Journal of Korean Nature Vol. 5, No. 4 287-292, 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.7229/jkn.2012.5.4.287

A Study on the Plants for Phenology of the Mt. PalgongsanProvincial Park

Byung Do Kim1, Sung Tae Yu1, Hyun tak Shin2, Myung hoon Yi3, Jung won Yoon3,

Gi song Kim3 and Jung won Sung3*1Daegu Arboretum, Daegu, 711-832, Korea2Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, 487-821, Korea3Department of Landscape Architecture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Korea

Abstract: The study performed monitoring on seasonal changes of a total of 13 plants including 10 woody plantsand 3 herbaceous plants vulnerable to the climate change around the Mt. Palgongsan Provincial Park from April 10to November 30, 2010. The plants were divided with 5 features including leaf unfolding, flowering, falling blossom,fall foliage and fallen leaves. The meteorological data were measured from early January, 2010 to late December,2011 and the maximum and minimum monthly average temperatures were 25.3oC and −4.7oC and the maximumand minimum monthly average relative humidity was 96% and 28.3%, respectively. The study analyzed indicatorspecies which may be compared as a result of monitoring indicator plants. The flowering period delayed from 2 to 10days. In contrast, the flowers fell 3 to 25 days earlier. The leaf unfolded earlier than the previous year except sometrees. No clear pattern changes were observed in the leaf foliage, time of leaf falling and growth duration comparedto the previous year. It is required to perform long-term climate monitoring, observe phenology of plants and compareand analysis depending on vegetation, soils and slopes for each individual entity.

Keywords: Climate Change, Flowering, Aestivation, Mt. Palgongsan

Introduction

Changing the biotic seasonal phenomena is the clearest

reaction to the recent climate change (Post and Strenseth,

1999; Hughes, 2000; Penuelas and Felella, 2001; Walther et

al., 2002; Menzel, 2003; Gordo and sanz, 2005; Menzel et

al., 2006; Doi and Katano, 2008). Despite some contradict

results, the results of the phenomena observed for a long

time indicate outstanding evidence that times were moved

forward in various biological phenomena (Parmesan and

Yohe 2003; Root et al., 2003). These consistent patterns

may be observed from the fact that the growth and dates of

flowering became faster from the aspect of the plant

phenology (Menzel and Fabian, 1999; Fitter and Fitter,

2002; Penuelas et al., 2002). Generally, these reactions are

the most outstanding in the spring (Walter et al., 2002).

Song (2008) analyzed the correlation between the annual

average temperature and the flowering dates of Prunus

serrulata var. spontanea (Maxim.) E.H.Wilson blossoms

from 1922 to 2008 for major cities in Korea and reported

that the flowering dates moved forward to about 3 days

when the annual average temperature increased by 1oC and

this was due to the climate change and the temperature

increase due to the heat island phenomena in the cities

shortened the flowering dates. Recently, studies are

continuously performed to protect and manage protected

species in the forest through long-term monitoring of

climate changes on the regional basis in Korea (Shin et al.,

2011; Sung and Shin, 2011; Yu et al., 2011; Kim, et al.,

2011; Shin and Sung, 2011; Kim et al., 2012). The

investigation site, Mt. Palgongsan Provincial Park, is

located 20 km on the northeast direction from the center of

Daegu City and affected by the continental climate. Also,

the park has a high value of preservation for nature

preservation, primeval forest, wild animals and plants but

the endangered species including Aconitum austrokoreense

Koidz. and Iris odaesanesis Y. N Lee are affected by

climate change (Kim, 2009).

The purpose of the study is to perform monitoring for

bioclimatology in the Mt. Palgongsan Provincial Park,

analyze the results, establish biogeographic long-term and

management system, predict and manage changes in

growing environment for plants and provide fundamental

data to preserve plants vulnerable to the climate change in

the mountain.

*To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Tel: +82-53-810-3807

E-mail: onsulove2036@hanmail.net

J. KOREAN NATURE

288 Byung Do Kim, Sung Tae Yu, Hyun tak Shin, Myung hoon Yi, Jung won Yoon, Gi song Kim and Jung won Sung

Material and Method

Install Micrometeorologic Equipment

The trends in temperature changes were observed for spots

where the plants vulnerable to climate change by installing

micrometeorologic equipment. The equipment was installed

in Baekandong (N35o57'14.21'' E128o41'37.07'') and measured

climate data from early January, 2000 to late December,

2011. Among Hobo sensors in the micrometerologic

equipment, the temperature and the humidity were observed

by TMB-M006 in the simplified instrument screen (RS3)

and the U23 series, temperature and humidity sensor, was

used as auxiliary equipment.

Monitoring Indicator Plants

The GPS (GPS60CS) was used to mark coordinates on

each indicator plant, granted distinct number tags and

recorded times of flowering, flower falling, leaf unfolding

and fall foliages and changing growth period (Figure 1).

More than 3 entities were observed for the identical species

to reduce errors in the nearby same species with the

investigation and the data were measured considering the

averages. The investigation was performed once a week

from April 10, 2010 to November 30, 2011 and every 2

weeks in July and August due to not showing changes of

the phenology (Korea National Arboretum, 2010).

The plants under biometeorologic investigation were

selected in accordance with the investigation manual of the

Korea Forest Service (2010) focusing on rare plants, local

plants in the site out of special plants and common plants

evenly distributed nationwide. A total of 13 entities

including 10 wood species of wild Prunus sargentii Rehder,

Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai,

Lindera obtusiloba Blume and Acer pseudosieboldianum

(Pax) Kom and 3 herbs like Eranthis stellata Maxim. and

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. were under investigation (Table

Fig. 1. Study area of Mt. Palgongsan

Table 1. Survey plant List of Mt. Palgongsan

No. Korean Name Scientific NameGPS Coordinate Altitude

(m)N S

1 산벚나무 Prunus sargentii Rehder 36o01'38.90" 128o37'44.78" 518

2 진달래 Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai 36o01'40.61" 128o37'46.75" 520

3 생강나무 Lindera obtusiloba Blume 36o01'39.29" 128o37'44.01" 522

4 당단풍나무 Acer pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Kom. 36o01'41.01" 128o37'50.21" 525

5 졸참나무 Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray 36o01'40.77" 128o37'51.48" 523

6 신갈나무 Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. 36o01'40.81" 128o37'51.70" 523

7 물박달나무 Betula davurica Pall. 36o01'39.56" 128o08'53.29" 517

8 철쭉 Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim. 36o01'40.33" 128o08'57.31" 523

9 소나무 Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. 36o01'39.08" 128o08'44.23" 519

10 일본잎갈나무 Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere 36o01'41.05" 128o08'47.52" 522

11 너도바람꽃 Eranthis stellata Maxim. 36o01'41.92" 128o07'50.54" 519

12 원추리 Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. 36o01v41.16" 128o08'50.65" 525

13 나도개감채 Lloydia triflora (Ledeb.) Baker 36o01'41.92" 128o07'50.54" 519

J. KOREAN NATURE

A Study on the Plants for Phenology of the Mt. Palgongsan Provincial Park 289

1). The periods of starting flowering were measured when

the inflorescenes of male flowers were completely open for

at least 3 spots or pollen flew by slightly shaking for

needleleaf trees and blossomed flowers were observed from

at least 3 spots for deciduous broadleaf tress. Here, the

blossomed flower means flower leaves completely opened.

The falling blossom period was observed by percentage for

blossomed flower and considered the fallen period when

90-100% of the flower was fallen. The leaf unfolding was

considered as unfolded herb with more than 3 spots looking

like leaves and the fall foliage was considered with more

than 3 foliage spots on the total leaves. The leaf starts

falling when fallen leaves were observed from more than 3

spots. All the data were recorded as percentage. For herbs,

the plant started blossoming when the flower bud was

ruptured and the flower blossomed and the blossom was

considered when the flower leaves were completely open.

The falling period is when 90-100% of the flower was

withered or dead. The growth started when the buds were

observed above the soil surface and the unfolding started

when leaves completely open was observed for the leaf

unfolding period. The fallen blossom was considered and

observed when 90-100% of leaves were withered or dead.

Result and Consideration

Climatic Overview

Monthly average temperature, monthly average relative

humidity, daily highest and lowest temperatures and daily

highest and lowest relative humidity were observed from

early January 2010 to late December 2011 based on the

micrometeorologic data of Baekandong (N35o57'14.21''

E128o41'37.07''). The highest daily average temperature

was 27.6oC on July 28, 2011 and the lowest was 10.2oC on

January 16, 2011. The highest and lowest monthly average

temperatures were 25.3oC in August 2010 and −4.7oC in

January 2011, respectively (Figure 2). In addition, it was

found out that the average temperature between January

and March of 2011 was 0.02oC higher than that of 2010 and

the number of days below 0oC was 49 in 2010 and 47 in

2011. The highest and lowest monthly average relative

humidity were 87% in August 2010 and 55% in January

2011, respectively (Figure 3). The highest and lowest daily

average relative humidity was 96% on October 22, 2011

and 28.3% in September 10, 2010.

Monitoring Indicator Plants

The physiologic cycle of the indicator plan consists of 5

stages including blossoming, fallen blossom, leaf unfolding,

fall foliage and fallen leaves and the times of starting

physiologic changes of each indicator plant were recorded.

The starting points for each physiologic features were

categorized for 2010 and 2011 and the cycle trends in

climate change were analyzed (Table 2). The Acer

pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Kom, Quercus mongolica Fisch.

ex Ledeb, Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim. and

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. did not show the blossom and

Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray, Betula davurica Pall,

Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere and Lloydia triflora

(Ledeb.) Baker failed comparing because they did not

blossom in 2011. The flowering period delayed from 2 to

10 days for tree species under comparison.

It was observed that the blossoms started falling 3 to 25

days earlier. It was found out that the leaves unfolded 4 to

33 days earlier than 2010 except Lindera obtusiloba

Blume, Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray, Rhododendron

schlippenbachii Maxim and Lloydia triflora (Ledeb.) Baker

out of total indicator tree species. Fall foliages were

observed 2 to 10 days earlier for Prunus sargentii Rehder,

Lindera obtusiloba Blume, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex

Ledeb, Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere and Eranthis

stellata Maxim. and 2 to 18 days for other species. Prunus

sargentii Rehder, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb,

Betula davurica Pall, Rhododendron schlippenbachii

Maxim and Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere showed

fallen leaves 4 to 18 days later than before but other tree

species showed 1 to 13 days earlier. No constant pattern

changes were observed for the growth period.

Fig. 2. Average of temperature.

Fig. 3. Average of relative humidity.

J. KOREAN NATURE

290 Byung Do Kim, Sung Tae Yu, Hyun tak Shin, Myung hoon Yi, Jung won Yoon, Gi song Kim and Jung won Sung

Blossom

Plants except Prunus sargentii Rehder, Rhododendron

mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai, Lindera obtusiloba

Blume, Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. and Eranthis

stellata Maxim. failed comparing blossom period as a

result of analyzing blossom periods. Eranthis stellata

Maxim. observed 11 days earlier than before and other

species showed 2 to 10 days later than that of 2010 (Figure

4). The blossom period depended on sunshine duration,

temperature, humidity, precipitation and light intensity and

was particularly sensitive to climate element, temperature

(Vegis A, 1964). It was considered due to physiologic stress

by abnormal climate in the spring which affected the

blossom in 2011 and the blossom in 2011 started later than

2010. Therefore, comparison studies through long-term

climate monitoring are required.

Fallen Blossom

The fallen blossom analysis results were opposite to those

of the flowering period. Eranthis stellata Maxim.. showed

flowering and fallen blossom simultaneously in 2011 and it

was observed that the growth period increased than the

previous year because the flowering was observed early but

the fallen was observed late in 2011. Other tree species

showed later to 3 to 25 days compared to 2010 (Figure 5).

This is due to the fact that the temperatures of March and

April which affect the falling period continued longer than

2010 and the timing delayed. Management plans and

promotion are required to preserve plant species in the Mt.

Palgongsan for Lloydia triflora (Ledeb.) Baker which has

been lost in 2011 due to hikers and wildlife animals.

Leaf Unfolding

There was no clear pattern difference in that Lindera

obtusiloba Blume, Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray,

Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb and Rhododendron

schlippenbachii Maxim. were 2 days later and other plants

were 4 to 33 days later than before (Figure 6). It is known

that there are various environmental factors like soil,

temperature and humidity which affect the leaf unfolding.

Table 2. Comparison of plant phenological cycle (2010-2011)

No. Scientific NameBlossom Fallen blossom Leaf unfolding Fall foliage Fallen leaves Growth period

2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011

1 Prunus sargentii Rehder 4/6 4/16 4/27 4/24 5/4 4/27 10/8 10/18 10/15 10/28 192 195

2 Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai 4/6 4/16 4/27 4/24 5/4 4/27 10/8 9/29 11/10 11/9 218 207

3 Lindera obtusiloba Blume 4/6 4/8 5/11 4/16 5/4 5/6 10/8 10/18 11/10 10/28 218 203

4 Acer pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Kom. - - - - 5/4 4/27 - 10/28 - 11/2 - 169

5 Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray 5/11 - 5/18 - 5/4 5/6 10/15 10/13 11/10 10/28 190 175

6 Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. - - - - 5/4 5/6 10/8 10/13 10/22 11/9 171 187

7 Betula davurica Pall. 4/20 - 4/27 - 5/4 4/27 10/15 10/13 10/22 10/28 185 184

8 Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim. - - - - 5/4 5/6 10/22 10/18 10/27 11/2 176 -

9 Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. 5/4 5/13 - - 5/11 4/16 - - - - - -

10 Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere 5/11 - 5/18 - 4/27 4/16 9/17 9/23 10/8 10/5 149 172

11 Eranthis stellata Maxim. 4/6 3/26 4/6 4/8 5/11 4/8 5/18 5/20 6/1 5/28 56 63

12 Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. - - - - 4/20 4/16 11/5 10/18 11/10 11/2 204 200

13 Lloydia triflora (Ledeb.) Baker 4/6 - 4/20 - 4/6 4/16 5/11 - 6/8 - 63 -

Fig. 5. Comparison of fallen blossoms time (1. Prunus sargentiiRehder, 2. Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai, 3.Lindera obtusiloba Blume, 4. Eranthis stellata Maxim.)

Fig. 4. Comparison of flowering time (1. Prunus sargentii Rehder, 2.Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai, 3. Linderaobtusiloba Blume, 4. Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., 5. Eranthisstellata Maxim.)

J. KOREAN NATURE

A Study on the Plants for Phenology of the Mt. Palgongsan Provincial Park 291

In addition, it is reported that the temperatures in the winter

and spring are the most sensitive factor in seasonal changes

of spring plants and the spring plants are affected by

temperature after the hibernation (Lechowicz, 1995;

Chmielewski and Rotzer, 2001). However, comparison and

analysis are required through long-term monitoring depending

on physiologic features, altitude above sea level, soils and

slope directions because the monitoring period is short to

mention the phenology.

Fall Foliage

No clear pattern changes were observed from the period of

fall foliages compared to 2010. Prunus sargentii Rehder,

Lindera obtusiloba Blume, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex

Ledeb, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb and Eranthis

stellata Maxim. observed 2 to 10 days later (Figure 7). It is

considered that the autumnal temperature which affects the

foliages remained higher than 2010 and delayed the period.

On the contrary, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium

Nakai, Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray, Betula davurica

Pall, Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim and Hemerocallis

fulva (L.) L were observed 2 to 18 days earlier than before.

Fallen Leaves

Like the foliage period, no clear pattern differences were

observed for the fallen leaves. Rhododendron mucronulatum

var. latifolium Nakai, Lindera obtusiloba Blume, Quercus

serrata Thunb. ex Murray, Eranthis stellata Maxim. and

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. observed 1 to 13 days later

(Figure 8). It is considered that this is due to fallen leaves

before leaves got colored from sudden temperature drop

and more rainy days. Prunus sargentii Rehder, Quercus

mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, Betula davurica Pall,

Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim and Larix kaempferi

(Lamb.) Carriere showed 4 to 13 days later than before,

meaning that the trees were well-adapted to the surrounding

environment and had fallen leaves.

Fig. 8. Comparison of leaf falling time (1. Prunus sargentii Rehder, 2.Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai, 3. Linderaobtusiloba Blume, 4. Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray, 5. Quercusmongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, 6. Betula davurica Pall, 7.Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim, 8. Larix kaempferi (Lamb.)Carriere, 9. Eranthis stellata Maxim, 10. Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.,

Fig. 9. Comparison of growing period (1. Prunus sargentii Rehder, 2.Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai, 3. Linderaobtusiloba Blume, 4. Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray, 5. Quercusmongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, 6. Betula davurica Pall, 7.Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim, 8. Larix kaempferi (Lamb.)Carriere, 9. Eranthis stellata Maxim, 10. Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.,

Fig. 6. Comparison of leaf unfolding time (1. Prunus sargentiiRehder, 2. Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai, 3.Lindera obtusiloba Blume, 4. Acer pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Kom,5. Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray, 6. Quercus mongolica Fisch.ex Ledeb, 7. Betula davurica Pall, 8. Rhododendron schlippenbachiiMaxim, 9. Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc, 10. Larix kaempferi(Lamb.) Carriere, 11. Eranthis stellata Maxim, 12. Hemerocallis fulva(L.) L., 13. Lloydia triflora (Ledeb.) Baker.

Fig. 7. Comparison of leaf colouring time (1. Prunus sargentiiRehder, 2. Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai, 3.Lindera obtusiloba Blume, 4. Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray, 5.Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, 6. Betula davurica Pall, 7.Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim, 8. Larix kaempferi (Lamb.)Carriere, 9. Eranthis stellata Maxim, 10. Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.,

J. KOREAN NATURE

292 Byung Do Kim, Sung Tae Yu, Hyun tak Shin, Myung hoon Yi, Jung won Yoon, Gi song Kim and Jung won Sung

Conclusion

The purpose of the study is to predict and manage changes

in the growth environment of plants by monitoring for

phenologic researches in the Mt. Palgongsan Provincial

Park and analyzing the data. The study analyzed indicator

species which may be compared as a result of monitoring

indicator plants. The flowering period delayed from 2 to 10

days. It is judged that the flowering date is highly related to

the temperature and humidity between February and March

and largely affected by the daily average temperature and

the daily average relative humidity before flowering because

the flowering is done between March and April. In

addition, the phenology of plants under current climate

change shows that the flowering of Rhododendron

mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai and Rhododendron

schlippenbachii Maxim, flowering in the spring, delayed

but the phenology for other plants showed 3 to 25 days

earlier than before. The leaves unfolded earlier than the

previous year except some trees. It is difficult to investigate

accurate tendency in fall foliage and fallen leaves due to a

short period of investigation and shows that the period was

earlier or later than the previous year. The growth period

shows no constant pattern changes and the periods of

Prunus sargentii Rehder, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex

Ledeb, Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere and Eranthis

stellata Maxim. extended to 3 to 23 days. Opposed to the

prediction that the growth period was extended due to

earlier flowering and later foliages by increasing the

temperature in the spring, no changes were observed and

future long-term climate monitoring, observing plant

phenology, comparing and analyzing vegetation, soils and

slopes for each entity are required.

Acknowledgment

The study was performed thank to the research fund for

preserving and adapting forest plants vulnerable to the

climate change in 2012.

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Received: 29. Oct. 2012

Revised: 16. Nov. 2012 / 28. Nov. 2012

Accepted: 29. Nov. 2012