includingaDiplomacertificateorotherpost-secondaryqualificationacquiredafteraperiodofthreemonthsrecognizedbytherelevantMinistryinaccordancewithSection22(1)(b)oftheElectionsAct,2011andRegulation47ofElections(General)Regulations,2012.
• WherethebodythatissuedthecertificateisnotbasedinKenya,acertifiedcopyofthecertificatemustbesubmittedwhichmustbeauthenticatedandorequatedbytheKenyaNationalExaminationCouncilincaseofForm4certificates,ortheCommissionofHigherEducation,incaseofUniversityDegrees.
Table 9: General Requirements for Independent Candidates
MODULE 7Political Economy Analysis (PEA)
64A Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership
ModuleObjectives This session guides the participants/candidates on how to go about undertaking a political economy analysis. At the end of the session participants will know: - • DefinitionofPoliticalEconomyAnalysis• Fill out a Political Economy Analysis Matrix
TrainingAid&Resources Flipchart, makers and papers, Power point presentations
MethodofDelivery Presentation ,discussions and experience sharing
Duration 60 Minutes (1 hour)
What is Political Economy Analysis?
PEAistheattempttofindoutwhatisreally`goingon’inasituation,whatliesbehindthesurfaceoftheimmediateproblem,forexamplewhethercompetinginterestsexist.Usuallythisisformulatedwith(andcloudedby)jargonaroundpower,rulesofthegame,formalandinformalsystemsetc.,allofwhichboilsdowntotryingtounderstandthe‘layoftheland.’PEAisthereforepartoftheprocessofbeing‘politicallysmart’inourwork,whichisnotthesameasbeingpartisan(committedtoonesetofpoliticalactorsoveranother).
Politicaleconomylooksattheinteractionofpoliticalandeconomicprocessesinasociety,thedistributionofpowerandwealthbetweendifferentgroupsandindividuals,andtheprocessesthatcreate,sustainandtransformtheserelationshipsovertime.Theroleofbothstructuralfactorsandinstitutionsiscritical:theyshapeincentivesandconstraintsandsetlimitstowhatispossible
Political Economy Analysis Tools
PowerandChangeAnalysis(PCA).EntailsastakeholderandSWOTanalysistodiscussoperationalimplicationsandtoconsiderwhetherthereisaneedtorealignpoliticalstrategy.ThePowerandChangeanalysisisstructuredaroundthreedimensions.
Figure 2 Three dimensions of the Power and Change analysis
Structural Factors
Rulesof
the Game
Actors and
Agents
HistoryGeography
Ethnography
FormalInformal
IndividualsOrganizations
65 A Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership
1. Structural Factors.Thesearestructuralfactorsthatdrivechangeandincludethesocialandeconomicfactorsthatsignificantlyshapethepoliticalsystem.Thesecanbeofverylongtermorigin,andtendtochangeslowly.Issuesaddressedtypicallyincludeterritorialintegrity,thehistoryofopponentandtheirformation,sourcesofrevenue,theirsocialandeconomicstructures,geostrategicpositionandgeographyoftheirlocations
2. Rules of the game,includingformalandinformalinstitutionsofthestate,civilsocietyandtheprivatesector.Theseshapehowthepoliticswillbeconductedandrelationshipsmanaged.Thereisparticularfocusontheextentandnatureofpoliticalcompetition,thedegreetowhichkeyinstitutionsofstateandsocietyoperateaccordingtoknownrules,andwhattheirinterrelationshipsare.Thisalsolooksatkeysocio-economictrendsthatcouldchangetherulesofthegame.Issuesitaddressesinclude:theformalframework,politicalcompetition,institutionalization,andthedistributionofpower,thepublicbureaucracy,state-societyrelations,andidentifyingkeytrends.
3. Actors and Agents,includingkeyactors‟capacitiesandinterests,andtheeventsandpressures(context)towhichtheyareresponding.Thisfocusesonneartermpoliticaldynamics,andoverlapswiththetrackrecordandreportingactivities.
Why is Political Economy Analysis Important?
• TounderstandthepoliticaleconomycontextofaConstituencyinordertoimprovestrategy• Tounderstandthegeneralfactorsdrivingorblockingyouragenda• Tounderstandtheinterestsofparticularstakeholders,groupsandindividuals• Toassessthecommitmentofpoliticalleadershiptoyouragenda• Toassessthepoliticalfeasibilityofspecificchange• Todevelopapoliticallysavvyapproachtopromotingagenda
PEA will help you in;
• Decidingwhotoworkwith,andhowtomanagerelationships• Tounderstandwhyyouragendamayhavestalledandhowtounblockprogress• Toinformyourapproachtopoliticalengagementanddialogue• Totestthethresholdofyourcampaignandyourassumptions• Tounderstandandmanagepotentialrisks
Activity One; How to conduct PEA
Dividetheparticipantsintosmalldiscussiongroups.Youmayaskthemthefollowingquestionstoguidethem:
Structural factors
1. Whatarethelongtermcontextualfactors,notreadilyinfluenced:historicallegacies?2. WhatisthegeographyofyourConstituency(demographiccharacteristics)?3. Whatarethekeyresourcesreadilyavailableforyourcampaign?
66A Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership
4. WhatistheEthno-linguisticfragmentation?5. Letthempresenttheirfindingsinplenary.
Conduct a facilitator led presentation and discussion to consolidate the activity’s outcomes using the information shown presented;
Activity Two; Actors and Agents
1. Whatareinterestsandincentivesofactors?2. Whatistheirpowertogetwhattheywant?3. Letthempresenttheirfindingsinplenary
Conductafacilitatorledpresentationanddiscussiontoconsolidatetheactivity’soutcomesusingthematrixbelow;
Figure 3 Power/Influence matrix
High power,low interest
Low power,low interest
High degree of power &
high interest
Low power but
high interest
•Potentialto block/opponents
•Needforadvocacy
•Championsforchangeorsupporters
•Maysimplebeunawareofthe
potentialbenefits•Raisingawareness
•Potentialalliesforchampions/supporters•Needtoempower them•Fostercoalitions
POWER/INFLUENCE
INTEREST
67 A Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership
References
Chweya,E.(2015)‘MPMillieOdhiamboRevealsWhySheUndressedinParliament’.Ghafla,11May.
Domingo,P.,McCullough,A.,Simbiri,F,.Wanjala,B.(2016).OverseasDevelopmentInstituteWomenandpowerShapingthedevelopmentofKenya’s2010Constitution
FIDA(FederationofWomenLawyersinKenya)(2010)‘FIDAAnnualReport’.Nairobi:FIDA.
FIDA(FederationofWomenLawyersinKenya)(2013)‘KeyGainsandChallenges:AGenderAuditofKenya’s2013ElectionProcess’Nairobi:FIDA,USAIDandNDI.
GovernmentofKenya,MinistryofDevolutionandPlanning(June2017).ImplementationoftheAgenda2030forSustainabledevelopmentinKenya
Ghai,Y.P.andCottrell,J.(2011).Kenya’sConstitution:AnInstrumentforChange.Nairobi:KatibaInstitute.
Nzomo,M.(2013).WomeninPoliticalLeadershipinKenya:Access,AgendaSetting&Accountability.InstituteofDiplomacy&InternationalStudies,UniversityofNairobi
Tripp,A.,Lott,C.andKhabure,L.(2014).Women’sLeadershipasaRoutetoGreaterEmpowerment:KenyaCaseStudy.Nairobi:USAID
Tripp,A.(2014).Women’sMovementandConstitutionMakingafterCivilUnrestandConflictinAfrica:TheCasesofKenyaandSomalia.Paper.
TheStarNewspaper(February,2019).SafaricomMoldsFemaleStaffforLeadership
TheNationalDemocraticInstitute(NDI)andtheFederationofWomenLawyers(FIDAKenya)(2017).AGenderAnalysisofthe2017KenyaElections.
Women’sAgendaforaDemocraticKenya:PoliticalParticipation”.PaperpresentedattheNationalWomen’sConvention,KICC,Nairobi22February.;1992
68A Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership
Appendices
Appendix One
MODULE MODULE OBJECTIVES METHOD OF DELIVERY
TRAINING AID AND TRAINING RESOURCES
Module One: ContextualOverviewofWomenandPolitics
Bytheendofthemodule,participants/candidatesshouldbeableto:• DescribetheroleofwomeninpoliticalinKenya• Statewhatwomenneedinordertoparticipatein
politicalleadership.
PowerPointpresentation,facilitatorleddiscussion,experiencesharingandgroupwork
PowerPointpresentationslides,Flipchartstand,Flipcharts,Flipchartmarkers,Maskingtapeandparticipants’previousknowledgeandexperiences
Module Two: PoliticsandGender
Bytheendofthemodule,participants/candidatesshouldbeableto:• DefineGenderandinternalizegenderconcepts• DefineGender,sexandcommonstereotypes• Manifestationsofgenderstereotypesinelections
andpolitics• Understandpoliticsfromagenderlens
PowerPointpresentation,facilitatorleddiscussion,experiencesharingandgroupwork
PowerPointpresentationslides,Flipchartstand,Flipcharts,Flipchartmarkers,Maskingtapeandparticipants'previousknowledgeandexperiences.
Module Three: CampaignStrategies
Bytheendofthissession,participants/candidateswillbeabletoknowabout:• WhyarecampaignsnecessaryandHowto
Campaign• Lobbying&LobbyingTactics• GettingSupport• Howtowriteeffectivemessages• Drawingupslogans• Whyarecampaignsnecessaryandhowto
campaign
Roleplays,Groupworkdiscussionsandexperiencesharing
Flipchart,makersandpapers
Module Four: CommunicationandPresentationSkills
Bytheendofthissession,participants/candidateswillbeabletoknowabout:• Publicspeaking• Personalpresentationandimage• Handlingnegativesituations
Roleplays,Groupworkdiscussionsandexperiencesharing
Flipchart,makersandpaper
Module Five: EngagingMedia
Thissessionprovidesguidelinesonhowtopresent:Engagingthemedia.Itdefinesthedifferenttypesofmediaandgoesontohighlightitsrolesandshortcomings.Itendswithvarioustipsforeffectiveuseofthemedia.Attheendofthesessionparticipantswillbeableto:-• Explainthemeaningofmedia• Identifytypesofmedia• Describetheroleofthemedia• Discusshowtoengagethemedia
Roleplays,Groupworkdiscussionsandexperiencesharing
Flipchart,makersandpaper
Module Six: ElectionRulesandRegulation
Thissessionguidestheparticipants/candidatesontheelectionrulesandregulations.IthighlightstheIEBCrequirementsforparticipationinelectionsascandidates.Attheendofthesessionparticipantswillknow:• KenyaElectoralLawsandRegulations• Qualificationsandrequirementsforelective
positions
Roleplays,Groupworkdiscussionsandexperiencesharing
Flipchart,makersandpaper
Modules Seven: PoliticalEconomyAnalysis
Thissessionguidestheparticipants/candidatesonhowtogoaboutundertakingapoliticaleconomyanalysis.Attheendofthesessionparticipantswillknow:-• DefinitionofPoliticalEconomyAnalysis• FilloutaPoliticalEconomyAnalysisMatrix
Powerpointpres-entation,discussionsandexperiencesharing
Flipchart,makersandpapers,Powerpointpresentations
Table 10: Training Course Content
69 A Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership
Appendix Two
TIMELINE MODULE /SESSIONS
1stworkshopDayonetodaythree
Introduction to Leadership CourseBackgroundandContextClimateSettingforEffectiveLearningParticipantsIntroductionsSharingExpectationsandObjectives
Module One: ContextualOverviewofWomenandPoliticsSessionOne:ContextualOverviewWomenandPoliticsinKenyaSession Two: Women Participation in Elections Historical BackgroundSession Three: Impact on Women’s Access to Elected and Appointed Positions in KenyaSession Four: Patterns of Power and Decision Making
Module Two:PoliticsandGenderSessionOne:DefiningGenderConceptSessionTwo:GenderConceptSessionThree:GenderManifestationsinElectionandPoliticsSessionFour:CulturesandTraditionalGenderRolesSessionFive:GenderAnalysisof2017ElectionsandViolenceagainstWomeninElections
Module Three: Campaign StrategiesSession One: Why CampaignSession Two: How to CampaignSessionThree:LobbyingSession Four: Campaign TipsSessionFive:Introductiontocampaignstrategies
2ndworkshopDayonetodaythree Module Four: Communication and Presentation Skills
Session One: Presentation SkillsSessionTwo:HandlingNegativeSituation
Module Five: Engaging MediaSession One: What is the meaning of MediaSession Two: How to use the MediaSessionThree:WritingEffectivePressReleaseModule Six: Election Rules and RegulationSessionOne:ElectoralLawsofKenyaSessionTwo:QualificationsandRequirementsforElectivePositions
Modules Seven: Political Economy AnalysisSession One: How to conduct PEASession Two: Actors and Agents
Table 11: Training Time Table
70A Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership
Appendix Three
Pleaseevaluatepoliticalleadershiptrainingexperienceandthefacilitatorofyourworkshopbycheckingtheboxthatbestindicatesyourresponseinthechartnexttoeachstatement.There-sponsesonthisformwillbeusedtoadjustandimprovefutureworkshopprograms.5=Excellent, 4=Good, 3=Satisfactory, 2=Needs Improvement, 1=Very PoorYour evaluation form is anonymous unless you choose to write your name on it.
Evaluation of the Module/Sessions
1. Participatingintheworkshopenabledmetoreflectuponissuesthatariseinmydailylife. 5 4 3 2 12. Participatingintheworkshopgraduallyreducedmyreluctancetovoicemyopinionstoothers 5 4 3 2 13. Participatingintheworkshopimprovedmylisteningskills 5 4 3 2 14. Participatingintheworkshopenhancedmyabilitytocommunicateeffectivelywithothers. 5 4 3 2 15. Participatingintheworkshopincreasedmyself-confidence 5 4 3 2 16. Participatingintheworkshopmotivatedmetothinkaboutmyvisionforabetterleadershipinmy
community.5 4 3 2 1
7. Participatingintheworkshopinspiredmyspiritofelectivepolitics 5 4 3 2 18. Participatingintheworkshopmademeappreciatetheneedforengenderingpoliticalleadershipinmy
community.5 4 3 2 1
9. ParticipatingintheworkshopenabledmetocultivateanetworkoffriendsandcolleagueswithwhomIfeelcomfortablediscussingmypersonalandprofessionalconcernsasIaspiretoeffectchangeinmylifeand/orcommunity.
5 4 3 2 1
10. ParticipatingintheworkshopstimulatedmydesiretolearnmoreaboutpoliticalparticipationandwhatIcandotoempowerwomen.
5 4 3 2 1
11. Interactingwithotherworkshopparticipantsenabledmetounderstandtheimportanceofwomen’sparticipationinmycommunity’sdecision-making.
5 4 3 2 1
12. Learningfromotherswasausefulwaytoconsiderthechallengesandopportunitiesinvolvedinpoliticalparticipation.
5 4 3 2 1
13. Participatinginthelearningexerciseswasausefulwaytoconsiderthechallengesandopportunitiesformyinvolvementinpoliticalleadership
5 4 3 2 1
14. Ibelievethatbothwomenandmencanbenefitfromparticipatinginthisworkshop. 5 4 3 2 115. Iwouldrecommendtomyfamilymembers,friends,and/orcolleaguesthattheyparticipateinthe
workshops.5 4 3 2 1
Evaluation of the Facilitator16. Thefacilitatorconductedtheworkshopatareasonablepace—quicklyenoughtoavertmyboredomand
fatiguebutslowlyenoughtoallowmetobenefitfromthesessionsandlearningexercises.5 4 3 2 1
17. ThefacilitatorcreatedanenvironmentinwhichIcouldspeakwitheaseaboutsensitivepersonalandprofessionalconcerns.
5 4 3 2 1
18. Thefacilitatorwaswillingtoshareherlifeexperienceswiththeparticipantsinordertostimulatediscussion.
5 4 3 2 1
19. Thefacilitatorenabledtheparticipantstounderstandthechallengesandopportunitiesinvolvedinpoliticalparticipation.
5 4 3 2 1
20. Thefacilitatorwelcomedtheparticipants’recommendationsaboutissuesthatwererelevantforconsidera-tionandadaptedtheworkshoptotheirneeds.
5 4 3 2 1
Table 12: Training Evaluation Checklist
Inthespacebelowandonthebackofthispage,pleasecommentonanyaspectofyourexperiencewiththeworkshopfacilitatorthatyoulikedand/ordisliked.Whatrecommendationswouldyouoffertothisfacilitatortohelphermakefutureworkshopsmorerelevantandusefultoparticipants?Pleasefeelfreetoshareyoursuggestions.
Thigiri Hilltop, off Thigiri Ridge Road,P.O Box 66471 - 00800,
Nairobi, KenyaTel: + 254(0)20 2610021/2/3Email: [email protected]
Website: www.kas.de/kenia/en